UGD Publishing System (Goce Delcev University - Stip / Университет „Гоце Делчев“, Щип)
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THE USE OF JUDO THROWS AS A FORM OF PHYSICAL COERCIVE MEANS BY THESLOVENIAN POLICE
No full textThe article presents the applicability of judo throws as a form of physical force in the Slovenian police. Professional throws are generally considered the most severe form of physical force, as they can cause more serious bodily injuries when subduing an individual who is violating the law. The legal framework, conditions, and principles for the use of coercive means by the Slovenian police are defined, followed by a more detailed discussion of physical force, with a focus on professional throws. The effectiveness of these throws is compared, the advantages and disadvantages of different throwing techniques are described, and their usefulness in a police officer’s application of physical force is assessed. Successful and effective execution of a professional throw requires a high level of officer proficiency, which is virtually unattainable given the limited number of hours allocated for police education, further training, and professional development during employment. We reviewed and analyzed the statistics on the use of coercive means by the Slovenian police to determine the extent to which Slovenian police officers resorted to professional throws when subduing individuals between 2015 and 2024, and to examine whether their use was lawful, professional, and effective.
Keywords: police, coercive means, physical force, judo throw
THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF GEORGIA INTHE GOVERNMENT BRANCHES
No full textThe separation of powers and balancing the relationship between the branches of government are the most important factors in state law. The constitution of the country and the activities of the body that defends the constitutional provisions - the Constitutional Court - are the main tools for creating guarantees of mutual balance. It is vital to pay attention to how the Constitutional Court maintains its independence and how government bodies implement the standards established by the Court. Georgia, as a former post-Soviet country that is in the process of becoming a democratic state, faces some challenges to enforcing balance between government branches and the supremacy of the Constitution. The paper underlines topical issues related to the reflection of the constitutional standards established by the Constitutional Court of Georgia decisions in the process of implementing legislation by the Parliament, execution by the Government, and administering justice by Common Courts. The paper is focused on demonstrating the importance of well-timed implementation of constitutional standards and the challenges that arise in the practice. All the aforementioned, the paper defines the procedural productiveness of the implementation of constitutional standards established by the Constitutional Court of Georgia and, based on the analysis of practice, evaluates the efficacy of the results which is related to the activities of the government branches in the process of enforcing the supremacy of the Constitution.
Keywords: Constitutional Court of Georgia; Separation of powers; Judicial Practice; Integration into Legislation; Execution of ruling
THE CURRENT POLITICAL DISCOURSE CONCERNING INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PRESENT WAR SCENARIOS1
No full textFirst of all, allow me to express my gratitude for the honor I have received with this invitation as Key Speaker at this Conference and for the title of Professor Honoris Causa that has been conferred to me. Receiving this recognition from a young but already esteemed academic institution in Macedonia is not only a personal privilege for me, but also a tangible sign of the value of cultural, scientific and human dialogue between our countries. This title strengthens my commitment to actively contribute to the promotion of knowledge, research and international academic cooperation. I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those who have made this moment possible: my colleagues who supported my candidacy, in particular the vice Rector Prof. Ana Nikodinovska, the students who represent the future of our society, and all those who, every day, are committed to making the university a place of knowledge, freedom and growth, a place of peace. I hope that this recognition will lead to even closer collaboration between my university, Università di Napoli L’Orientale, and the Goce Delcev University of Stip in the common interest of science, education and culture. I feel very close to your community and I truly hope to be able to contribute more and more to your journey, with the promise to give my best at every opportunity
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SMART SPECIALISATION STRATEGY IN NORTH MACEDONIA
No full textThe Smart Specialisation Strategy (S3) represents a modern instrument of European industrial and innovation policy, enabling targeted and efficient development based on knowledge, research, and technological advancement. Its essence lies in the identification and promotion of economic sectors where a country has the greatest potential to create added value and achieve competitiveness in international markets.
This paper aims to analyze the theoretical foundations, objectives, and implementation mechanisms of the Smart Specialisation Strategy, as well as its application in North Macedonia. By examining national priorities and the institutional framework, the study highlights the opportunities and challenges in the process of economic transformation towards an innovative and sustainable economy
CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS FOR ENHANCING DRONE-TO-TOC COMMUNICATION PERFORMANCE IN MILITARY AND CRISIS OPERATIONS: UDC: 629.7.014.0:[355.5:621.39]
No full textDrone-to-TOC (Tactical Operations Center) communication is increasingly essential for military and crisis management operations, offering significant advantages in operational flexibility, real-time situational awareness, and rapid response capabilities. However, these advancements introduce numerous technical and operational challenges that must be addressed to fully exploit the benefits of drone communication. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the current challenges facing drone-to-TOC communications, including vulnerabilities to electronic warfare, cyber threats, interoperability issues, and bandwidth limitations. Electronic warfare, such as jamming and spoofing, significantly affects the reliability of UAV communication systems, demanding resilient, adaptive solutions. Cybersecurity threats further complicated secure data transmission, creating a need for advanced encryption, robust authentication protocols, and secure communication frameworks. Interoperability among multinational forces remains a persistent challenge due to varying encryption standards, data-sharing protocols, and differing technological platforms. Additionally, managing the increasing data volume and ensuring low latency transmission are critical concerns for maintaining seamless communication. Drawing on the latest developments from tactical radio networks, advanced military communications strategies, quantum-safe encryption technologies, and AI-driven cybersecurity measures, this paper proposes a set of solutions aimed at enhancing drone-to-TOC communication performance. Recommendations include implementing adaptive software-defined radios, integrating decentralized security mechanisms, and developing unified interoperability standards. These approaches aim to strengthen operational effectiveness, cybersecurity resilience, and reliability of drone communications during critical military and crisis management scenarios
ПРАКТИЧНА СИМУЛАЦИЈА НА SCADA СИСТЕМ ЗА СЛЕДЕЊЕ И РЕГУЛАЦИЈА НА НИВО НА ТЕЧНОСТ ВО РЕЗЕРВОАР: UDC: [621.398:681.518]:621.642.057
No full textSCADA системите во денешно време се широко распространети и речиси и да не постои автоматски систем без имплементација на SCADA.
Во овој труд ќе креираме програма за следење и регулација на ниво на течност во резервоар. Ќе користиме достапен PLC контролер Siemens S7-1200 1212 AC/DC/Rly, софтвер за креирање на PLC програми TIA Portal и верзија на VT SCADA софтвер инсталиран на персонален компјутер. PLC–то ќе биде поврзано со персонален компјутер кој ќе се користи како работна станица. Комуникацијата помеѓу PLC-то и компјутерот е преку RJ 45 мрежна конекција, со Profinet протокол,Во ladder дијаграм во PLC-то ќе креираме релативно едноставна програма за следење и регулација на ниво во резервоар. На високо ниво (hi) контролерот ќе вклучи пумпа и ќе се празни резервоарот. На ниско ниво (low) пумпата автоматски ќе се гаси за да се спречи непожелна работа на суво, т.е без проток. За симулација на мерењето на ниво ќе поврземе потенциометар делител на напон како аналоген влез. Додатно во SCADA програмот ќе се дефинираат нивоа hi hi и low low кои ќе го предупредат операторот за аномалија во процесот. Операторот ќе има има опција за т.н рачно управување и преземање на контролата од автоматски режим
OPTIMIZATION OF SURPLUS ELECTRICITY MANAGEMENT FROM MUNICIPAL PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS: VIRTUAL STORAGE VS BATTERY SYSTEMS: UDC: 621.311.243:[621.316.11.015:621.354](497.7)
No full textThis study presents a comparative analysis of two models for managing surplus electricity generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems installed on eight municipal buildings in a Macedonian municipality. The first model is based on distributing the surplus electricity among 20 municipal buildings, utilizing them as a virtual storage to maximize local consumption of the generated electricity. The second model involves storing the surplus electricity in battery systems at each PV-equipped building and using the stored electricity the following day within the same building, while any surplus is sold on the market. For the purpose of the analysis, electricity consumption of the 28 municipal buildings and electricity production from the PV systems data were obtained from a municipal representative and allocated on an hourly basis using the standard load curve from EVN Macedonia and simulations performed with the licensed PV*SOL premium software. Financial analyses were conducted based on electricity prices from the HUPX electricity exchange for the year 2024. This study provides an assessment of the economic and technical advantages and drawbacks of both approaches, evaluating their impact on municipal energy independence, financial feasibility, and the optimization of renewable energy management
CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW OF MICROPROPAGATION OF CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus L.) AND CUCURBITS (Cucurbita spp.)
No full textMicropropagation is a key biotechnological method for rapid and large-scale propagation of horticultural crops. Nowadays, micropropagation plays a key role in production of disease-free plants, conservation of genetic resources and it is an essential tool in crop breeding programs. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and cucurbits (Cucurbita spp.) are economically important species that have been widely studied for in vitro regeneration. This review synthesizes research protocols reported over the past decades, focusing on explant type, culture media, and plant growth regulator combinations. A total of 29 studies on cucumber and 11 studies on cucurbits were analyzed to identify research trends over time and critical factors affecting micropropagation. Cytokinins, mainly BAP, have been consistently effective for adventitious shoot induction, while auxins such as 2,4-D promoted callusogenesis in cucumber. Optimal regeneration of cucumber often relied on cytokinin–auxin combinations, with cotyledons and hypocotyls showing high morphogenetic potential. For cucurbits, shoot tips, nodal segments, and cotyledons have been the most responsive explants where BA-based treatments have achieved superior shoot proliferation, and IBA has supported efficient rooting. Genotype-specific responses and hormonal balance are critical factors for successful micropropagation for both crops. Well-designed micropropagation protocols are essential for efficient regeneration and genetic improvement of both crops. Understanding explant-specific and genotype-dependent responses to plant growth regulators can enhance the reproducibility and scalability of in vitro systems, opening the way for advanced breeding and biotechnological applications
UNTANGLING THE POPULIST KNOT: ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND THE STRUGGLE FOR RULE OF LAW RESTORATION IN POLAND
No full textThis article explores the significant challenges of restoring the rule of law in Poland following a period of democratic backsliding in 2015-2023. It also analyzes how administrative law was distinctively well suited for instrumentalization by the populist government, facilitated by its standard features like enforcement privileges and policy discretion when constitutional checks were weakened. This strategic use of administrative tools, alongside attacks on judicial independence, created a deeply interwoven "populist knot" of legal and political changes.
Rule of law restoration in Poland is not just legal reversal, but a profound political struggle within a polarized society. It is constrained by institutional factors such as cohabitation with two consecutive Presidents, who are aligned with the previous ruling party, and the control of key bodies like the Constitutional Tribunal and the National Council of the Judiciary (KRS) by political appointees. While some progress is being made through actions not requiring legislation, reforming the administrative state and its legal framework to prevent future instrumentalization remains a huge challenge, especially in the light of the 2025 presidential elections, surprisingly won by a populist candidate opposing the government.
An important problem is also confronting the administrative law\u27s own potential for authoritarian use and to ensure it serves its protective function for all. The article argues that understanding how administrative law is being instrumentalized and addressing its structural vulnerabilities is crucial for building a resilient rule of law system against future populist pressures
THE RIGHT TO DEFENSE IN THE CONTEXT OF PENAL ENFORCEMENT: INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS
No full textThis study analyses the evolution and current standards of the right to defense within the framework of penal enforcement, as developed under international and European human rights law. It examines how the guarantees of legal assistance, access to counsel, and fair treatment of persons deprived of liberty have been shaped by three major legal systems: the United Nations, the Council of Europe – particularly through the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights – and the European Union. The paper identifies the principal legal instruments and case law defining defense rights during imprisonment, including the UNCAT, the Nelson Mandela Rules, the ECHR, and the EU directives on procedural safeguards and legal aid. Special attention is given to the interaction between the ECtHR and the CJEU in harmonizing standards of fair trial and legal assistance. The analysis concludes that the right to defense in penal enforcement represents an evolving and integral component of the rule of law, requiring constant judicial oversight and coherent implementation across international and regional frameworks