FLACSO Ecuador (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales): Portal de Revistas
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Juventudes rurales ante el contexto agroindustrial del monocultivo de maíz en Cuquío, Jalisco, México
No full textThrough the case of the graduates of the Agricultural Innovation Engineering program in the municipality of Cuquío, Jalisco, Mexico, this article explores the limitations and possibilities of young people to influence the agricultural environment in which they live, which is dominated by agro-industrial logics that have promoted a supposed development through corn monoculture. Through in-depth interviews and participant observation, it is analyzed how these young people, who already had some relationship with conventional agriculture since their childhood, upon entering higher education are trained to influence the agricultural development of the region with a sustainable perspective; however, when interacting with their context, they encounter obstacles that make them rethink their role as young people and as professionals, thus showing the socially exclusive and environmentally predatory nature of the global agri-food system in which the rural youth condition is configuredA través del caso de las y los egresados de la Ingeniería en Innovación Agrícola en el municipio de Cuquío, Jalisco, México, este artículo explora las limitaciones y posibilidades de las y los jóvenes de incidir en el ámbito agrícola en el que habitan, el cual está dominado por lógicas agroindustriales que han promovido un supuesto desarrollo por medio del monocultivo de maíz. A través de entrevistas a profundidad y observación participante, se analiza cómo tales jóvenes, que ya tenían alguna relación con la agricultura convencional desde su infancia, al ingresar a la educación superior son formados para incidir en el desarrollo agrícola de la región con una perspectiva de sustentabilidad; sin embargo, al interactuar con su contexto, encuentran obstáculos que les hacen replantearse su papel como jóvenes y como profesionistas, mostrando con ello el carácter socialmente excluyente y ambientalmente depredador del sistema agroalimentario mundial en el que se configura la condición juvenil rural
Potencial social y ambiental de la industria eólica para una transición energética en América Latina
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Brazil, Mexico and Uruguay have adopted wind energy as a means to fight climate change. However, their experiences are different and insufficiently documented. This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the wind industry in light of its future expansion in Latin America. The methodology consists of the systematization and analysis of literature written in Spanish, Portuguese and English. Four advantages and five disadvantages were identified. The advantages are wind energy’s reduced carbon footprint, low production costs, the potential for job creation and income from land rentals, while the disadvantages are possible vegetation loss, impact on birds and water sources, oil and waste contamination and health damage. The challenges for public policy are: supporting research on the socioenvironmental impacts of the wind industry and designing tools for their mitigation; developing a full supply chain of materials through technological innovation; distributing the benefits of wind energy equally among the local population, and prioritizing public needs of electricity above the interest of the private sector. If these challenges are not fully met, wind energy projects will be part of a hegemonic structure that claims to solve the problems created by climate change, while in fact continuing to use an extractivist logic, incapable of benefitting people.Brasil, México y Uruguay han adoptado la energía eólica como estrategia para combatir el cambio climático. Sin embargo, sus experiencias son distintas y se encuentran poco documentadas. Este artículo analiza las ventajas y desventajas de la industria eólica con miras a su futura expansión en América Latina. La metodología consiste en sistematizar y analizar la bibliografía existente en castellano, portugués e inglés. Se identificaron cuatro ventajas de la energía eólica (baja huella de carbono, reducidos costos de producción, creación de empleos e ingresos por renta de tierras) y cinco desventajas (pérdida de cobertura forestal, impacto en aves y fuentes de agua, contaminación por derrames de aceite y desechos y afectaciones a la salud). Los desafíos de política pública para la región son: fomentar la investigación sobre los daños socioambientales de la energía eólica y diseñar herramientas para mitigarlos; desarrollar la cadena completa de suministros de manufactura e insumos mediante la innovación tecnológica; repartir equitativamente los beneficios de la industria eólica entre la población local y priorizar la necesidad pública de electricidad, por encima de intereses privados. Mientras estos desafíos no sean asumidos plenamente, los proyectos eólicos seguirán formando parte de una estructura hegemónica que se autoproclama como la solución al cambio climático, pero que sigue manteniendo una lógica extractivista que no beneficia a la población.
Abstract
Brazil, Mexico and Uruguay have adopted wind energy as a means to fight climate change. However, their experiences are different and insufficiently documented. This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the wind industry in light of its future expansion in Latin America. The methodology consists of the systematization and analysis of literature written in Spanish, Portuguese and English. Four advantages and five disadvantages were identified. The advantages are wind energy’s reduced carbon footprint, low production costs, the potential for job creation and income from land rentals, while the disadvantages are possible vegetation loss, impact on birds and water sources, oil and waste contamination and health damage. The challenges for public policy are: supporting research on the socioenvironmental impacts of the wind industry and designing tools for their mitigation; developing a full supply chain of materials through technological innovation; distributing the benefits of wind energy equally among the local population, and prioritizing public needs of electricity above the interest of the private sector. If these challenges are not fully met, wind energy projects will be part of a hegemonic structure that claims to solve the problems created by climate change, while in fact continuing to use an extractivist logic, incapable of benefitting people
Condiciones de exposición y sensibilidad de la comunidad La Barra frente a los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos
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This article analyses the vulnerability conditions of a fishing community facing the extreme meteorological phenomena aggravated by climate change. The methodology is qualitative, supported by geographic methods, based on the case study of the “La Barra afro-descendant community”, located in the Colombian Pacific Coast, in the mouth of San Juan River. As there is limited access to the community due to its geographical conditions, besides the biosecurity requirements due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a documentary analysis, as well as multi-temporal maps based on satellite images, show the spatial changes on the coastline of La Barra, during the years 2001, 2011 and 2019. In addition to the above, interviews with academic experts and community residents are conducted. The term “vulnerability” is understood from the school of thought of climate change science and adaptation research. It is concluded that the vulnerability not only depends on climatic stimuli but also on the racialized and marginalized conditions of Afro populations located in isolated rural territories. In that way, the social and political nature of the meteorological phenomena could transform them in catastrophic events for vulnerable populations.El presente artículo analiza las condiciones de vulnerabilidad de una comunidad pesquera frente a los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos agravados por el cambio climático. Se utiliza la metodología cualitativa, con apoyo en métodos geográficos, y con base en un estudio de caso: la comunidad afrodescendiente La Barra, localizada en el litoral Pacífico colombiano, en la desembocadura del río San Juan. Al existir un acceso limitado a la comunidad por sus condiciones geográficas, además de los requisitos de bioseguridad establecidos por la pandemia de COVID-19, se realizan un análisis documental y mapas multitemporales, a partir de imágenes satelitales, para visualizar los cambios espaciales de la línea costera de La Barra durante los años 2001, 2011 y 2019. Asimismo, se realizan entrevistas a expertos académicos y pobladores de la comunidad. La vulnerabilidad es entendida desde la escuela de pensamiento de la ciencia del cambio climático y la investigación sobre adaptación. Se concluye que no solo depende de los estímulos climáticos, sino también de las condiciones racializadas y marginalizadas de poblaciones afro ubicadas en territorios rurales aislados. De tal manera, la naturaleza social y política de los fenómenos meteorológicos puede transformarlos en eventos catastróficos para poblaciones vulnerables.
Abstract
This article analyses the vulnerability conditions of a fishing community facing the extreme meteorological phenomena aggravated by climate change. The methodology is qualitative, supported by geographic methods, based on the case study of the “La Barra afro-descendant community”, located in the Colombian Pacific Coast, in the mouth of San Juan River. As there is limited access to the community due to its geographical conditions, besides the biosecurity requirements due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a documentary analysis, as well as multi-temporal maps based on satellite images, show the spatial changes on the coastline of La Barra, during the years 2001, 2011 and 2019. In addition to the above, interviews with academic experts and community residents are conducted. The term “vulnerability” is understood from the school of thought of climate change science and adaptation research. It is concluded that the vulnerability not only depends on climatic stimuli but also on the racialized and marginalized conditions of Afro populations located in isolated rural territories. In that way, the social and political nature of the meteorological phenomena could transform them in catastrophic events for vulnerable populations
Regulaciones, políticas y conflictos por agroquímicos en Salta, Argentina
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The consolidation of agribusiness in Argentina since the end of the 20th century can be analyzed in its multiple and diverse consequences: environmental impacts due to the deforestation of native forests; social conflict over the forcing out and destruction of rural and indigenous production and reproduction methods; health effects since exposure to pesticides, among the main ones. Based on secondary information sources and in-depth interviews, the article aims to contribute to the understanding of the environmental and sanitary impacts linked to fumigation with agrochemicals in Salta, a province of northern Argentina which in recent years has incorporated large areas into agricultural production and presents ecological and social characteristics that differ from the Pampas region. This research focuses on a critical characterization and analysis of the regulatory frameworks and public policies on that matter, as well as in a survey related to conflicts. The main findings show that in Salta different legal frameworks regulate the use of agrochemicals, while state agencies are meant to implement and monitor such regulations. However, the study compiles numerous situations that illustrate the emergence and path of certain conflicts that, with varying levels of visibility and intensity, problematize the effects on human health and ecosystems at the local levels.La consolidación del agronegocio en Argentina, desde finales del siglo XX, puede analizarse en sus múltiples y diversas consecuencias: impactos ambientales por la deforestación de bosques nativos; conflictividad social por la expulsión y destrucción de los modos de producción y reproducción de la vida campesina e indígena; efectos en la salud por la exposición a plaguicidas, entre los principales. A partir de fuentes de datos secundarias y de entrevistas en profundidad, el artículo busca aportar al entendimiento de las consecuencias ambientales y sanitarias ligadas al uso de agroquímicos en Salta, provincia del norte argentino que en años recientes incorporó amplias superficies a la producción agroindustrial. Se realiza una caracterización y análisis crítico de las normativas y políticas públicas en la materia, así como de las situaciones de conflicto. Los principales hallazgos muestran que en Salta existen leyes específicas que regulan el uso de agroquímicos y cierta institucionalidad destinada a su implementación y control. No obstante, el estudio releva una multiplicidad de situaciones que dan cuenta de la emergencia y trayectoria de conflictos que, con diverso grado de visibilidad e intensidad, problematizan los efectos en la salud humana y en los ecosistemas en las escalas locales.
Abstract
The consolidation of agribusiness in Argentina since the end of the 20th century can be analyzed in its multiple and diverse consequences: environmental impacts due to the deforestation of native forests; social conflict over the forcing out and destruction of rural and indigenous production and reproduction methods; health effects since exposure to pesticides, among the main ones. Based on secondary information sources and in-depth interviews, the article aims to contribute to the understanding of the environmental and sanitary impacts linked to fumigation with agrochemicals in Salta, a province of northern Argentina which in recent years has incorporated large areas into agricultural production and presents ecological and social characteristics that differ from the Pampas region. This research focuses on a critical characterization and analysis of the regulatory frameworks and public policies on that matter, as well as in a survey related to conflicts. The main findings show that in Salta different legal frameworks regulate the use of agrochemicals, while state agencies are meant to implement and monitor such regulations. However, the study compiles numerous situations that illustrate the emergence and path of certain conflicts that, with varying levels of visibility and intensity, problematize the effects on human health and ecosystems at the local levels
Actores del ecosistema de emprendimiento social del estado de Guanajuato, México
Get PDFLas políticas para incentivar el emprendimiento en el estado de Guanajuato, México, se han dirigido principalmente hacia el emprendimiento tradicional, mientras que, en su variante social, este ha sido fomentado por universidades e instituciones gubernamentales locales desde acciones aisladas. Ha emergido así un ecosistema informal para la generación y desarrollo del segundo tipo. En este artículo se clasifican los principales actores, así como las preferencias de vinculación por parte de emprendedores sociales. Mediante el análisis de redes sociales –sus principales métricas, posición y morfología– se establece un marco de referencia para estudiar ecosistemas de emprendimiento con el fin de implementar acciones estratégicas que fortalezcan y produzcan actores clave que podrían llevarlo a cabo. Se discuten las funciones estratégicas de los actores en el ecosistema de emprendimiento social en Guanajuato, y se identifican áreas de oportunidad en cuanto a financiamiento e innovación para su generación y desarrollo
Comunidades indígenas e extração de lítio na Argentina: juridificação e estratégias de ação
No full textIn Argentina, lithium mining areas coincide mostly with ancestral territories inhabited by indigenous peoples. The presence of such communities involves rights to autonomy and self-determination that easily come into tension with the interests of the state and the various companies operating in the territory. In this article, we analyze the strategies deployed by indigenous actors in the face of non-compliance with constitutionally-recognized rights. Based on a study conducted in the communities of Salinas Grandes and Laguna de Guayatayoc between 2009 and 2019, we show that in the face of unfulfilled constitutional rights, indigenous communities have deployed a cumulative and complementary strategy based on their right to self-determination. The analysis and information presented in this paper is derived from two data collection techniques: the analysis and systematization of primary and secondary documents and in-depth interviews with actors in the territory. It is concluded that in a clear context of juridification, the indigenous communities used a combination of judicial-legal action, direct action and community reinterpretation in order to demand their rights to decide respect for their territory, their ways of life and production, and their own subsistence as a community.En Argentina las zonas de explotación de litio coinciden mayormente con territorios ancestrales habitados por los pueblos indígenas. La presencia de tales comunidades involucra derechos a la autonomía y la autodeterminación que fácilmente entran en tensión con los intereses del Estado y de las diversas empresas que operan en el territorio. En el presente artículo analizamos las estrategias que despliegan los actores indígenas ante el incumplimiento de derechos constitucionalmente reconocidos. A partir de un estudio realizado en las comunidades de Salinas Grandes y Laguna de Guayatayoc, entre 2009 y 2019, se demuestra que frente a derechos constitucionales incumplidos las comunidades indígenas han desplegado una estrategia acumulativa y complementaria sustentada en su derecho a la autodeterminación. El análisis y la información presentada en este trabajo se desprende de dos técnicas de recopilación de datos: el análisis y sistematización de documentos primarios y secundarios y las entrevistas en profundidad a actores del territorio. Se concluye que en un marcado contexto de juridificación las comunidades indígenas emplearon en forma combinada la acción judicial-legal, la acción directa y la acción de reinterpretación comunitaria con el objetivo de exigir sus derechos a decidir el respeto a su territorio, a sus formas de vida y producción, y a su propia subsistencia como comunidad. Na Argentina, as áreas de exploração de lítio coincidem principalmente com territórios ancestrais habitados por povos indígenas. A presença de tais comunidades envolve direitos de autonomia e autodeterminação que facilmente entram em conflito com os interesses do Estado e das diversas empresas que operam no território. Neste artigo, analisamos as estratégias desenvolvidas por atores indígenas frente à violação de direitos constitucionalmente reconhecidos. A partir de investigação realizada nas comunidades de Salinas Grandes e Laguna de Guayatayoc, entre 2009 e 2019, é possível demonstrar que, diante dos direitos constitucionais não cumpridos, as comunidades indígenas têm implantado uma estratégia cumulativa e complementar baseada em seu direito à autodeterminação. A análise e as informações apresentadas neste trabalho são derivadas de duas técnicas de coleta de dados: a análise e sistematização de documentos primários e secundários, e entrevistas em profundidade com atores do território. Conclui-se que, em um forte contexto de juridificação, as comunidades indígenas utilizaram de forma conjugada a ação judicial-legal, a ação direta e a ação de reinterpretação comunitária, com o objetivo de reivindicar seus direitos a decidir o respeito ao seu território, a suas formas de vida e produção, e a sua própria subsistência como comunidade
Afeto e subjetividade das trabalhadoras da política infantil no Chile
No full textIn recent decades, affect theory has gained interest in the study of work and subjectivity. Due to its focus on pre-conscious and sensory factors, the study of affect has enabled understanding the production of subjectivity overcoming rational models of subjectivity that (re)produce an ideal of the sovereign neoliberal subject. This article seeks to affectively analyze the labor subjectivity of workers in the Chilean child protection program. We carried out a digital ethnography with six workers of the Servicio Nacional de Menores [National Service for Minors]. One of the interviews conducted was analyzed considering that the particular experience of this interviewee describes a co-constitutive relationship with other subjects of the program. We analyzed the data using the technique of textual-affective and carnal-word analysis. Our findings indicate that these workers' subjectivities are constituted by/in the assemblage of their bodies with other bodies – human and non-human – that are part of the childhood program. In the assemblages with human bodies, the workers are endowed with agency, enabling new ways of inhabiting their daily workspaces. Thus, by studying the production of subjectivity from an affect lens, it is possible to reclaim and recover the voices of the workers in the child protection program by understanding them as a central and fundamental element in the gears from which this social program emerges.En las últimas décadas la teoría del afecto se ha vuelto relevante en los estudios del trabajo y la subjetividad. Gracias al énfasis en aspectos preconscientes y sensoriales, con el estudio del afecto se ha comprendido la producción subjetiva superando modelos racionales que (re)producen un ideal de sujeto soberano neoliberal. En este artículo se analiza afectivamente la subjetividad laboral de quienes ejecutan la política de protección a la infancia chilena a través de una etnografía digital con seis trabajadoras del Servicio Nacional de Menores. Mediante la técnica del análisis textual-afectivo y palabras carnales, se profundizó en la experiencia singular de una de las entrevistadas, quien describe las relaciones coconstitutivas con otros sujetos de la política. A partir de los hallazgos, se argumenta que la subjetividad de estas trabajadoras se constituye por y en el ensamblaje de sus cuerpos con otros cuerpos humanos y no humanos que son parte de la política de infancia. En los ensamblajes con cuerpos humanos, las trabajadoras adquieren la agencia que les permite habitar de nuevas formas sus espacios laborales cotidianos. En conclusión, al estudiar la producción subjetiva desde una perspectiva afectiva se reivindican y rescatan las voces de las trabajadoras de la política de protección a la infancia, un elemento fundamental en el engranaje del cual emerge esta política social.Nas últimas décadas, a teoria do afeto ganhou relevância nos estudos do trabalho e da subjetividade. Graças à ênfase nos aspectos pré-conscientes e sensoriais, o estudo do afeto tem compreendido a produção subjetiva, superando modelos racionais que (re) produzem um ideal de sujeito soberano neoliberal. Neste artigo se analisa afetivamente a subjetividade no trabalho daquelas que implementam a política chilena de proteção à infância por meio de uma etnografia digital com seis trabalhadoras do Serviço Nacional de Menores. Por meio da técnica de análise textual-afetiva e palavras carnais, foi aprofundada a experiência singular de cada uma das entrevistadas, que descreve as relações co-constitutivas com outros sujeitos da política. Com base nas descobertas, argumenta-se que a subjetividade dessas trabalhadoras se constitui pela e na articulação de seus corpos com outros corpos humanos e não humanos que fazem parte da política infantil. Na interação com corpos humanos, as trabalhadoras adquirem a agência que lhes permite habitar seus espaços de trabalho cotidianos de novas maneiras. Em conclusão, ao estudar a produção subjetiva do ponto de vista afetivo, as vozes das trabalhadoras da política de proteção à infância são reivindicadas e resgatadas, elemento fundamental na engrenagem de onde emerge essa política social
Cambio climático y sistemas de producción agroecológico, orgánico y convencional en los cantones Cayambe y Pedro Moncayo
Get PDFThis article analyzes the impact of climate change on agroecological, organic and conventional production in the cantons of Cayambe and Pedro Moncayo due to the challenges of the Ecuadorian agricultural sector in the face of environmental deterioration. The methodology of multi-criteria analysis is applied to determine the best agricultural production alternative, based on its performance in the following indicators: economic, social, environmental, institutional and productive. Producers from the agroecological, organic and conventional systems participated in the study. The information was collected through surveys and analysis of official documents from the cantons. The fulfillment of each of the steps of the multi-criteria analysis allowed us to conclude that the best production system is agroecology, followed by the organic production system. The least adequate is the conventional production system. These systems are affected differently by climate change and their contribution to environmental deterioration is also differentiated. The water and carbon footprint for the organic system is 39.9 m3/Ton and 1.07 TonCO2/Kg of product respectively; while for the agroecological system it is 77.3 m3/Ton and 0.10 TonCO2/Kg of product. The conventional system is the worst scored, with a stronger environmental impact (water footprint = 300.3m3/Ton and carbon footprint = 1.87TonCO2/Kg of product). The study shows that the agroecological system is the best prepared for these events, which means that it is less vulnerable and more resilient in general terms.Este artículo analiza el impacto del cambio climático en el modo de producción agroecológico, orgánico y convencional en los cantones Cayambe y Pedro Moncayo debido a los retos que enfrenta Ecuador en el sector agropecuario, ante el deterioro ambiental. Se aplica la metodología del análisis multicriterio para determinar la alternativa de producción agrícola que mejor se ajusta a la zona, a partir de su comportamiento en los siguientes indicadores: económico, social, ambiental, institucional y productivo. En la investigación participaron productores agroecológicos, orgánicos y convencionales. La información se recopiló mediante encuestas y análisis de documentos oficiales de los cantones. El cumplimiento de cada uno de los pasos del análisis multicriterio permitió conocer que el mejor sistema productivo es la agroecología. Le sigue la producción orgánica y el menos adecuado es el sistema de producción convencional. Estos sistemas son afectados de manera distinta por el cambio climático, y su contribución al deterioro ambiental también es diferenciada. La huella hídrica y de carbono para el sistema orgánico es de 39.9 m3/Ton y 1.07 TonCO2/Kg de producto, respectivamente; mientras que para el sistema agroecológico es de 77.3 m3/Ton y 0.10 TonCO2/Kg de producto. El sistema convencional es el peor puntuado, con un impacto ambiental más fuerte (huella hídrica = 300.3m3/Ton y huella de carbono = 1.87TonCO2/Kg de producto). El estudio muestra que el sistema mejor preparado ante estos eventos es el agroecológico. Ello significa que es menos vulnerable y más resiliente, en términos generales
Uma abordagem para o estudo do suicídio na Venezuela
No full textThis research tries to deepen the knowledge of suicides in Venezuela, a country that experiences a deep humanitarian crisis, which has become worse since 2014. For this purpose, two approaches are proposed: a quantitative approach and a qualitative one. In the first one, numerical indicators are estimated in order to know, analyze and understand the incidence of the occurrence and frequency of suicides in the country. Through the second approach, interviews to relatives of victims of suicide and with professionals related to the topic are carried out. The results indicate that the suicide rate in Venezuela increased between 2015 and 2018, most probably as a consequence of the crisis the nation is going through. This conclusion is reinforced with the findings derived from the interviews from which it is deduced that the national context was present as an intervening risk factor and as a key explanatory component of the probable increase in suicide figures. The main conclusion is that the crisis could have acted as a triggering factor for an accumulation of negative feelings and thoughts, and for disorders of depression and anxiety, which, in turn, could have driven Venezuelans of different ages towards suicidal acts.Esta investigación ahonda en el conocimiento de los suicidios en Venezuela, país que vive una profunda crisis humanitaria, agravada desde el año 2014. Se plantean dos enfoques: uno cuantitativo y otro cualitativo. Mediante el primero, se estiman indicadores numéricos para analizar la ocurrencia y la frecuencia de suicidios en el país. Por medio del segundo, se llevan a cabo entrevistas a familiares de víctimas de hechos suicidas y a profesionales vinculados con el tema. Los resultados indican que la tasa de suicidios en Venezuela se incrementó entre 2015 y 2018, muy probablemente como consecuencia de la crisis que atraviesa la nación. Esto se refuerza con los hallazgos derivados de las entrevistas, de donde se extrae que el contexto nacional está presente como factor de riesgo interviniente y componente clave explicativo del probable aumento de los suicidios. La principal conclusión es que la crisis podría haber actuado como detonante de un cúmulo de sentimientos y pensamientos negativos, y de trastornos de depresión y ansiedad, los cuales, a su vez, podrían haber impulsado a venezolanos de distintas edades hacia actos suicidas.
Abstract
This research tries to deepen the knowledge of suicides in Venezuela, a country that experiences a deep humanitarian crisis, which has become worse since 2014. For this purpose, two approaches are proposed: a quantitative approach and a qualitative one. In the first one, numerical indicators are estimated in order to know, analyze and understand the incidence of the occurrence and frequency of suicides in the country. Through the second approach, interviews to relatives of victims of suicide and with professionals related to the topic are carried out. The results indicate that the suicide rate in Venezuela increased between 2015 and 2018, most probably as a consequence of the crisis the nation is going through. This conclusion is reinforced with the findings derived from the interviews from which it is deduced that the national context was present as an intervening risk factor and as a key explanatory component of the probable increase in suicide figures. The main conclusion is that the crisis could have acted as a triggering factor for an accumulation of negative feelings and thoughts, and for disorders of depression and anxiety, which, in turn, could have driven Venezuelans of different ages towards suicidal acts