FLACSO Ecuador (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales): Portal de Revistas
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O mapa são os outros: narrativas da viagem de migrantes centro-americanos na fronteira sul do México
Get PDFThis article analyses the ways in which Central American migrants travelling through Mexico to reach the United States make oral maps to orient themselves during their journeys. These migrants, often fleeing poverty and violence, travel through Mexico in very irregular ways, such as on cargo trains or on-foot, and find themselves in a state of high vulnerability. Many of these travelers do not have access to printed or digital maps and as a result must rely on oral maps that the migrants create through their multiple attempts to cross the northern border into the United States. These oral maps narrate their journeys and in particular help to navigate specific parts of their journeys to the northern border. However, these maps do not estimate how long specific legs of the trip will take and thus the migrants experience a dislocated sense of temporality during their travels.En este artículo se analizan las formas en que los migrantes centroamericanos que atraviesan México para llegar a los Estados Unidos elaboran mapas orales para orientarse durante sus desplazamientos. Estos migrantes huyen de la pobreza y la violencia, se internan en territorio mexicano de manera irregular, viajan en trenes de carga o caminan, y experimentan contextos de intensa vulnerabilidad. Si bien muchos de ellos desconocen los mapas impresos o la forma de leerlos, utilizan los mapas orales que los migrantes han creado mediante los múltiples intentos por llegar a la frontera norte del país. Son mapas que se narran durante los desplazamientos y sirven para cubrir trayectos específicos. Sin embargo, esos mapas no logran estimar los tiempos que tardarán entre los distintos puntos del trayecto, por lo que estos sujetos experimentan una temporalidad dislocada y agrietada.Neste artigo se analisam as formas em que os migrantes centro-americanos que cruzam o México para chegar aos Estados Unidos elaboram mapas orais para se guiar durante seus deslocamentos. Estes migrantes fogem da pobreza e da violência, se internam no território mexicano de forma irregular, viajam em trens de mercadoria ou caminham e experimentam contextos de intensa vulnerabilidade. Embora muitos deles não conheçam os mapas impressos ou a forma de lê-los, eles usam os mapas orais que os migrantes criaram através das múltiplas tentativas de alcançar a fronteira norte do país. São mapas que são narrados durante os deslocamentos e servem para cobrir rotas específicas. No entanto, esses mapas não conseguem estimar o tempo que eles demorarão entre os diferentes pontos da jornada, por isso, estas pessoas experimentam uma temporalidade deslocada e quebrada
Arte e ideas sobre Naturaleza/ Art and ideas about Nature
Get PDFThis essay reflects on the different conceptual perspectives of what we understand by Nature and how they shape our reality and our collective tasks. This reflection starts from the artistic field and then incorporates aspects of political ecology in the Human / Nature dialectic, emphasizing the common points and the intersections that we consider interesting. We take three examples in the history of recent art where we identify the conceptual problems around the configuration of the idea of ??the natural. First, we will develop aspects of the intersection between art and science in encyclopedic projects and the impact of cartography as the image that embodies this intersection. The second example presents a renewed look towards the natural with the entropic landscape of Robert Smithson. The third example, the artwork of Stelarc, reconfigures the Natural before the technological impact of human development. These references serve to illustrate and develop the debate of contemporary ideas about the cultural construction of Nature through art and how this debate takes shape and is disseminated through political channels that share or resist the programs of power for the permanent configuration of the representations of the world.El presente ensayo reflexiona acerca de las distintas perspectivas conceptuales de lo que entendemos por Naturaleza y cómo ellas configuran nuestra realidad y nuestros quehaceres colectivos. Esta reflexión parte desde el ámbito artístico para después incorporar aspectos de la ecología política en la dialéctica Humano/Naturaleza, enfatizándo los puntos comunes y las intersecciones que consideramos interesantes. Tomamos tres ejemplos en la historia del arte reciente en donde identificamos las problemáticas conceptuales en torno a la configuración de la idea de lo natural. Primero desarrollaremos aspectos de la intersección entre arte y ciencia en los proyectos enciclopédicos y el impacto de la cartografía como la imagen que encarna dicha intersección. El segundo ejemplo presenta una mirada renovada hacia lo natural con el paisaje entrópico de Robert Smithson. El tercer ejemplo, la obra de Stelarc, reconfigura “Lo Natural” ante el impacto tecnológico de la civilización. Estas referencias nos sirven para ilustrar y desarrollar el debate de las ideas en la contemporaneidad acerca de la construcción cultural de la Naturaleza a través del arte y cómo este debate toma forma y es difundido por canales políticos que comparten o resisten los programas del poder para la permanente configuración de las representaciones del mundo.
Abstract
This essay reflects on the different conceptual perspectives of what we understand by Nature and how they shape our reality and our collective tasks. This reflection starts from the artistic field and then incorporates aspects of political ecology in the Human / Nature dialectic, emphasizing the common points and the intersections that we consider interesting. We take three examples in the history of recent art where we identify the conceptual problems around the configuration of the idea of ??the natural. First, we will develop aspects of the intersection between art and science in encyclopedic projects and the impact of cartography as the image that embodies this intersection. The second example presents a renewed look towards the natural with the entropic landscape of Robert Smithson. The third example, the artwork of Stelarc, reconfigures the Natural before the technological impact of human development. These references serve to illustrate and develop the debate of contemporary ideas about the cultural construction of Nature through art and how this debate takes shape and is disseminated through political channels that share or resist the programs of power for the permanent configuration of the representations of the world.
 
Almacenamiento energético frente al inminente paradigma renovable: el rol de las baterías ion-litio y las perspectivas sudamericanas/Energy storage towards the imminent renewable paradigm: the role of ion-lithium batteries and South American perspectives
Get PDFThe current global energy system is characterized by a high dependence on fossil fuels, a paradigm that begins to encounter difficulties as existing reserves are depleted and ecological costs increase. Thus, the incorporation of renewable energies, their generation in a distributed form and the growth of the electric motor park, are presented as the most promising triad in the conformation of a new, more efficient and sustainable paradigm. This article focuses on the importance that energy accumulators acquire in this scenario, mainly due to their role in stabilizing networks and enabling self-consumption and electric propulsion. It identifies lithium-ion batteries with a wide range of possibilities for South America, which has the most important reserves of lithium in the world, incorporating the idea of ??development within the new energy pattern and in a current and potential market of large dimensions.El actual sistema energético mundial se caracteriza por una alta dependencia de los combustibles fósiles, un paradigma que empieza a encontrar dificultades en tanto se agotan las reservas existentes y aumentan los costos ecológicos. Así, la incorporación de energías renovables, su generación en forma distribuida y el crecimiento del parque automotor eléctrico, se presentan como la triada más prometedora en la conformación de un nuevo paradigma más eficiente y sustentable. Este artículo se centra en la importancia que adquieren los acumuladores energéticos ante este panorama, principalmente por su rol en la estabilización de las redes y posibilitar el autoconsumo y la propulsión eléctrica. Identifica en las baterías de ion-litio un abanico de posibilidades para Sudamérica, que posee las reservas más importantes de litio en el mundo, incorporando la idea del desarrollo dentro del nuevo patrón energético y en un mercado actual y potencial de grandes dimensiones.
Abstract
The current global energy system is characterized by a high dependence on fossil fuels, a paradigm that begins to encounter difficulties as existing reserves are depleted and ecological costs increase. Thus, the incorporation of renewable energies, their generation in a distributed form and the growth of the electric motor park, are presented as the most promising triad in the conformation of a new, more efficient and sustainable paradigm. This article focuses on the importance that energy accumulators acquire in this scenario, mainly due to their role in stabilizing networks and enabling self-consumption and electric propulsion. It identifies lithium-ion batteries with a wide range of possibilities for South America, which has the most important reserves of lithium in the world, incorporating the idea of ??development within the new energy pattern and in a current and potential market of large dimensions
Un relato etnográfico de la conciencia ecológica: historias y prácticas cotidianas de transformación y resistencia/ An ethnographic account of ecological consciousness: stories and daily practices of transformation and resistance
Get PDFThis article explores the relationship between humanity and nature, with the purpose of deepening our knowledge on how an ecological conscience is built. In this ethnographic study, conversations were held with three different persons who live in natural reserves in Ecuador, with the objective of exploring their life story and relating it to the territory they inhabit. These stories are framed in the theory of environmental ethics, the theory of the social actor, and the theory of practice, through which we analyze the motivations and transformations towards an ecological consciousness. The history of conservation in Ecuador is also described, making visible the various tools for conservation and their level of incidence in this country. Likewise, hotspots were identified worldwide and in Ecuador, to highlight the importance of private conservation, and finally define what is meant by ecological awareness. Through a qualitative-interpretative paradigm, and the use of methodological tools such as life stories, participant observation, and a field diary, the life of three conservation practitioners is analyzed in depth to identify motivations and practices that give account of an ecological consciousness.En este artículo se explora la relación entre la humanidad y la naturaleza, con el propósito de indagar en cómo se construye una conciencia ecológica. A través de un estudio etnográfico se mantuvo conversaciones profundas con tres personas que viven en reservas naturales en diferentes partes de Ecuador, con el objetivo de explorar sus historias de vida en relación con el territorio que habitan. El análisis de estas historias se enmarca en la teoría de la ética ambiental, la antropología ecológica, y la teoría de la práctica. Asimismo, se define lo que se entiende por conciencia ecológica y se identifican las áreas prioritarias de conservación a nivel mundial y en Ecuador, para resaltar la importancia de la conservación privada. A través del uso de herramientas metodológicas como las historias de vida, la observación participante y el diario de campo, se profundiza en la vida de tres practicantes de la conservación para analizar motivaciones y prácticas que dan cuenta de una conciencia ecológica.
Abstract
This article explores the relationship between humanity and nature, with the purpose of deepening our knowledge on how an ecological conscience is built. In this ethnographic study, conversations were held with three different persons who live in natural reserves in Ecuador, with the objective of exploring their life story and relating it to the territory they inhabit. These stories are framed in the theory of environmental ethics, the theory of the social actor, and the theory of practice, through which we analyze the motivations and transformations towards an ecological consciousness. The history of conservation in Ecuador is also described, making visible the various tools for conservation and their level of incidence in this country. Likewise, hotspots were identified worldwide and in Ecuador, to highlight the importance of private conservation, and finally define what is meant by ecological awareness. Through a qualitative-interpretative paradigm, and the use of methodological tools such as life stories, participant observation, and a field diary, the life of three conservation practitioners is analyzed in depth to identify motivations and practices that give account of an ecological consciousness
Continuidad y renovación en la acción colectiva de los ganaderos familiares del litoral noroeste de Uruguay
Get PDFUruguayan cattle raising has provided the image of independent cattle farmers, isolated in scattered exploitations, without organizations or groups. However, reality shows that it is common for family cattle farmers to be integrated into one or several forms of groups of diverse nature. The transformations that have occurred in recent years have challenged left Governments to find the right tools to apply policies and differential support to family cattle farmers, which allows them to improve their competitiveness and sustainability. One of the strategies is the promotion of associative processes as a transversal axis. This study identifies and classifies existing forms of collectives in the northwest coast of the country, analyzing the processes through which individuals are involved in collective action. The identification of four types of collective action is the result of the review of secondary sources and the interviews conducted. This reveals that, for family cattle farmers, moving from individual to collective action strengthens the processes of building social capital, generating a favorable environment for those involved to improve their economic and social conditions, and even modify their organizational "weakness" situation.La ganadería uruguaya ha brindado la imagen de productores independientes, aislados en explotaciones dispersas, sin organizaciones o colectivos que los agrupen. Sin embargo, es frecuente que los ganaderos familiares estén integrados a una o varias formas de colectivos de diversa naturaleza. Las transformaciones de los últimos años han desafiado a los Gobiernos de izquierda a encontrar herramientas adecuadas para aplicar políticas y apoyos diferenciales a ganaderos familiares, que permitan mejorar su competitividad y sostenibilidad. Una de ellas ha sido fomentar procesos asociativos, como eje transversal. Este estudio identifica y clasifica formas de acción colectiva existentes en el litoral noroeste del país, analizando los procesos a través de los cuales los individuos se implican en la acción colectiva. Mediante la consulta de fuentes secundarias y la realización de entrevistas, se identificaron cuatro formas de acción colectiva. Con base en ellas se observó que, para los ganaderos familiares, pasar de la acción individual a la colectiva fortalece los procesos de construcción de capital social, generando un ambiente favorable para que los involucrados mejoren sus condiciones económicas y sociales, e incluso modifiquen su situación de “debilidad” organizativa.
AbstractUruguayan cattle raising has provided the image of independent cattle farmers, isolated in scattered exploitations, without organizations or groups. However, reality shows that it is common for family cattle farmers to be integrated into one or several forms of groups of diverse nature. The transformations that have occurred in recent years have challenged left Governments to find the right tools to apply policies and differential support to family cattle farmers, which allows them to improve their competitiveness and sustainability. One of the strategies is the promotion of associative processes as a transversal axis. This study identifies and classifies existing forms of collectives in the northwest coast of the country, analyzing the processes through which individuals are involved in collective action. The identification of four types of collective action is the result of the review of secondary sources and the interviews conducted. This reveals that, for family cattle farmers, moving from individual to collective action strengthens the processes of building social capital, generating a favorable environment for those involved to improve their economic and social conditions, and even modify their organizational "weakness" situation.A pecuaria do Uruguay forneceu a imagem de produtores independentes, isolados em fazendas dispersas, com a falta de organizações ou grupos de produtores. No entanto, a realidade mostra que os agricultores familiares são muitas vezes integrados em uma ou várias formas de coletivos de diferentes naturezas. As transformações que ocorreram nos últimos anos desafiaram os governos da esquerda a encontrar ferramentas adequadas para a aplicação de políticas e apoio diferencial aos agricultores familiares, o que melhoraria sua competitividade e sustentabilidade. Uma das estratégias tem sido através da promoção de processos associativos como eixo transversal. O estudo procurou identificar e classificar as formas existentes de coletivos no Litoral Noroeste do país, analisando os processos através dos quais os indivíduos estão envolvidos em ações coletivas. Através da exploração de fontes secundárias e realização de entrevistas, foram identificados 4 tipos de ações coletivas. Com base neles, observou-se que, para os agricultores familiares, passar da ação individual para a ação coletiva fortalece os processos de construção do capital social, gerando um ambiente favorável para os envolvidos para melhorar suas condições econômicas e sociais, e até mesmo modificar suas situação de "fraqueza" organizacional
Geografia, economia e territórios rurais na América Latina: apresentação do dossiê
Get PDFThrough Milton Santos' concepts of horizontalities and verticalities, this article introduces a geographical perspective for studying the relationship between economy and rural territories in Latin America. Two dimensions of that relationship are approached: the spatio-temporal global impulses that take a material grounding at particular locations, and the production of scales of that grounding through the relationship between agents and localized economies. The analysis is organized into four themes: 1) state policies and economic-productive territorial restructuring, 2) extractivism and territorial inequities, 3) new spatial dynamics of the rural labor force, 4) spatiality of family farming. We argue that rural dynamics are not limited exclusively to the sphere of production, but encompass processes of reproduction and care of life, in its broadest sense. In addition, mobility, assemblages and networks are distinctive elements of current territorial dynamics, creating hybrid scales with greater flexibility, malleability and amorphous linkages between spaces and places.El artículo introduce una perspectiva geográfica para el estudio de la relación entre economía y territorios rurales latinoamericanos, a través de los conceptos de Milton Santos de horizontalidades y verticalidades. Se discuten dos aristas de esa relación: las dinámicas económicas que se materializan en los territorios, en el contexto de los impulsos espacio-temporales globales y la producción de escalas geográficas que resulta de esa materialización, a través de la relación entre actores y economías de base territorial. El análisis se organiza en cuatro líneas: 1) las políticas estatales y la reconfiguración económico-productiva territorial, 2) el extractivismo y las inequidades territoriales, 3) las nuevas formas espaciales de la fuerza de trabajo rural y 4) la espacialidad de la agricultura familiar. Se argumenta que las dinámicas económicas en los territorios rurales no están limitadas exclusivamente a la esfera de la producción, sino que abarcan procesos de reproducción y cuidado de la vida, en su sentido más amplio. Adicionalmente, en un contexto donde la movilidad, los ensambles y las redes son elementos distintivos de la nueva geografía rural, aparecen escalas híbridas con mayor flexibilidad, maleabilidad y vínculos amorfos entre espacios y lugares diversos.
Abstract
Through Milton Santos' concepts of horizontalities and verticalities, this article introduces a geographical perspective for studying the relationship between economy and rural territories in Latin America. Two dimensions of that relationship are approached: the spatio-temporal global impulses that take a material grounding at particular locations, and the production of scales of that grounding through the relationship between agents and localized economies. The analysis is organized into four themes: 1) state policies and economic-productive territorial restructuring, 2) extractivism and territorial inequities, 3) new spatial dynamics of the rural labor force, 4) spatiality of family farming. We argue that rural dynamics are not limited exclusively to the sphere of production, but encompass processes of reproduction and care of life, in its broadest sense. In addition, mobility, assemblages and networks are distinctive elements of current territorial dynamics, creating hybrid scales with greater flexibility, malleability and amorphous linkages between spaces and places.O artigo introduz uma perspectiva geográfica no estudo da relação entre economia e territórios rurais latinoamericanos, através dos conceitos de horizontalidades e verticalidades, de Milton Santos. No contexto dos artigos que a Revista Eutopía apresenta neste dossiê discutem-se duas arestas dessa relação: as dinâmicas econômicas que se materializam nos territórios no contexto dos impulsos espaço-temporais globais e a produção de escalas geográficas que resultam nessa materialização entre atores e economia de base territorial. A análise se organiza em quatro linhas: 1) las políticas estatais e a reconfiguração econômico produtiva territorial, 2) o extrativismo e a desigualdades territoriais, 3) as novas formas espaciais da força de trabalho rural, 4) a espacialidade da agricultura familiar. Argumenta-se que as dinâmicas econômicas nos territórios rurais não se limitam exclusivamente à esfera da produção, mas também dos processos de reprodução e cuidado da vida em seu sentido mais amplo. Além disso, num contexto em que a mobilidade, os conjuntos e as redes são elementos distintivos da nova geografia rural aparecem escalas híbridas com maior flexibilidade, maleabilidade e vínculos amorfos entre espaços e lugares diversos
Além da precariedade: práticas coletivas e subjetividades políticas desde a economia popular argentina
Get PDFThis article is based on an ongoing ethnographic research project with cooperatives of street vendors that are part of the Confederation of Workers of Popular Economy (CTEP), a recently formed union in Argentina whose objective is to represent workers of the “popular economy”. This research project aims to contribute to studies about the ways in which the so called “popular sectors” develop creative practices from their precarious positions to deal with the production and reproduction of life. In this work an analysis is done on the way in which this experience of precarity enabled a process of collective construction that connects a living past, anchored in subjective experiences, with a future that projects this experience in political terms in the form of a union. This article asserts that this process of collective construction creates tension between classical work divisions, such as formal/informal, salaried employee/non-salaried employee, worker movements/social movements, to the extent that wage earning work operates as a platform from which subjectivities are projected, less as material to be transformed and more as a foundation for generating collective rights.Este artículo se basa en una investigación etnográfica en curso con cooperativas de vendedores ambulantes que integran la Confederación de los Trabajadores de la Economía Popular (CTEP), una organización gremial formada recientemente en Argentina con el objetivo de representar a los trabajadores de la “economía popular”. Esta investigación busca contribuir al estudio de las formas en que los denominados “sectores populares” desarrollan prácticas creativas para atender a la producción y reproducción de la vida desde experiencias variadas de precariedad. En este trabajo se analiza cómo esta experiencia de precariedad habilitó un proceso de construcción colectiva que vincula un pasado vivo anclado en la experiencia subjetiva con un futuro que proyecta esta experiencia en términos políticos bajo la forma de organización gremial. Se sostiene que este proceso de construcción colectiva pone en tensión fronteras clásicas entre trabajo formal/informal, asalariado/no salarial, movimiento obrero/movimientos sociales, en la medida en que el trabajo asalariado opera como un horizonte desde el cual se proyectan subjetividades menos como materia a transformar y más como fundamento para la producción de derechos colectivos.Este artigo está baseado numa pesquisa etnográfica em andamento com cooperativas de vendedores ambulantes que compõem a Confederação dos Trabalhadores da Economia Popular (CTEP), uma organização gremial formada recentemente na Argentina com o objetivo de representar os trabalhadores da "economia popular". Esta pesquisa busca contribuir para o estudo das formas pelas quais os chamados "setores populares" desenvolvem práticas criativas para atender à produção e reprodução da vida a partir de experiências diversas de precariedade. Neste trabalho se analisa como esta experiência de precariedade permitiu um processo de construção coletiva que liga um passado vivo ancorado na experiência subjetiva com um futuro que projeta esta experiência em termos políticos, baixo a forma de organização gremial. Argumenta-se que este processo de construção coletiva coloca em tensão limites clássicos entre trabalho formal/informal assalariado/não assalariado, movimento obrero/movimentos sociais, na medida em que o trabalho assalariado funciona como um horizonte a partir do qual se projetam subjetividades menos como matéria a transformar e mais como fundamento para a produção de direitos coletivos
Evocação a Jorge León Trujillo (1948-2017)
Get PDFEssay Remembering Jorge Leon Trujillo (1948-2017)Ensayo Evocación a Jorge León Trujillo (1948-2017)Ensaio Evocação a Jorge León Trujillo (1948-2017
La transformación del Ejército Nacional de Colombia: una interpretación teórica / Transformation of the Colombian National Army: A theoretical approach
Get PDFThe Ejército Nacional de Colombia (ENC) is going through crucial moment in its history. The challenges by the post-agreement phase with the oldest guerrilla in the world Fuerzas Armadas de Colombia (FARC) have forced to accelerate the implementation of the transformation of the Force, through an institutional process establish since 2011, and in part materialized with the implementation of Doctrina Damasco. In this way, the interest of this effort is focused on interpreting from the framework theories of International Relations the institutional transformation that the ENC has assumed. Thus, the question that guides the work is: How interpret the transformation process of the Colombian Army considering the new challenges posed by the domestic context —post-agreement period with FARC— and international? It should be necessary clarified that it is not the subject of this analysis to describe the transformation process of the ENC. Nor describe the Doctrina Damasco. The article rather aims to contribute to the academic debate on the transformation of the ENC from the theoretical analysis offered by the discipline of International Relations. Although, the transformation process of the Colombian Army has its genesis in the need to face the new challenges that arise from the international context and the new internal realities, among which the post-agreement scenario with the FARC, among others, is included. The purpose is to interpret these phenomena and explain how the ENC has renewed its doctrine in a manner consistent with the challenges and threats brought by the contemporary international system.El Ejército Nacional de Colombia (ENC) atraviesa por un momento crucial en su historia. Los retos y desafíos que impone la etapa del postacuerdo con la guerrilla más antigua del mundo, las Fuerzas Armadas de Colombia (FARC), han obligado a acelerar la implementación de la trasformación del ENC mediante un proceso institucional planteado desde el año 2011 y que, en parte, se materializó con la implementación de la Doctrina Damasco. Así, el interés del presente trabajo es interpretar desde las teorías de Relaciones Internacionales la trasformación institucional que ha emprendido el ENC; para ellola pregunta que guía el trabajo es: ¿cómo se puede interpretar proceso de transformación del Ejército de Colombia a la luz de los nuevos desafíos que plantean los escenarios: doméstico —ante la existencia de un escenario de postacuerdo con las FARC— y el internacional? Cabe aclarar que no es materia de este análisis describir el proceso de trasformación del ENC, tampoco describir la Doctrina Damasco como su eje central. El artículo pretende aportar al debate académico sobre la trasformación del ENC desde una interpretación teórica que ofrece la disciplina de la Relaciones Internacionales.
Abstrac
The Ejército Nacional de Colombia (ENC) is going through crucial moment in its history. The challenges by the post-agreement phase with the oldest guerrilla in the world Fuerzas Armadas de Colombia (FARC) have forced to accelerate the implementation of the transformation of the Force, through an institutional process establish since 2011, and in part materialized with the implementation of Doctrina Damasco. In this way, the interest of this effort is focused on interpreting from the framework theories of International Relations the institutional transformation that the ENC has assumed. Thus, the question that guides the work is: How interpret the transformation process of the Colombian Army considering the new challenges posed by the domestic context —post-agreement period with FARC— and international? It should be necessary clarified that it is not the subject of this analysis to describe the transformation process of the ENC. Nor describe the Doctrina Damasco, (other works such as (Gómez y Correa 2014, 19-88), and (Rojas Guevara 2016, 95-119) have contributed in this regard). The article rather aims to contribute to the academic debate on the transformation of the ENC from the theoretical analysis offered by the discipline of International Relations. Although, the transformation process of the Colombian Army has its genesis in the need to face the new challenges that arise from the international context and the new internal realities, among which the post-agreement scenario with the FARC, among others, is included. The purpose is to interpret these phenomena and explain how the ENC has renewed its doctrine in a manner consistent with the challenges and threats brought by the contemporary international system
Securitización como supervivencia, securitización como actos del habla: crítica a la Escuela de Copenhague / Securitization as Survival, Securitization as a Speech Act: A Critic to the Copenhagen School
Get PDFThe present paper addresses how the theoretical framework of the securitisation theory, conceived by the Copenhagen School, embraces unique features of the traditional security studies. Its central focus is the assessment of the conceptions of security as survival embedded in the logic of the speech act theory, and the characterisation of the role endows to the securitising agents and the audience. By analysing those, this work criticises the methodology proposed by the Copenhagen School that restrains the deepening of the referent object and the broadening of the security agenda.El presente trabajo evalúa los postulados y la aplicación de la teoría de securitización (TS) de la Escuela de Copenhague —Ole Wæver, Barry Buzan y Jaap de Wilde — para indagar sobre aquellos cuestionamientos que posicionan a esta como una teoría conservadora dentro de los estudios de seguridad por adoptar y reforzar principios propios de los enfoques tradicionales. Con dicho fin, se examina cómo afecta a la TS adoptar las concepciones de la seguridad como supervivencia y la producción de la seguridad a través de procesos intersubjetivos de construcción de amenazas bajo la lógica de la teoría de los actos del habla y los roles y funciones determinados para agentes securitizadores y audiencias que privilegian las experiencias de un grupo en detrimento de otros. Con base en el análisis de estos postulados, este documento critica la metodología propuesta por esta escuela, misma que restringe el cambio del objeto de referencia y la ampliación de la agenda de seguridad.
Abstract
The present paper addresses how the theoretical framework of the securitisation theory, conceived by the Copenhagen School, embraces unique features of the traditional security studies. Its central focus is the assessment of the conceptions of security as survival embedded in the logic of the speech act theory, and the characterisation of the role endows to the securitising agents and the audience. By analysing those, this work criticises the methodology proposed by the Copenhagen School that restrains the deepening of the referent object and the broadening of the security agenda