UGD Publishing System (Goce Delcev University - Stip / Университет „Гоце Делчев“, Щип)
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The Eurozone and the Optimal Currency Area Theory: A Critical Evaluation
No full textThis study evaluates whether the Eurozone fulfills the theoretical requirements of an Optimal Currency Area (OCA) through a visual and comparative analysis. The Eurozone is a monetary union of 20 European countries sharing a single currency, the euro, without full political and fiscal integration. OCA theory provides a framework to assess whether countries can effectively operate under one monetary policy without creating macroeconomic imbalances. The four core OCA criteria examined are trade integration, labor mobility, business cycle synchronization, and fiscal coordination.The study analyzes Eurostat data from six representative member states: Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands (core economies), as well as Greece, Portugal, and Spain (peripheral economies). Key indicators include harmonized inflation (HICP), unemployment rates, and GDP per capita. The findings suggest that although trade and capital integration have progressed, especially among core countries, significant disparities persist in the Eurozone\u27s labor markets, price trends, and economic performance.Business cycle synchronization remains incomplete, which complicates the implementation of a unified monetary policy. Moreover, the absence of a centralized fiscal mechanism limits the Eurozone’s capacity to mitigate asymmetric shocks. Unlike the United States, the EU lacks automatic fiscal transfers across regions, resulting in slower and less effective responses to economic downturns and recessions. The study concludes that the Eurozone qualifies only as a partially optimal currency area. To enhance its functionality, credibility, and resilience, the paper recommends deeper fiscal integration, improved labor mobility, stronger institutional coordination, and targeted support for peripheral countries. Without such reforms, the Eurozone remains vulnerable to cyclical divergence, economic fragmentation, and long-term structural imbalances
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AS A RISK FACTOR FOR PERMITTING CRIMINAL OFFENSES BY CHILDREN
No full textThis research paper examines the relationship between domestic violence and the risk of children committing criminal offences. The central thesis posits that children\u27s exposure to various forms of domestic violence (physical, psychological, sexual, and neglect) increases the likelihood of delinquent behavior through mechanisms such as normalization of violence, trauma, impaired emotional and social regulation, and disrupted educational and social development. Methodologically, the paper is based on a systematic literature review, analysis of national statistical data, and relevant international reports and legal documents
PROCEDURAL RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
No full textCriminal law in the broadest sense consists of three components: criminal substantive law, criminal procedural law and the law of enforcement of sanctions applied against perpetrators of criminal acts. Criminal procedural law, as a positive scientific discipline, has a general character and contains abstract legal norms that find their concretization when taking specific procedural actions taken during the criminal procedure. The largest reform of criminal procedural legislation was made in 2010 with the adoption of the new accusatory Law on Criminal Procedure. The right of the state to punish is implemented through the decision to protect certain goods by imposing penalties and other measures against the perpetrators of the incriminated actions. We will concentrate on the rights and position of the defendant in criminal proceedings, who is considered a person against whom an indictment has been filed or an indictment has been issued. We will also consider the rights and position of the defendant in the context of criminal proceedings. The subject of this paper is the general procedural rights of defendants in criminal proceedings, with a special emphasis on the comparative analysis between national legislation (Criminal Procedure Act – CPC), international standards (European Convention on Human Rights – ECHR), as well as German and American law. The aim is to investigate how the fundamental rights of defendants are ensured and to point out the similarities and differences in the different legal systems
IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND COMPETITIVENESS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES - A future that is just beginning
No full textThe application of artificial intelligence in the work of small and medium-sized enterprises and corporations is becoming increasingly popular due to the advantages that this technology provides. Artificial intelligence allows for the automation of processes, improving business efficiency and increasing the precision and accuracy of decision-making.Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field of computing that deals with the development of software systems and algorithms that can perform tasks that usually require human intelligence, such as image recognition, language translation, planning and decision-making. Artificial intelligence consists of various techniques and algorithms used to process data and learn from data. These techniques include machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing and others.Artificial intelligence is used in various fields such as healthcare, finance, business consulting, the automotive industry, marketing, government administration and others. For example, in healthcare, artificial intelligence is used to recognize symptoms and diagnose diseases, while in the financial sector it is used to predict market movements and manage risks.With the development of technology, artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly present in our lives, facilitating our daily tasks and bringing us new opportunities in various areas
ENHANCING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS WITH SPATIAL DATA MINING
No full textThis paper explores how Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be combined with Spatial Data Mining (SDM) to improve the understanding and utilization of large volumes of spatial data. The study begins by defining spatial data and highlighting its significance. It then examines the fundamental concepts of GIS and the methods for managing, analyzing, and modeling spatial data. Furthermore, the research identifies and explains the challenges that arise when integrating GIS with SDM, proposing possible solutions to overcome these issues. This paper provides a detailed insight into the synergy between GIS and SDM tools, aiming to enhance the management and analysis of large spatial data collections
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT DEEPFAKE DETECTORS
No full textDeepfakes, synthetic media generated using deep learning, pose significantrisks to the integrity, security, and trust of information. Reliable detectionis therefore critical, yet existing models often fail when exposed to realworlddistortions such as compression, occlusion, and lighting variations. Thispaper presents a comparative evaluation of deepfake detection models, includingXceptionNet, EfficientNet, MesoNet, and Vision Transformers, across multiplebenchmark datasets such as FaceForensics++, DFDC, Celeb-DF, and Wild-Deepfake. Models are assessed not only under pristine conditions but also undercontrolled distortions that reflect realistic deployment environments. Theresults show that XceptionNet and the fine-tuned Vision Transformers achievethe strongest accuracy and robustness, maintaining competitive performanceacross domains, while MesoNet demonstrates computational efficiency but suffersfrom reduced reliability under challenging conditions. EfficientNet providesa balance between parameter efficiency and detection quality, but lags behindin cross-dataset generalization. The findings highlight clear trade-offs betweenrobustness, efficiency, and deployment feasibility, emphasizing that lightweightmodels are best suited for edge scenarios, whereas more complex architecturesremain preferable in cloud or high-resource environments. The study concludeswith open challenges and future research directions, including the integration ofmultimodal cues, domain adaptation, and explainable detection frameworks, toimprove resilience against increasingly sophisticated deepfake generation techniques
THE EFFECTS OF ALTERNATIVE MEASURES IN MACEDONIAN CRIMINAL LEGISLATION
No full textAlternative measures were introduced into the Macedonian penal system in 2004 with the aim of reducing prison overcrowding and strengthening the application of the principle of individualization. The aim is to apply community treatment for minor crimes, i.e. the perpetrator is not placed in a penitentiary institution. This paper has as its subject of research the effects of the application of alternative measures in practice, starting from the fact that 20 years have passed since their normative regulation. The results of the research showed that the essence of the alternative penal policy in North Macedonia has not been achieved. Namely, for a long time there was an institutional gap that imposed the need to create a Probation Service through the adoption of the Probation Law. The first results of the Probation Service appeared in 2019. The research shows that in the following years the numbers have improved, but institutional inconsistency, different approaches and poor implementation of measures requiring supervision in the community have been shown. The research showed that even after 20 years, the dominant alternative measure is the suspended sentence (without supervision), in fact, this measure has retained the monopoly it had before the introduction of alternative measures. In addition, there has been no significant reduction in the prison population in order to adequately treat convicts in prison and their rehabilitation. The research applied the methods of content analysis and the statistical method, and also used data from several competent institutions
Keywords: treatment in the community, probation, resocialization, warning, assistance and supervisio
SOCIAL CHANGES AND RESPONSES IN LABOUR LAW
No full textComing to terms with all the roles we play in our lives, as they may be defined female or male, or more distinctively mother or father, with the work which does satisfy and nurture our truest being is something that a very large proportion of us encounter with difficulty. Inasmuch as we are already equal partners as parents with all the duty and responsibility incumbent on us, no one will say it’s anything but obvious, therefore, that the European Union policy placed parity of partnership within these most essential roles centrally on its agenda and as one of its flagships. The introduction of smart working in addition to home office and teleworking introduces both challenges and possibilities. The concept of working time seems to be vanishing in this concept. Meanwhile, for the reconciliation of work and private life, it seems that we cannot give up on the conventional protective function of working time regulation. In the course of our research, we present two distinct examples that serve to fully illustrate the various issues we encountered. The very first issue for discussion is the court case in Romania that is related to the issue of confusing professional duties and private life. This particular case has raised a lot of controversy and interest in various professional communities, drawing the interest of many individuals concerned about the consequences. The second approach is to clearly lay out and discuss at some length the key research results of Profeta and Angelici, who put forward the argument that the elimination of both spatial and temporal constraints regarding work can be a highly successful approach to achieving greater effectiveness in the organization of work activities. It is also noteworthy that their results indicate a very pronounced impact for women, with the implication that the flexibility allowed through the use of smart working practices can be an important element in helping to eradicate and ultimately close the widespread gender gaps that are observed in numerous workplace settings.
Keywords: work life balance, smart working, burn out, working time, flexibility, right to disconnec
ПЕЧАТЕНИТЕ МЕДИУМИ ВО OПШТИНА ШТИП И БРЕГАЛНИЧКИОТ РЕГИОН ВО ПЕРИОДОТ НА СОЦИЈАЛИЗМОТ (1945-1990)
No full textРазвојот на печатените медиуми во Штип и Брегалничкиот регион можеме да го поделиме во три периоди. Првиот период е периодот на НОБ од 1941-1945 година. Вториот е периодот на социјализмот 1945-1990 година и третиот е периодот на самостојна и независна Република Македонија (1991-2025)
Вториот период (1945-1990) е тесно поврзан со развојот на социјализмот како облик на политички систем. Развојниот пат на социјализмот во Македонија се одвивал во две фази. Првата развојна фаза е административниот социјализам (1945-1950), а втората е самоуправниот социјализам (1950-1990).
Социјализмот како облик на политичка организација во државата имал огромна потреба од информирање на граѓаните за развојот на социјалистичките односи и пропагирање на социјалистичката идеологија, демократија и нејзините основни вредности. Новата социјалистичка власт имала огромна потреба од поддршка во процесот на нејзиното стабилизирање и зацврстување. Власта поддршката на своите политики ја обезбедуваше преку медиумите, кои во тој период имаа трансмисиона улога за пренесување на информациите на партиските и државните органи.
Клучни зборови: информирање, граѓани, печатени медиуми, социјализам
Leadership and Empowerment in Post-COVID Hospitality: Building Human Potential in North Macedonia
No full textПандемијата COVID-19 длабоко го преобликува глобалниот угостителски сектор, редефинирајќи ги менаџерските приоритети, динамиката на работната сила и системите за испорака на услуги. Во овој контекст, лидерството и овластувањето на вработените се појавија како централен механизам за обнова на човечкиот потенцијал и обезбедување квалитет на услугите во постпандемиската ера. Оваа студија истражува како трансформативното лидерство и овластувањето влијаат врз мотивацијата, организациската посветеност и извонредноста на услугите кај вработените во болниците во Северна Македонија. Истражувањето применува дизајн со мешан метод кој комбинира квантитативни податоци од анкети од 220 хотелски вработени со квалитативни сознанија од 25 менаџерски интервјуа спроведени помеѓу февруари и април 2025 година. Користејќи повеќекратни регресивни и корелациски анализи, студијата ги идентификува стилот на лидерство, овластувањето и квалитетот на комуникацијата како клучни предиктори за развојот на човечкиот потенцијал и перцепираниот квалитет на услугите. Наодите покажуваат дека успехот во угостителството по Ковид зависи од лидерските однесувања што поттикнуваат доверба, автономија и континуирано учење. Овластените вработени пријавуваат поголема мотивација и задоволство од работата, што доведува до поголемо задоволство на гостите и организациска отпорност. Студијата придонесува за растечкиот број на литература што ја поврзува теоријата за човечки потенцијал, овластувањето и трансформативното лидерство со одржливите перформанси на услугите. Таа обезбедува практични упатства за хотелските менаџери и креаторите на политики за зајакнување на стратегиите за човечки капитал во фазата на закрепнување на туризмот и угостителството.