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WESTERN BALKANS CHALLENGES IN THE THIRD DECADE OF 21ST CENTURY – CASE STUDY: SERBIA AND NORTH MACEDONIA
No full textIn the methodological sense, the aim of this paper will be to reach a prediction about the potential challenges, threats and risks that the Western Balkans will face in the current decade, based on the case study of Serbia and North Macedonia. By analyzing the existing economic, political and security challenges, risks and threats facing by these two countries, as well as the European continent as a whole, the authors will try to use the method of prediction to establish to what extent the existing challenges, risks and threats will be current in the next six years, whether new ones will appear and in what intensity and what mechanisms are available to small states, such as Serbia and North Macedonia, in the process of facing and creating sustainability. In the academic sense, the contribution of this work will be to provide new understanding about what are the most effective methods in the process of recognizing the challenges facing by small states in current international relations. While, in a practical sense, the contribution will be multiple - political, economic, security - because it will provide new knowledge about potential challenges, risks and threats, as well as proposals for dealing with them
THE JURISDICTION OF THE CHOSEN JUDGE
No full textIn today’s private international law, the parties may choose freely the jurisdiction where their dispute shall be resolved. This is usually made through the means of a jurisdiction clause inserted in their contract. The European Law confers exclusive jurisdiction to the chosen judge, which means, in principle, that the parties are not allowed to refer the matter to a court other than the one provided for in the choice of court agreement. In our paper, we will analyse the consequences of this qualification of jurisdiction as exclusive and the means by which it is protected in the European law, under the Brussels I bis Regulation.
The protection of the jurisdiction agreed by the parties previously to the dispute is, nevertheless, not absolute as it has its limits. The European law does not provide remedies for all the situations of breach of jurisdiction that may appear and we will present a couple of situations where the expectations of a party may be infringed by the tactics of its adversary in the dispute
COMPULSORY OIL RESERVES OF THE RNM - status and challenges
No full textThe supply of crude oil and oil products in the EU is a very important issue, especially for the transport sector and the chemical industry. The concentration of production, the reduction of oil reserves and the increased consumption of oil products worldwide contribute to an increased risk of supply difficulties.
The European Council in the Action Plan 2007 to 2009, within the Energy Policy of Europe, emphasized the need to strengthen the security of the supply of oil reserves to the European Union, as well as to each EU member state, with the aim of oil availability in case of crises. The Energy policy of Europe imposes the need for greater compatibility of the European Community system with the system envisaged by the International Energy Agency.
In accordance with Council Directive 2006/67/EC of July 24, 2006, the obligation of EU member states to keep minimum reserves of crude oil and/or oil derivatives is imposed[1]. Oil reserves are calculated based on the average daily domestic consumption during the previous calendar year. However, reserve holding obligations under the International Energy Program Agreement of November 18, 1974 are calculated on the basis of net imports of oil and petroleum products. For that reason and as a result of other differences in the methodology, the way in which the obligations to keep compulsory reserves and emergency reserves of the EU are calculated, with the directive 2009/119/EC of the Council of September 14, 2009, it is stipulated that the Member States should pass laws, regulations or other administrative provisions by which the stocks of oil reserves until December 31, 2012, will be at a level of at least 90 days of average daily net import or 61 days of average daily consumption in the country, respectively which of the two quantities is bigger.
The Law on Compulsory Oil Reserves of the RSM regulates the obligation to ensure a high level of security of the supply of crude oil and oil derivatives through the creating, storing and maintenance of minimum stocks of crude oil and/or oil derivatives in the form of compulsory oil reserves. the manner and conditions of creation, storage and maintainance of the compulsory oil reserves, introducing the necessary procedures for intervention in order to deal with a severe shortages of oil derivatives in the market and other issues of importance for the compulsory reserves. This Law began to be applied from 01.01.2021 and it partially transposes the Directive 2009/119/EU, compulsory reserves should be formed gradually in order to ensure the total compulsory reserves kept at all times in the Republic of N. Macedonia to correspond to at least 90 days of daily average net imports or 61 days of average daily domestic consumption, in the previous calendar year, depending on which of the two stated quantities is bigger.
The formation of compulsory reserves of oil and oil derivatives is a process of procurement of crude oil and/or oil derivatives and their storage in storage facilities, thus providing conditions for intervention supply to the market with oil derivatives in case of disruption of the energy security of the state caused by large-scale supply disruptions. The central body for keeping oil reserves is the RSM is Compulsory Oil Reserves Agency, which is authorized to establish, maintenance, storage and selling of the compulsory oil reserves. Storage and maintenance of the oil reserves is the responsibility of the trading companies – warehouses keepers, which in their tank capacities should store, keep and replenish crude oil and/or oil derivatives from the compulsory reserves.
[1] Official gazette L 217, 8.8.2006.,page 8
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PLANNING FUNCTION IN THE BUSINESS FINANCIAL DECISION-MAKING PROCESS IN TOURISM ENTERPRISES
No full textPlanning is an introduction to selecting findings and goals, and the first activity to successfully implement the above. The result of the planning process is the plans. Many elements that go into the plans, before being taken for consideration, should be selected in detail. Plans are made for different intervals. They strongly imply not only new ideas but also sensitivity, equipment in the workplace and so on. It should be apostrophed that the plan is a means of action and a way to achieve the goal. If planning is efficient, it can also be expected to be successfully implemente
ПРЕТПРИЕМНИЧКОТО ОДНЕСУВАЊЕ ВО ФУНКЦИЈА НА ИНТЕРКУЛТУРАЛИЗМОТ
No full textОвој труд има за цел да го стави претприемничкото однесување, како универзална димензија на општественото живеење, во функција на интеркултурализмот со цел надминување на разликите и воспоставување на принципите на хармонија во живеењето. Економската литература одамна го третира прашањето за влијанието на религијата и културата врз водењето бизнис. Посебните верски, етнички и други социјални групации, кои имаат своја субкултура, креираат свој вредносен систем кој го детерминира и однесувањето на економските субјекти. Она што нас не интересира е повратна врска според која претприемништвото ќе биде тоа кое ќе може да влијае врз надминување на разликите креирани од различните култури. Овој труд дава препораки со кои основните карактеристики на претприемништвото (иновативноста, проативноста, преземањето ризик и сл.) отвораат можности за надминување на предизвиците на современото живеењето содржани во интеркултурализмот
Placing Museum Collections in Context: Historical Collections and Their Contemporary Cultural and Social Relevance
No full textThe paper provides a critical reflection of the agency involved in collecting practice of museums and in shaping meaningful entities that were visualized in the past, and how they work today. Museums’ relation to the past, which is a key part of the process how they convey the image of past to the audience, i.e. how they present their own view of history, covers the questions which history is preserved, what narratives are constructed in the museum mechanism, how they are transmitted and who they refer to. If we take the view that museum collections are created in specific socio-historical contexts, and in considering the agencies that shape them, we are to necessarily consider the processes generating those contexts in order to grasp the nature of the practice, then, we have to acknowledge that the practice itself may have a profound influence on shaping that very context. Highlighting the notion of museum collections as loci of encounter and negotiation between museum and society, the paper provides insights into the paradigm shifts of museum collecting in the Republic of North Macedonia and into its responses to specific social demands from 1945 to the present. Examining current strategies for bringing historical collections to the public and how museums handle the challenges of contextualizing them in today’s institutional program, particularly in terms of identity and memory, the paper proposes that if museums are considered as critical instruments of fundamental social change, then providing important public influence can only emerge from a clear vision of their future course, which means that research into contemporary cultural and social relevance of historical collections must occur in the intellectual framework of the museum and its objectives in society.
Keywords: museum collecting, historical collections, socio-cultural context, historical narrative, cultural identity, cultural memory
THE PRESENCE OF Escherichia coli and Enterococcus IN THE WATER OF THE FIFTH CANAL AND BLACK RIVER NEAR BITOLA
No full textWater is a natural resource necessary for all living organisms. In our research, the research material is water.As measuring points for sampling analysis are: measuring point 1 (Crna Reka near the village of Novaci), measuring point 2 (fifth channel exit of Bitola), measuring point 3 (fifth channel near the village of Kravari) measuring point 4 (fifth channel before flowing into the Crna Reka), measuring point 5 (Crna Reka before being mixed with water from the fifth channel), measuring point 6 (Crna Reka after mixing with water from the fifth channel) and measuring point 7 (Crna Reka near the village of Skocivir). In order to determine the quality of the water from sanitary-hygienic aspect, the following microbiological tests have been made: determining the number of Escherichia coli, with a membrane filtration method made according to the ISO 9308-1:2000 standard for water quality and determination of the number of Enterococcus with membrane filtration according to the ISO 7899-2:2000 standard.
The number of types of microorganisms tested indicates an increase in the number of microorganisms in the channel (measuring point 2, 3 and 4) which, at the measuring point 6 (junction of Crna Reka with the channel), are transmitted in Crna Reka. And with that, not only the Crna Reka is getting polluted, but also the entire environment.
All this indicates that the cleaning of the canal and the watercourse should become an obligation before the competent institutions but also the obligation of each individual is to protect his environment.
 
NATURAL TRACERS AS A TOOL FOR UNDERSTANDING THE FUNCTIONING OF THE KARST SYSTEM AND ITS VULNERABILITY - A CASE STUDY OF THE MANASTIREC SPRING
No full textThe Manastirec spring is the only drinking water source that supplies 200 inhabitants of the municipality Goren Manastirec in West-Central Macedonia. Natural tracers were applied in order to characterize the properties of the groundwater flow and transport of contaminants through the karst system and to study the functioning of the spring. Water level, temperature and electrical conductivity of the spring were measured with data logger in hourly intervals during several rain events in 2015 and 2016. Rain events caused rise of water level and decrease of both water temperature and electrical conductivity. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sulphate and nitrate present in spring water were analyzed during the end of July 2016, during three rain events. The results showed that sulphate and Ca/Mg ratio increase, whereas nitrate decrease after rain events. All results demonstrate high vulnerability of the Manastirec spring to contamination
ADOPTION AND GENETIC IDENTITY: PROMOTING THE BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD
No full textThe children have a right to live in a family unit with their parents, and in this aspect, they are provided all the rights that come out of the parenting relations. However, not all children are given the chance to grow up in a healthy and safe family, which represents a misfortune throughout history and is still evident in modern times. Acknowledging that not all children are equally fortunate, we recognize the plight of those who, through circumstances unrelated to their own actions, are excluded from family life. This paper provides fundamental data proving that through the institution of adoption, these children are provided with security, familial love, and parental care.
This paper analyzes all the facts that result in the conclusion that the adoption, as a legal institution, makes it possible that the adopted children are provided a family life that in absence of biological parents, is given to them by the adoptive parents. Parents are not only those who give birth to the child, parents are also the people that give the adoptive children family love and care, as well as help them in all the stages of their lives. The paper emphasizes that the adoption has a multidimensional importance and purposes: for the adopted children, for the parents who adopt, and for the society as well as for the biological parents that do not have means to take care of their children or for another reason abandon their children.. Knowing the genetic background is also raised as an important issue in the paper. The child\u27s right to know their identity is emphasized in cases of adoption, artificial reproduction, when fertilization is done with donated genetic material, and in cases of children born out of wedlock. In these situations, the child\u27s biological status does not match their legal status because the child is not genetically related to their legal parents. Related to this, the paper examines several court cases from the European Court of Human Rights, which has frequently ruled on violations of the right to privacy and family life in the context of the child\u27s right to know their biological origin. The paper also highlights the legal barriers and gaps in the Republic of North Macedonia that prevent adopted children from obtaining information about their genetic identity. These barriers are inconsistent with international documents ratified by the Republic of North Macedonia. Additionally, the paper emphasizes the need to remove from the Family legislation the institution of incomplete adoption, which has been shown in legal practice to be ineffective in establishing a family
NEO-AUTHORITARIAN INTERVENTION: PURPOSE, SUBJECTS, TOOLS, CONSEQUENCES
No full textThis paper will explore the purpose, system of subjects, principal tools and consequences of neo-authoritarian intervention. The peculiarities of the neo-authoritarian regime, neo-authoritarian intervention, and export of neo-authoritarianism are clarified. China and Russia are selected as the main cases for analysis. The purpose of neo-authoritarian intervention is defined as the intention to strengthen the internal stability of non-democratic regimes and to broaden their influence on international processes, the effort being to change the world order and destroy liberal-democratic values. It is argued that the key subjects of neo-authoritarian intervention are the governments of neo-authoritarian states and a great number of actors (puppet parties; government-organized non-governmental organizations; marginal, ultra-radical social and political movements; state-controlled media; unscrupulous analytical centres; and international multilingual networks of TV, radio broadcasts, news agencies, which are financed by neo-authoritarian governments). The system of tools of neo-authoritarian influence includes tools of: power; influence within the soft power; subversion; value modification; election tampeering; and pressure on international organizations. The tools of neo-authoritarian intervention are based on the classic tools of authoritarianism, but are modernized due to digitalization, information and communication progress, and the other technologies. Neo-authoritarian intervention is proven to increase the risks to global security. The main consequences of the strengthening of neo-authoritarian intervention on a global scale are the growth of threats to democracy, the risks of changing the world agenda. The consequence of neo-authoritarian interference in the internal affairs of non-democratic states is the growth of dependence on neo-authoritarian exporter states, further socio-political instability, increased use of force in solving socio-political problems. The research states that in the case of neo-authoritarian intervention in the affairs of democratic states, the consequences may include both effective counteraction to neo-authoritarian interventions and thus strengthening of the quality of democracy, and destructive tendencies including the growth of populism, radicalism,corruption, and hate speech