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Height bias in basketball refereeing: The influence of player and referee height on foul decisions
No full textSimulation theory posits that individuals use internal motor simulations to anticipate others’ actions. Embodied officiating, aligning with this theory, suggests that referees use similar internal simulations to judge athletes’ actions. We tested whether basketball referees favor players of similar height in their foul decision making, as shared physical attributes might facilitate the simulation of their actions. Analyzing 8641 foul calls from 219 games in the 2020/21 Men's German Basketball-Bundesliga season, we found that mean height differences between referees and players modestly affected foul calls: Referees called more fouls as the height difference with the fouling players increased, and fewer as the height of fouled players increased. These findings suggest that physical attributes like height may subtly influence referees’ judgments and indicate complex interactions between referee and player height. Further research is needed to determine the mechanisms behind this effect
Irreversibility in climate action
No full textAlthough climate action is undermined by political interests and institutional inertia, multiple safeguards are in place to prevent backsliding on progress so far, and positive feedbacks reinforce progress despite opposing forces. Key elements of climate action are irreversible and can be further strengthened by commitments, investments and positive narratives
Moral Deliberation Reduces People’s Intentions to Share Headlines They Recognize as "Fake News"
No full textRanked among the most serious global threats, misinformation spreads in part because people share it on social media. Based on theories that people usually share misinformation unintentionally, interventions typically aim to curb misinformation’s spread by helping people distinguish fact from falsehood. However, people sometimes intentionally spread misinformation despite recognizing its falsity. Understanding and curbing this type of sharing requires new theory and tools. Leveraging insights from moral psychology, the present research examines whether people will be more reluctant to share misinformation when they think carefully about its moral implications. Engaging in such moral deliberation, we theorize, leads people to judge misinformation as more unethical to share, which inhibits them from forming intentions to share it. Five experiments (four pre-registered, N=2,509 U.S. and U.K. social-media users, including a demographically representative U.S. sample) tested a moral-deliberation procedure in which participants list reasons why it would be ethical or unethical to share different news headlines on social media. This procedure––relative to control conditions that prompted non-moral deliberation, prompted non-deliberative thinking about morality, or included no prompt––reduced intentions to share fake news about business, health, and politics, even when the news was flagged as false. These effects were (a) larger when the fake news aligned with participants’ politics, (b) reversed for real news, (c) still observed after a delay, and (d) mediated by moral judgments. Our results offer a theoretical foundation for new tools to fight society’s “infodemic” of misinformation
Harmonising definitions of multiple long term conditions for inflammation research: a co-production approach
No full textObjective Inflammation is implicated in many chronic diseases, but its role in driving multiple long-term conditions (MLTCs) remains unclear. The InflAIM programme aims to explore this potential link. Existing MLTC codelists are valuable but have not been designed for inflammation-focused research and often lack harmonisation across coding systems. This work aimed to develop a transparent, co-produced MLTC framework with harmonised codelists for epidemiological research, focusing on inflammatory conditions within the InflAIM programme. Results Using a systematic, co-produced approach, we combined literature review, clinical consensus, and patient input. From 8 sources, 363 candidate conditions were identified, refined to 60 validated MLTCs. Patients informed terminology and diagnostic experiences. Codelists were drawn from CALIBER (43), HDR UK Phenotype Library (4), MULTIPLY (8), with 7 developed de novo. Harmonisation covered Read v2, SNOMED CT, and Medcodeids. Quality assurance excluded 16.5% of codes and resolved 92 overlaps.We produced harmonised codelists for 60 MLTCs, comprising 7,426 validated MedCodeids. Clinical consensus identified 17 conditions with significant inflammatory components. Additional lists were developed for autoimmune and infectious diseases to support inflammation-focused analyses. This framework extends existing resources to meet the needs of inflammation-focused research, offering a transparent, harmonised, and patient-informed foundation for the InflAIM programme
HR Analysis Meets Organisational Reality: A Tale of Two Evaluations
No full textEvidence based HRM and decision making requires data on what interventions are effective and how they are implemented. However, the literature does not consider the processes through which data are acquired to evaluate HR interventions. In this chapter, we explore factors that may help or hinder data collection and analysis of HR interventions. We do so by presenting two case studies of HR interventions introduced into high stakes contexts. We conclude that the best organisational contexts for evaluating HR interventions are characterised by: a) a high level of maturity with evidence-based approaches to decision making; b) good communication with staff about data collection; c) a long and stable relationship between key decision makers and the evaluation team; and d), stability in the organisation so that the effects of specific changes can be isolated or e) knowledge of concurrent changes so that these can be accounted for in the analyses. However, we also conclude that seeking only ideal organisational contexts for future evaluations would not be desirable for advancing knowledge of how to effect beneficial changes in diverse real workplace contexts
Two-sided homological properties of special and one-relator monoids
No full textA monoid presentation is called special if the right-hand side of each defining relation is equal to 1. We prove results which relate the two-sided homological finiteness properties of a monoid dened by a special presentation with those of its group of units. Specifically we show that the monoid enjoys the homological finiteness property bi-FPn if its group of units is of type FPn. We also obtain results which relate the Hochschild cohomological dimension of the monoid to the cohomological dimension of its group of units. In particular we show that the Hochschild cohomological dimension of the monoid is bounded above by the maximum of 2 and the cohomological dimension of its group of units. We apply these results to prove a Lyndon's Identity type theorem for the two-sided homology of one-relator monoids of the form . In particular, we show that all such monoids are of type bi-FP8. Moreover, we show that if r is not a proper power then the one-relator monoid has Hochschild cohomological dimension at most 2, while if r is a proper power then it has infinite Hochschild cohomological dimension. For any non-special one-relator monoid M with defining relation u = v we show that if there is no nonempty word w such that u, v e A* w n wA* then M is of type bi-FPx and the Hochschild cohomological dimension at most 2
Two-year follow-up of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases: longitudinal insights on depression, anxiety, memory and adaptation in the INSPIRE cohort
No full textBackground: To date, studies of neuropsychiatric symptoms in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs) have largely been cross-sectional. Our longitudinal study with patients with SARDs from the international INSPIRE cohort aimed to advance knowledge of changes in patient-reported neuropsychiatric symptoms and adapting over time. Methods: We conducted an observational cohort study analysing longitudinal data from the international INSPIRE (Investigating Neuropsychiatric Symptom Prevalence and Impact in Rheumatology Patient Experiences) research project. Self-reported validated survey measures for anxiety (GAD-7), depression (PROMIS SF8), and memory (EMQ-R) were compared between baseline (2022) and follow-up surveys 2 years later (2024). We invited all participants who had provided their contact details and consented for the follow-up survey. Our co-produced “ADAPT” instrument was used to assess and compare changes in how people with SARDs adapt to living with their disease over time. T-tests, Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to assess differences across groups for changes in study measures. Sociodemographic and disease differences were controlled for by generalised linear modelling in adjusted analyses. Patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) made up the reference group because the Kruskal–Wallis test established no significant difference between the PMR and the control group for memory, depression and anxiety scores on the baseline dataset. Findings: The modal within-person change between baseline (BL) and follow-up (FU) for the N = 742 participants was zero for all 3 validated tools. Significant improvements at group level over two years were identified for memory scores (BL:16.14 to FU: 13.96, p = 0.002), and all four ADAPT measures (p 10 years (p = 0.016) and between 6 and 9 years (p = 0.020). Interpretation: This study provides evidence against the expectation of progressive memory impairment in most cases in SARDs, including SLE. Lack of improvement in mean depression and anxiety scores over time suggests that many patients with SARDs may benefit from more proactive/assertive rheumatologic disease control, psychiatric intervention, and/or psychosocial support. Early and effective SARDs disease control is required, with timely psychiatric intervention and psychosocial support provided, particularly for the newly diagnosed
Reshaping Protest Coverage Through Translation: A Case Study of the 2019 Hong Kong Protests
No full textProtest paradigm studies have yet to explore the crucial role of translation in disseminating protest news across languages and shaping public perceptions. This paper addresses this gap through a comparative analysis of BBC English reports on the 2019 Hong Kong protests and their translations by BBC Chinese. It examines how translation reshapes protest coverage through selective appropriation and labelling. The findings demonstrate that BBC Chinese produces a translated version seemingly tailored to the expectations of its target audience, resulting in a less explicit legitimisation of the protests. This paper contributes to the literature on the framing of protests in authoritarian states and reveals how the protest paradigm framework operates across linguistic and cultural contexts
