UGD Publishing System (Goce Delcev University - Stip / Университет „Гоце Делчев“, Щип)
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CHALLENGES IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION IN THE EU INTEGRATION PROCESS – CASE STUDY: NORTH MACEDONIA, SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO
No full textAn effective fight against corruption is a condition for the rule of
law, building a state with functional institutions and respecting
human freedoms and rights. Achieving positive results is a
challenge for both developed democracies and countries in
transition.
The paper analyzes the normative and institutional frameworks for
fighting corruption in three countries from the Western Balkans,
North Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, as well as their
strategic documents for fighting corruption. Despite the results
achieved in the last few decades, the problems with corruption are
still complex, and in this direction the focus of this paper is
research into the reasons for such a situation as well as the
challenges for the future.
In the efforts for faster integration into the EU, the three countries
are implementing reforms with the aim of more effectively
fighting corruption, but there is one key factor for achieving this
goal, and that is the existence of political will to fight corruption.
This aspect is particularly emphasized in the paper because
without political will it is impossible to achieve visible successes
in the fight against corruption. The authors emphasize that the best
laws can be written, quality strategic documents can be adopted,
but if they are not implemented, it is as if they do not exist.
The paper pays special attention to the transition process in North
Macedonia as well as to the implementation of the current
National Strategy for the Prevention of Corruption and Conflict of
Interest. In addition, the authors present several proposals for
changes in the normative and institutional framework of North
Macedonia for the fight against corruption.
The methodological approach is a combination of several
methods, content analysis, comparative legal research, historical
and statistical methods
THE VISEGRAD FOUR COUNTRIES AS AN OBJECT OF CHINA\u27S GEOPOLITICAL INTERESTS IN THE CONTEXT OF GREAT-POWER CONFRONTATION
No full textThis article examines China\u27s geopolitical interests in the Visegrád Four (V4) countries within the context of great-power rivalry. The study highlights how the ongoing global crisis has reshaped bilateral and multilateral relations, with the European Union (EU) emerging as a significant focus of China\u27s strategic influence. The V4 countries, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary, have become especially relevant due to their industrial capacities, relatively recent EU membership, and geographical location on the EU\u27s eastern borders.
The research reviews previous studies on China\u27s influence in Europe, including soft-power initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), foreign investments, and trade relations. It explores how various political dynamics within V4 states have affected their stance towards China, noting Poland\u27s cautious engagement, the Czech Republic\u27s increasing alignment with Western allies, Slovakia’s political shifts, and Hungary’s deepening partnership with Beijing. Additionally, the article investigates China’s role in Europe\u27s green energy and digital infrastructure, assessing the implications of economic dependencies.
The findings suggest that while China perceives V4 countries as gateways into Europe, geopolitical shifts, including the EU’s Global Gateway Initiative and growing concerns over technological security, challenge Beijing\u27s strategies, prompting V4 countries to reconsider their engagement with China and seek alternative partnerships aligned with EU and NATO frameworks. Ultimately, the study underscores the dual pressures faced by V4 states as they navigate economic opportunities from China and political commitments within the EU and NATO
THE QUINONE OUTSIDE INHIBITOR FUNGICIDES, A PERSPECTIVE GROUP OF PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS
No full textEffective disease management is essential to mitigate the rapid emergence of resistant pathogen populations. An important group of fungicides that play a pivotal role in the integrated management systems, among others, also because of their low environmental toxicity, are succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, which act by binding to the mitochondrial complex II of the respiratory system. Unlike first-generation SDHIs (e.g., carboxin and oxycarboxin), which exhibit high efficacy against basidiomycetes, newer compounds in this class (e.g., cyclobutrifluram, furametpyr, and inpyrfluxam) demonstrate broad-spectrum activity against a wide range of fungal species. However, their repeated and inadequate application strategies, can exert strong selection pressure, favoring the development of resistant fungal genotypes, which may ultimately compromise fungicide efficacy. This review examines both historical and recent advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying SDHI resistance, as well as other factors influencing the evolution of resistance. In addition, it provides an insight into strategies for the effective use of newly developed SDHI molecules and highlights key research directions for combating resistance in the future
DETERMINATION OF FREE HYDROCYANIC ACID IN HOMEMADE FRUIT BRANDIES
No full textFruit brandy is a traditional alcoholic beverage widely consumed in the Republic of N. Macedonia and other Balkan countries, produced by distillation of fermented fruits such as plum, apricot, quince and apple, using either homemade or industrial methods. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of 24 homemade fruit brandy samples by determining the content of free hydrocyanic acid (HCN), a potentially toxic compound. HCN is formed during alcoholic fermentation as a result of enzymatic hydrolysis of cyanogenic glycosides naturally present in fruit seeds. The quantification of free HCN was performed spectrophotometrically using König reaction, a colorimetric method based on the formation of cyanogen chloride, which reacts with pyridine and barbituric acid to form a stable pink complex with maximum absorbance at 580 nm. results were recalculated to a 100% v/v ethanol basis to allowed comparison with the EU legal limit of 70 mg/L. All samples were within the permissible safety threshold. The highest HCN concentration were found in apricot and apple brandies (up to 9.81 mg/L), while plum and quince brandies contained significantly lower levels. A moderate correlation was observed between HCN levels and several chemical parameters, including methanol, aldehydes, ethanol, total esters, furfural and fusel alcohols. These results suggest that fruit type, fermentation conditions and the extend of seed contact during the preparation of the fruit mash prior to fermentation play a critical role in HCN formation. This highlights the importance of controlled processing practices to ensure the safety of traditional fruit brandies
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CARBON FARMING AND CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS IN CORN AND SUNFLOWER CULTIVATION: CASE STUDY IN NORTH MACEDONIA
No full textThis study conducts a comparative evaluation of carbon farming versus conventional agricultural systems in corn (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivation, examining their impacts on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics alongside other soil properties during the 2024–2025 growing season. Soil samples were collected at three critical stages—vegetation onset, midseason, and harvest—to quantify total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) under each management regime.
Results reveal that carbon farming consistently and significantly enhanced TOC and TN compared to conventional agriculture. In corn plots, carbon farming induced a progressive accumulation of both TOC and TN, driven by increased organic matter inputs and stimulated microbial activity—trends consistent with established organic amendment outcomes. Sunflower plots exhibited a delayed but notable increase in soil C and N, likely reflecting the crop’s high nutrient uptake and distinct biomass turnover patterns.
Conversely, conventional management displayed stable or declining TOC and TN trends, underscoring the adverse impacts of reliance on synthetic inputs on soil fertility . These findings highlight carbon farming\u27s effectiveness in enhancing soil health by improving nutrient retention and increasing organic matter, aligning with climate-smart and regenerative agriculture principles .
In summary, carbon farming presents a promising strategy for boosting soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in cereal and oilseed production systems, offering co-benefits for soil fertility and climate mitigation. Its implementation may advance sustainable crop production and long-term soil resilience
РЕЦЕПЦИЈА НА РИМСКИТЕ ПРАВИЛА НА ДОГОВОРОТ ЗА ЗАЕМ (MUTUUM) ВО СРПСКИОТ ГРАЃАНСКИ ЗАКОНИК ОД 1844 ГОДИНА
No full textДенес, во согласност со законските нормативи, договорот се за заем
се дефинира како: договор со кој заемодавецот се обврзува да му предаде на
заемопримачот определен износ пари или определено количество други заменливи
предмети, а заемопримачот се обврзува да му го врати по извесно време истиот износ
пари, односно истото количество предмети од ист вид и квалитет. Од современата
дефиниција може да се заклучи дека се работи за често користен договор и од страна на
физичките и од стана на правните лица со цел задоволување на потребите при водењето
на своите професии и професионални животи, но и при редовниот живот. Целта на овој
труд е да се прикаже истиот договор во еден конкретен историски период, периодот на
моќниот Рим и правилата на римското право нему наменети. Во исто време, трудот ќе
даде одговор на прашањата дали и во која мера се реципирани овие правила во еден друг
историски контекст – Кралството на Србите, Хрватите и Словенците и тогаш важечкиот
правен акт Српскиот граѓански законик донесен 1844 година.
Клучни зборови: правни правила, римско право, закон, историја, зае
THE CHILD\u27S RIGHT TO EXPRESS HIS OPINION IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS
No full textThis paper deals with the topic of the right to opinion and position of children in civil proceedings. Quite often, in our country, but also in other legal systems, when in a court procedure, a decision is made about certain rights of a certain child, the child himself is deprived of the opportunity to express his opinion, although the opinion of that child may be the most relevant in that particular procedure. In this paper, we will focus on this issue. First, we will briefly introduce ourselves in general with civil proceedings, as well as who can be a participant in it. The majority of this paper will be dedicated to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, as a very important leap forward in the field of children\u27s rights. Specifically, we will focus on Article 12 of this Convention, which guarantees the child\u27s right to an opinion
THE PROCESS OF MEMBERSHIP OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA IN THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND THE IMMEDIATE LEGAL AND POLITICAL EFFECTS OF THE MEMBERSHIP
No full textAfter the collapse of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), our country, under its back then constitutional name, the Republic of Macedonia, immediately began to take all the necessary steps to complete its statehood, starting with the decision to call a referendum on September 8, 1991, in which approximately 95.32% of the citizens voted for an independent sovereign state, which was followed by the adoption of the Declaration of Sovereignty of the Republic of Macedonia on September 17, 1991, which informed the domestic and world public that the Republic of Macedonia was taking responsibility for its destiny into its own hands, and the government in the country was constituted accordingly. This early phase was completed on November 17, 1991, when the first Constitution of the. Republic of Macedonia as an independent state was adopted, consequently beginning the process of its international recognition, which was its key challenge of the foreign policy, including its membership in all key international intergovernmental organizations, such as the UN, the Council of Europe, the EU, the OSCE, NATO, and the like. Without any ambition to comprehensively present all the attempts of the Republic of North Macedonia (RNM) for its full membership in the world of international intergovernmental organizations, which requires a very different approach and larger space, to achieve this goal, our country was forced to move along a very difficult path due to the continuous expressed opposition of the neighboring Republic of Greece to the international recognition of our country under its back then constitutional name of the Republic of Macedonia. This was confirmed already within the framework of the procedure after the first attempt of our country for its international recognition that it made within the framework of the then so-called EU Conference on the Disintegration of the Former SFRY (under the presidency of Lord Carrington), within which the special so-called Badinter Arbitration Commission, whose main mandate was to examine the fulfillment of the conditions and requirements set out in the "EU Guidelines for the Recognition of the New States of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union" and the "Declaration on Yugoslavia adopted by the Council of the European Community on 16 December 1991" by each new state, including our country, which on 20 December 1991 formally requested its recognition by the EU member states back then