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El uso de la cartografía social teatral con niños y niñas de Fómeque y Choachí, Colombia
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This article aims to demonstrate that the use of social cartography, along with theatrical techniques in investigations with children, allows a wider understanding of the representations within the territory and the daily experiences that take place in it. The concepts of the geography of childhood, social representations and territory are theoretically addressed. The methodology of Theater Social Cartography is applied to the work with children in rural schools in the villages of Hato Viejo, Chinia, Guachavita and Mortiñal in the municipality of Fómeque, and the villages of La Maza, El Rosario and La Caja in the municipality of Choachí, located in Colombia. Through this method, the most representative aspects, according to the children of the aforementioned schools, as well as the elements involved in the construction of their representations about the Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza, such as the institutional discourse of conservation of Parques Naturales and the oral transmission of the experiences of their grandparents and grandmothers about the Park before the arrival of institutions are analyzed. Elements such as fauna, water, and the abstract notion of nature as an element that mixes between the landscape full of fantasy and reality, stand out in the speeches of the children participating in this research. Este artículo tiene como objetivo demostrar que el uso de la cartografía social, en conjunto con técnicas teatrales en investigaciones con niños y niñas, permite una comprensión ampliada de las representaciones sobre el territorio y las experiencias cotidianas que se desarrollan en este. Para ello, se abordan teóricamente la geografía de la infancia, las representaciones sociales y el territorio. Se propone una metodología llamada cartografía social teatral (CST) como contribución al conjunto de metodologías participativas útiles en los estudios ambientales. La CST se aplicó a niños y niñas de las escuelas rurales de las veredas Hato Viejo, Chinia, Guachavita y Mortiñal, en el municipio de Fómeque, y las veredas de La Maza, El Rosario y La Caja, en el municipio de Choachí, ubicados en Colombia. Mediante esta metodología, se identificaron los aspectos más representativos del territorio para la población infantil. También, los elementos involucrados en la construcción de sus representaciones sobre el Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza, tales como el discurso institucional de conservación de Parques Naturales de Colombia y la transmisión oral de las experiencias de sus abuelos y abuelas sobre el páramo de Chingaza, antes de la llegada de las instituciones estatales. En los discursos de los niños y las niñas participantes de la investigación resaltan la fauna, el agua y la noción abstracta de la naturaleza como elemento que se mezcla entre el paisaje, lleno de fantasía y realidad.
Abstract
This article aims to demonstrate that the use of social cartography, along with theatrical techniques in investigations with children, allows a wider understanding of the representations within the territory and the daily experiences that take place in it. The concepts of the geography of childhood, social representations and territory are theoretically addressed. The methodology of Theater Social Cartography is applied to the work with children in rural schools in the villages of Hato Viejo, Chinia, Guachavita and Mortiñal in the municipality of Fómeque, and the villages of La Maza, El Rosario and La Caja in the municipality of Choachí, located in Colombia. Through this method, the most representative aspects, according to the children of the aforementioned schools, as well as the elements involved in the construction of their representations about the Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza, such as the institutional discourse of conservation of Parques Naturales and the oral transmission of the experiences of their grandparents and grandmothers about the Park before the arrival of institutions are analyzed. Elements such as fauna, water, and the abstract notion of nature as an element that mixes between the landscape full of fantasy and reality, stand out in the speeches of the children participating in this research.
 
Seguridade, autonomia e indústria: equipamento medico no MERCOSUL
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This article aims to analyze the main characteristics of the medical equipment industry in MERCOSUR, as well as decisions on this industry adopted since the COVID-19 pandemic. It starts by referring to the main theoretical discussions on health security and autonomy, identifying the role of medical equipment in both concepts. Afterward, the main characteristics of the medical equipment industry in Brazil and Argentina are analyzed, as well as the decisions adopted on a national and regional level. With a qualitative methodology, this research is based on a review of primary and secondary sources, as well as in-depth interviews. It is concluded that, even if Brazil and Argentina did recognize a renewed value of this industry, the lack of a regional perspective limits its capability of becoming a relevant sector for health security and autonomy in Latin America.Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las características principales de la industria de equipamiento médico en el Mercosur, así como las medidas adoptadas respecto a ella a partir de la pandemia de COVID-19. Se parte de las discusiones teóricas sobre seguridad y autonomía sanitaria, para identificar el papel de la industria del equipamiento en ambos conceptos. Con base en ello, se analizan las características de dicha industria en Brasil y Argentina, así como las medidas vinculadas al sector que se anunciaron a consecuencia de la pandemia, tanto a escala nacional como, en menor medida, regional. Se utiliza una metodología cualitativa, basada en el análisis bibliográfico y documental de fuentes primarias y secundarias, y en entrevistas en profundidad. Se concluye que, aunque Brasil y Argentina han reconocido el valor de esta industria, la ausencia de una perspectiva regional para su desarrollo limita su capacidad de consolidarse como referencia de la seguridad y de la autonomía sanitaria en América Latina.
Abstract
This article aims to analyze the main characteristics of the medical equipment industry in MERCOSUR, as well as decisions on this industry adopted since the COVID-19 pandemic. It starts by referring to the main theoretical discussions on health security and autonomy, identifying the role of medical equipment in both concepts. Afterward, the main characteristics of the medical equipment industry in Brazil and Argentina are analyzed, as well as the decisions adopted on a national and regional level. With a qualitative methodology, this research is based on a review of primary and secondary sources, as well as in-depth interviews. It is concluded that, even if Brazil and Argentina did recognize a renewed value of this industry, the lack of a regional perspective limits its capability of becoming a relevant sector for health security and autonomy in Latin America.Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as características principais da indústria de equipamentos médicos no MERCOSUL, assim como as medidas adotadas em relação a ela a partir da pandemia de COVID-19. Parte das vinculações teóricas entre segurança e autonomia sanitária para identificar o papel da indústria de equipamentos em ambos os conceitos. Tendo este suporte teórico como base, analisa as característica desta indústria no Brasil e na Argentina, assim como as medidas vinculadas ao setor que se anunciaram como consequência da pandemia, tanto em nível nacional como, em menor medida, regional. Isto é feito seguindo uma metodologia qualitativa que se apoia em informação de fontes primárias, secundárias e entrevistas aprofundadas. Conclui que, ainda que ambos os países tenham reconhecido o valor desta indústria, a ausência de uma perspectiva regional para o seu desenvolvimento limita a sua capacidade de consolidar-se como referência de segurança e autonomia sanitária regional
A propaganda como indicador da luta armada: o caso do Emirado do Cáucaso (2010-2019)
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This paper aims to provide complementary, reliable and replicable data about the count of victims caused by the guerrillas of the North Caucasus, to explain their current weakness. The methodology used is the content analysis of all the publications made between 2010 and 2019 in its official propaganda organ, Kavkaz Center. This is complemented with a historical context analysis. It is concluded that there is a general coincidence in the increase and decrease of both variables –propaganda production and victims caused– over time. Therefore, the scrutiny of the guerrillas' propaganda helps to know their vigor with greater certainty than if we only take into account the number of attacks perpetrated. Replicating the analysis in other contexts would allow knowing if a rule can be established in this regard.
Este artículo tiene como objetivo aportar datos complementarios, fiables y replicables sobre el conteo de víctimas provocadas por las guerrillas del Cáucaso norte, para explicar su actual debilidad. La metodología empleada es el análisis de contenido de todas las publicaciones realizadas entre 2010 y 2019 en su órgano oficial de propaganda, Kavkaz Center. Esto se complementa con un análisis del contexto histórico. Se concluye que existe una coincidencia general en el aumento y la disminución de las variables producción propagandística y víctimas causadas a lo largo del tiempo. Por tanto, el escrutinio de la propaganda de las guerrillas ayuda a conocer su vigor con mayor certidumbre que si solo se tiene en cuenta el número de ataques perpetrados. Replicar el análisis en otros contextos permitiría conocer si puede establecerse una norma en ese sentido.
Este artigo tem como objetivo fornecer dados complementares, confiáveis ??e replicáveis ??para a contagem de vítimas causadas pelas guerrilhas do Cáucaso do Norte, para explicar, com maior precisão, sua fragilidade atual. Para obter essas informações, analisamos o conteúdo de seu órgão oficial de propaganda, o Kavkaz Center. A metodologia utilizada é a análise de conteúdo de todas as publicações realizadas entre 2010 e 2019. Esta análise também se completa com um contexto histórico. Por fim, concluímos que há uma tendência geral de aumento e diminuição de ambas as variáveis ??–produção de propaganda e vítimas causadas– ao longo do tempo; ou seja, eles coincidem. Afirmamos, então, que o escrutínio da propaganda guerrilheira nos ajuda a conhecer seu vigor com maior certeza do que se levarmos em conta, isoladamente, o número de ataques perpetrados. Também entendemos que replicar a análise em outros contextos nos permitiria saber se uma regra geral pode ser estabelecida a esse respeito
Reconocimiento de sistemas de salud indígenas en la salud pública kichwa
Get PDFEn este reporte resumimos la experiencia de una comunidad kichwa de Ecuador en el ámbito de la salud durante la pandemia por la COVID-19. A través de este caso enfatizamos conceptos cruciales que están surgiendo en las ciencias sociales y demostramos su correlación directa con la medicina clínica tal como la experimentan las parteras de salud tradicionales. Además, se pone el foco en el trabajo realizado durante la pandemia por la Asociación de Mujeres Parteras Kichwa del Alto Napo, un grupo conformado, justamente, por parteras y curanderas indígenas que brindan sus conocimientos ancestrales sobre medicina a toda aquella persona que los necesite
Enemigos internos e institucionalidad de inteligencia fuerte: León Febres Cordero y Rafael Correa Delgado
Get PDFThe following analysis describes and compares the structure and mainframe directions of the intelligence function in Ecuador during the presidential administrations of Leon Febres Cordero and Rafael Correa Delgado. By comparing these two periods that strongly institutionalized the Ecuadorian intelligence function, the objective is to systematically account for their similarities and differences. Through a comparative-based methodology, limited by the classification of primary sources, characteristic in the study of intelligence systems, an institutionalist perspective is used, which goes beyond the normative sphere, and includes the analysis of non-declared practices. It is concluded that those analyzed periods coincide in a strong ability to determine the agenda by the executive branch, that for different reasons focused on internal enemies. In addition, in a legal framework incapable of establishing horizontal controls on the activity. On the other hand, the differences found reside in the economic aspect and in the direct beneficiary of the work agenda.En este artículo se describen y comparan la estructura y la directiva de trabajo de la función de inteligencia en Ecuador en las gestiones presidenciales de León Febres Cordero y Rafael Correa Delgado. Al comparar dos periodos que institucionalizaron fuertemente la función de inteligencia ecuatoriana, el objetivo es dar cuenta sistemáticamente de sus similitudes y diferencias. A través de una metodología de base comparativa, limitada por la clasificación de las fuentes primarias, característica del estudio de los sistemas de inteligencia, se trabaja desde una perspectiva institucionalista, que supera la esfera normativa e incluye el análisis de prácticas no declaradas. Se concluye que los periodos analizados coinciden en una fuerte capacidad de determinación de la agenda por parte del ejecutivo, que por distintos motivos se enfocó en enemigos internos. Además, bajo un marco legal incapaz de establecer controles horizontales a la actividad. Por otro lado, las diferencias encontradas residen en el aspecto económico y en el beneficiario directo de la agenda de trabajo.
Abstract
The following analysis describes and compares the structure and mainframe directions of the intelligence function in Ecuador during the presidential administrations of Leon Febres Cordero and Rafael Correa Delgado. By comparing these two periods that strongly institutionalized the Ecuadorian intelligence function, the objective is to systematically account for their similarities and differences. Through a comparative-based methodology, limited by the classification of primary sources, characteristic in the study of intelligence systems, an institutionalist perspective is used, which goes beyond the normative sphere, and includes the analysis of non-declared practices. It is concluded that those analyzed periods coincide in a strong ability to determine the agenda by the executive branch, that for different reasons focused on internal enemies. In addition, in a legal framework incapable of establishing horizontal controls on the activity. On the other hand, the differences found reside in the economic aspect and in the direct beneficiary of the work agenda
Trayectorias tóxicas: habitar, migrar y asentarse en zonas de sacrificio rurales y urbanas
Get PDFThis article analyses and describes two different but similar scenarios in which the indigenous population is one of the most affected sectors. On the one hand, the Chaco region in the north of Argentina and, on the other, the Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires in the center of the country, both of which, despite having different productive histories, are affected by an extractive model that is advancing on their territories, transforming them into sacrifice zones. Based on previous and current research conducted in the framework of ethnographic work, in-depth interviews, virtual and telephone interviews, conversational situations, field notes, primary and secondary sources, cadastral maps, population censuses, among others are used. The scenarios of socio-economic and environmental inequality that develop in both regions and the impact they have on local populations, who, in many cases, are forced to migrate and consolidate their toxic experiences, marked by scenarios of poverty, overcrowding, contamination, invisibilisation and denial are analysed, from the perspective of social anthropology. El presente artículo se propone analizar y describir dos escenarios diferentes, pero con devenires similares, donde la población indígena constituye uno de los sectores más afectados. Por un lado, la región chaqueña en el norte de la República Argentina y, por el otro, la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, en el centro neurálgico del país. Estas regiones, a pesar de tener historias productivas diferentes, se encuentran atravesadas por un modelo extractivo que avanza sobre sus territorios y los transforma en zonas de sacrificio. A partir de investigaciones precedentes y de datos primarios obtenidos del trabajo etnográfico, se retoman entrevistas en profundidad, virtuales y telefónicas, situaciones conversacionales, notas de campo, fuentes primarias y secundarias, mapas catastrales, censos poblacionales, entre otros. Desde la perspectiva de la antropología social, se analizan los escenarios de desigualdad socioeconómica y ambiental que se desarrollan en ambas regiones y el impacto que tienen en las poblaciones locales que, en muchos casos, se ven forzadas a migrar y consolidar sus experiencias tóxicas, signadas por escenarios de pobreza, hacinamiento, contaminación, invisibilización y negación
El oficio de pajareros, una práctica biocultural viva de México
Get PDFPajareros are people who know, use and handle songbirds. Their profession, a tradition in Mexico and part of the living biocultural heritage of the country, is currently threatened by various social factors, such as a distorted perception and criminalization. This research aims to document for the first time in an academic article their experiences concerning this problem. The methodology used was ethnographic immersion, participant observation, and 60 interviews with aviaries in Mexico. Pajareros coincided in naming five types of problems, and most of the solutions proposed were based on the request to be heard. To solve this problem and for their voice to be part of a plural valuation of the profession, transdiscipline is proposed as a democratic environmental practice that places them as protagonists in the decision-making process for permit issuance, and promotes teaching/learning processes among all those involved.Los pajareros son personas que conocen, usan y manejan las aves silvestres. Su oficio, que es una tradición en México y parte del patrimonio biocultural vivo del país, está amenazado en la actualidad por distintos factores sociales, como la percepción distorsionada que se tiene de él y su criminalización. El objetivo de esta investigación es documentar por primera vez en un artículo académico sus vivencias sobre las referidas problemáticas. La metodología usada es la inmersión etnográfica, la observación participante y 60 entrevistas a pajareros de México. Los pajareros coincidieron en nombrar cinco tipos de problemas; la mayoría de las soluciones planteadas radican en la petición de ser escuchados. Para resolver esta problemática y que su voz sea parte de una valoración plural del oficio, se propone la transdisciplina como práctica democrática ambiental que los sitúe como protagonistas en la toma de decisiones en el proceso de emisión de permisos, y fomente procesos de enseñanza/aprendizaje entre todos los actores involucrados
Desigualdades na escola secundária argentina: itinerários escolares e projeções educacionais
No full textThis article deals with the forms of subjectivation of social inequality in students in the last year of secondary school in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It proposes a useful theoretical line of inquiry to analyze educational inequality and to think about its configuration in the context of the pandemic caused by COVID-19. This study explores the logics through which young people project their post-school educational or labor trajectories. In this sense, debates are revised regarding how to characterize secondary education and socialization processes among similar sectors. The main objective of the article is to take up the following question: how did social inequality become sedimented in student experiences? Based on this question, an in-depth analysis is made of the types of paths and expectations that secondary school students develop during their educational experience in order to understand the subjective processing of inequality. In conclusion, we characterize the current expressions of tensions and complexities due to the expansion of secondary schooling and the emerging lines of differentiation that are taking shape. Thus, the importance becomes evident of paying attention to the interrelation between what institutions believe they offer in their educational projects and the students’ expectations about the future.Este artículo versa sobre las formas de subjetivación de la desigualdad social en estudiantes del último año de la secundaria, en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Se plantea una línea teórica útil para analizar la desigualdad educativa y pensar su configuración en el contexto de la pandemia provocada por la covid-19. Con este trabajo se exploran las lógicas desde las cuales las y los jóvenes proyectan sus trayectorias educativas o laborales postescolares. En este sentido, se recuperan las discusiones sobre cómo caracterizar la educación secundaria y los procesos de socialización entre sectores similares. La propuesta principal del artículo consiste en retomar la siguiente pregunta: ¿cómo se sedimentó la desigualdad social en las experiencias estudiantiles? A partir de tal interrogante se profundiza en el análisis de los tipos de recorridos y las expectativas que las y los estudiantes del nivel secundario construyen en su experiencia educativa para entender el procesamiento subjetivo de la desigualdad. Al concluir, se muestra la expresión actual de las tensiones y complejidades a la par de la expansión en la cobertura de la escuela secundaria y las nuevas líneas de diferenciación que se conforman. Así se evidencia la importancia de prestar atención a la interrelación entre aquello que las instituciones creen ofrecer desde su propuesta escolar y las expectativas del alumnado acerca del futuro.Este artigo trata das formas de subjetivação da desigualdade social em estudantes do último ano do ensino médio, na Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Propõe-se uma linha teórica útil para analisar a desigualdade educacional e pensar sua configuração no contexto da pandemia causada pela covid-19. Este trabalho explora as lógicas a partir das quais os jovens projetam suas trajetórias educacionais ou de trabalho pós-escolares. Nesse sentido, recuperam-se as discussões sobre como caracterizar o ensino médio e os processos de socialização entre setores afins. A proposta principal do artigo é retornar à seguinte questão: como se instalou a desigualdade social nas experiências dos alunos? A partir dessa questão, aprofunda-se a análise dos tipos de percursos e das expectativas que os alunos do ensino médio constroem em sua experiência educacional para compreender o processamento subjetivo da desigualdade. Em conclusão, mostra-se a expressão atual das tensões e complexidades junto com a expansão da cobertura do ensino médio e as novas linhas de diferenciação que se formam. Dessa forma, se evidencia a importância de observar a inter-relação entre o que as instituições acreditam oferecer a partir de sua proposta escolar, e as expectativas dos alunos sobre o futuro
A pornografia do confinamento. Expressões pornográficas sobre o coronavírus
No full textThis text analyzes videos that have erotized situations linked to COVID-19, in which the use of gloves, masks, alcohol gel, or protective gear have represented the context of the pandemic, and that are referred to here as “pornography of confinement.” The aim of this article is to explore the characteristics of this type of pornography and analyze the links between such videos and demands upon the biopolitical subject, who is to be responsible for their own health. Approximately twenty-seven videos from the website Pornhub were reviewed, with special attention to ten that were entitled The Cleanest Porn Ever. All these materials aim to promote “safe sex” based on social distancing, viewing pornography, or learning hygienic techniques to avoid infection. Diverse theories, news stories, and data on this topic were used in the analysis. Among the key findings, pornography of confinement reflects the liberal subjectivity, as the individuals represented are not interested in strengthening social ties or participating in cultural change but rather in attending to their own immediate and individual needs. Finally, it is concluded that reality is simplified in this type of pornography by connecting people with “positive” emotions, discarding the potential for change that entails ties to the collective.En el presente texto se analizan los videos que han erotizado algunas situaciones ligadas a la covid-19, como el uso de guantes, mascarillas, alcohol en gel o trajes de protección para representar el contexto específico de la pandemia y que aquí se denomina “pornografía del confinamiento”. Los objetivos del artículo son explorar las características de este tipo de pornografía y analizar los vínculos entre tales videos y la exigencia hacia el sujeto biopolítico de que se responsabilice por su salud. Se revisaron alrededor de veintisiete videos de la página Pornhub, prestando especial atención a diez que fueron titulados The Cleanest Porn Ever. Todos estos materiales buscan promover el “sexo seguro” basado en el distanciamiento social, en la visualización de pornografía o en el aprendizaje de técnicas higiénicas para evitar el contagio. En el análisis se utilizaron diversas teorías, noticias y estadísticas sobre el tema. Entre los hallazgos encontrados sobresale que la pornografía del confinamiento es un reflejo de la subjetividad liberal, en la que los individuos no están interesados en fortalecer el lazo social o participar en modificaciones culturales, sino en atender sus necesidades inmediatas e individuales. Finalmente, se concluye que con este tipo de pornografía se simplifica la realidad al conectar a las personas con emociones “positivas”, descartando la potencia de las modificaciones que implican vínculos con la comunidad.Este texto analisa os vídeos que erotizaram algumas situações ligadas à covid-19, como o uso de luvas, máscaras, álcool em gel ou trajes de proteção, para representar o contexto específico da pandemia e que aqui se chama "pornografia" de confinamento". Os objetivos do artigo são explorar as características desse tipo de pornografia e analisar os vínculos entre esses vídeos e a demanda de que o sujeito biopolítico assuma a responsabilidade por sua saúde. Cerca de vinte e sete vídeos da página do Pornhub foram revisados, prestando atenção especial a dez que foram intitulados The Cleanest Porn Ever. Todos esses materiais buscam promover o “sexo seguro” baseado no distanciamento social, na visualização de pornografia ou na aprendizagem de técnicas de higiene para evitar o contágio. Diversas teorias, notícias e estatísticas sobre o assunto foram utilizadas na análise. Dentre os achados, destaca-se que a pornografia de confinamento é reflexo da subjetividade liberal, na qual os indivíduos não estão interessados ??em fortalecer o vínculo social ou participar de modificações culturais, mas sim em atender suas necessidades imediatas e individuais. Por fim, conclui-se que esse tipo de pornografia simplifica a realidade ao conectar as pessoas com emoções “positivas”, descartando o poder das modificações que implican vínculos com a comunidade
Cultura de inteligencia y sociedad
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The doctrine largely identifies intelligence culture as a public awareness policy, which aims to improve society's understanding of the objectives and functions of the Intelligence Services. The common motivation is that all social actors become aware that they have an active role in safeguarding security, and that only the sum of efforts can guarantee security and the defense of shared democratic and constitutional values. The priority objectives would be, therefore, to publicize the work of the intelligence services, their operation, the organic vocation of service, the legislation that regulates it, and its fundamental contribution to guaranteeing the security of the State. In short, convey to the public that intelligence is everyone's business and that it demands complicity and social recognition.La doctrina identifica mayoritariamente la cultura de inteligencia como una política de sensibilización pública, que tiene por objetivo mejorar el conocimiento de la sociedad en lo que respecta a los objetivos y las funciones de los Servicios de Inteligencia. La motivación común es que todos los actores sociales adquieran conciencia de que tienen un papel activo en la salvaguarda de la seguridad, y que solo la suma de esfuerzos puede garantizar la seguridad y la defensa de los valores democráticos y constitucionales compartidos. Los objetivos prioritarios serían, por tanto, dar a conocer la labor de los servicios de inteligencia, su funcionamiento, la vocación orgánica de servicio, la legislación que los regulan y su contribución fundamental para garantizar la seguridad del Estado. En definitiva, trasladar a la ciudadanía que la inteligencia es cosa de todos y que demanda complicidad y reconocimiento social.
Abstract
The doctrine largely identifies intelligence culture as a public awareness policy, which aims to improve society's understanding of the objectives and functions of the Intelligence Services. The common motivation is that all social actors become aware that they have an active role in safeguarding security, and that only the sum of efforts can guarantee security and the defense of shared democratic and constitutional values. The priority objectives would be, therefore, to publicize the work of the intelligence services, their operation, the organic vocation of service, the legislation that regulates it, and its fundamental contribution to guaranteeing the security of the State. In short, convey to the public that intelligence is everyone's business and that it demands complicity and social recognition