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Instructional practices by engineering graphics and design teachers : a focus on teaching and learning of isometric drawing
No full textThis qualitative study was conducted to investigate the instructional practices used by Engineering Graphics and Design (EGD) to teach Isometric Drawing (ID). This enquiry was necessitated by the growing concern from subject advisors and teachers about the poor performance of learners in isometric drawing. In an attempt to meet the objectives, this study adopted an interpretivist position to understand the instructional practices employed by teachers in teaching isometric drawing. This study used seven (7) EGD teachers who were conveniently selected, it is worth noting that the sample was influenced by the fact that EGD is a subject that is not common hence not many schools offer it. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and was analyzed using a thematic analysis. Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) was used as a framework that underpinned this study. Findings from this study indicated that all EGD teachers have the common understanding that ID involves converting 2d orthographic view into a 3d figure. The findings further revealed that teachers rely heavily on models, YouTube videos and AutoCAD to develop learners’ spatial ability which is a very important skill. The study recommended that there should be no teacher hired to teach EGD without being fully trained. The study further recommended that future research should be conducted on learners to get their insight on why they are performing poorly in ID.</jats:p
Charged fluids in higher order gravity
No full textWe generate the field equations for a charged gravitating perfect fluid in Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity for all spacetime dimensions. The spacetime is static and spherically symmetric which gives rise to the charged condition of pressure isotropy that is an Abel differential equation of the second kind. We show that this equation can be reduced to a canonical differential equation that is first order and nonlinear in nature, in higher dimensions. The canonical form admits an exact solution generating algorithm, yielding implicit solutions in general, by choosing one of the potentials and the electromagnetic field. An exact solution to the canonical equation is found that reduces to the neutral model found earlier. In addition, three new classes of solutions arise without specifying the gravitational potentials and the electromagnetic field; instead constraints are placed on the canonical differential equation. This is due to the fact that the presence of the electromagnetic field allows for a greater degree of freedom, and there is no correspondence with neutral matter. Other classes of exact solutions are presented in terms of elementary and special functions (the Heun confluent functions) when the canonical form cannot be applied
Diffusive and dynamical radiating stars with realistic equations of state
No full textWe model the dynamics of a spherically symmetric radiating dynamical star with three spacetime regions. The local internal atmosphere is a two-component system consisting of standard pressure-free, null radiation and an additional string fluid with energy density and nonzero pressure obeying all physically realistic energy conditions. The middle region is purely radiative which matches to a third region which is the Schwarzschild exterior. A large family of solutions to the field equations are presented for various realistic equations of state. We demonstrate that it is possible to obtain solutions via a direct integration of the second order equations resulting from the assumption of an equation of state. A comparison of our solutions with earlier well known results is undertaken and we show that all these solutions, including those of Husain, are contained in our family. We then generalise our class of solutions to higher dimensions. Finally we consider the effects of diffusive transport and transparently derive the specific equations of state for which this diffusive behaviour is possible
The efficiency of lytic enzymes for Ascaris eggs inactivation
No full textSubmitted in fulfilment for the Degree of Master of Applied Sciences in Biotechnology at Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2024.Faecal sludge (FS) contains organic matter that can enhance soil quality if pathogenic
organisms, such as Ascaris lumbricoides, are reduced to safe levels. A. lumbricoides is a highly
resistant nematode used to assess the efficiency of FS and wastewater treatment. The standard
for reusing FS is to reduce Ascaris spp eggs to <1 egg/g for helminth reduction. However, in
many developing countries, untreated FS is used as a soil enhancer without following proper
guidelines. There are a number of FS treatment technologies in use, such as compositing,
drying and the use of calcium carbonate. These techniques are able to reduce the pathogen
concentration, especially Ascaris spp to accepted standard prior to application. Other
alternative FS treatment technologies are under assessment and development.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of lytic enzymes to inactivate Ascaris spp
eggs by targeting the egg shell of the parasite. Ascaris spp egg shells consist of protein, chitin,
and a lipid layer. Therefore, it may be possible to disintegrate Ascaris spp by targeting these
layers of the egg shell with enzymes such as protease, chitinase, and lysozyme, which are
commonly produced by indigenous soil bacteria.
Ascaris spp eggs were detected in all FS samples collected from urine dehydration diversion
toilets (UDDTs) in Durban, with an average concentration of 976-1118 helminth eggs/gram of
FS. However, the viability of recovered eggs from FS was low and eggs were in different stages
of development. This would negatively affect the experiments and produce inconsistent data.
Therefore, for the lytic enzyme inactivation experiments, commercially bought eggs were used
instead of the helminth eggs recovered from the UDDTs FS. Exposure of the eggs to
commercial lytic enzymes was done following three different approaches. Firstly, Ascaris spp
eggs were exposed to each of the enzymes individually, a second approach was employed
where the eggs were consecutively exposed to the eggs with a rinse in between, and lastly, the
eggs were exposed to a mixture of all three enzymes at once. Viability of the Ascaris spp eggs
was determined via incubation, followed by microscopic examination of the eggs for visible
motile larvae. For the single enzyme exposure, chitinase was the most detrimental enzyme
resulting in a reduction of viability by 34% at room temperature. Exposure of the Ascaris spp
eggs using the enzymes in series, achieved an egg viability reduction of up to 90 % at 37 °C,
after 5 days exposure. Exposing the eggs to the mixed enzymes gave a reduced egg viability of
75 % at 37 °C, after 5 days exposure. Furthermore, the detection of microorganisms in the FS
capable of producing lytic enzymes used was also confirmed. Enzymes were produced using
selective media that resulted in the production of enzymes where the concentration (mg/L) and
specific activity (U/mg) was determined to 0,68 mg/mL (0,08 U/mg) of protease from nutrient
broth enriched with 2.5% milk, 3,17 mg/mL (0,006 U/mg) of chitinase produced from 1%
colloidal chitin, and 7132 mg/mL (2600 U/mg) lysozyme from nutrient broth enriched with 1%
Micrococcus lysodeikticus culture.
The lytic enzymes showed to have an antagonistic effect on the Ascaris spp eggs. This therefore
serves as a proof of concept that lytic enzymes produced by microorganisms found in FS could
potentially be used for the inactivation of Ascaris spp eggs. However, further work is required
focusing on enhancing the enzyme production, testing of the inactivation potential of these
enzymes in the presence of solids and other materials present in FS, and finally the technique
for field application of such technology.
Appraisal and optimization of energy-efficient green buildings in South Africa
No full textA research thesis submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements of Master of the Built Environment, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2023.Generally, over 35% of global energy use and 40% of carbon emissions are attributed to the built
environment while future forecasts indicate that these values may rise much further. In South Africa
(SA), building stocks account for 40% of the country’s final energy demand which strains the
country's coal-dependent energy grid and oftentimes results in power outages. Optimizing energy
efficiency and thermal comfort while attaining the lofty goal of carbon neutrality is essential for all
concerned stakeholders in the building sector globally. Meanwhile, green building (GB), being a
recognized revolutionary theory and practice in the building industry, is suggested as a solution to
SA’s environmental challenges. On this wise, this research aimed to develop energy-efficient models
for optimizing green buildings into the design and operation of buildings to allay their environmental
impacts. The goal was to enhance energy efficiency, decrease energy consumption, and mitigate
carbon emissions across diverse climates, thus benefiting South Africa's built environment. To
achieve the study's goals, three primary research objectives were identified and pursued namely: (i)
To provide an overview on status-quo of green building development in South Africa with a view to
explore the status quo and provide roadmap for improvement; (ii)To examine the energy-saving
potential of incorporating building-integrated greenery systems towards climate-resilience in the
subtropical climate zone of South Africa; and (iii) To investigate the energy-performance of green
building renewable energy utilization systems within South Africa’s hot and arid climate zones.
Initially, the study's first objective entailed a comprehensive literature overview integrating climate,
sustainability, and building energy modeling within the South African context. This was carried out
through a scoping review approach via the PRISMA guideline of reporting Subsequent objectives
involved selecting reference buildings and creating hypothesized models as case studies based on six
climate zones from the South African National Standard. For the second objective, a thorough and
integrative approach that linked building energy modelling and varying climatic change was devised.
The numerical parametric simulation and analysis, being a quantitative research approach was
adopted as a data collection method. Similarly, the third objective employed numerical parametric
simulation as a data gathering method in this research, which is based on a quantitative analysis to
explore various design options iteratively. In the second and third objectives, Global climate
databases, Meteonorm, Climate Consultant, and energy simulation software such as DesignBuilder,
EnergyPlus, and Polysun were used for weather data analysis, climate modeling, and building energy
simulation. The findings highlighted that while South Africa boasts notable green construction
projects, scientific research progress has not matched international levels. The focus was on
promoting green building adoption through standards, certifications, and incentives. However, gaps were observed in optimized energy performance and post-occupancy evaluation of existing buildings.
Despite high awareness, the utilization of green building technologies among South African
professionals did not meet anticipated levels. For the second objective, the study's findings indicated
an increase in extreme heat waves with higher peak temperatures in the future. Building energy use
in the study area is projected to rise by 8-24% from 2030 to 2080. Notably, heat gains primarily result
from envelope thermal transfer rather than solar radiation. Greenery systems were found to effectively
support green building goals and urban sustainability across anticipated seasons. Nature-based
solutions proved successful in adapting to climate change compared to non-retrofitted conventional
buildings. For the last objective, the study revealed regions with substantial solar irradiance, indicating
potential for renewable energy adoption. It emphasized the need for durable BIPV systems in hightemperature conditions. BIPV modules generated more energy in Upington than Nelspruit due to
varying solar radiation. Opportunities were identified for BIPV systems to achieve optimal power
generation. The study provides a foundation for informed decision-making, policy formulation, and
targeted research in sustainable building practices. The study presents practical principles to guide
urban planners and policymakers in integrating eco-friendly technology into both new and existing
building designs. This promotes sustainable urban development and reduces cities' carbon emissions.
Going forward, to showcase the effectiveness of these energy-efficient and climate-responsive
systems to the public and industry stakeholders, it is recommended to establish and enhance largescale demonstration projects in South Africa's subtropical, hot and arid regions.
Evaluation of water resource management systems in eThekwini Municipality
No full textDissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Construction Management and Quantity Surveying, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2024.Water is an essential and critical resource for human, animal and plant survival and our
continuing existence on planet earth. Water is increasingly becoming a scarce resource, and
the issue of water scarcity has been exacerbated in intensity by climate change, as well as
aging water resource infrastructure in many countries; such as the republic of South Africa.
This study aimed at evaluating the water resource management systems, in that is rooted
in a qualitative research method and phenomenological paradigm. Thus, primary data were
collected from personnel in high and strategic positions in the government entity, eThekwini
Municipality Water and Sanitation. This qualitative data was then subjected to content
analysis and themes. The study findings are based on the eThekwini region and its resiliency
and adaptability to climate change. In order to achieve that, this study utilized an in-depth
interview and semi-structured interview approach to garner respondents’ perceptions,
opinions, expertise, judgement and experiences on issues of water resources management
systems and infrastructure resiliency and adaptability to the impact of climate change in
Durban. The data revealed that the current state of water resource infrastructure is not
satisfactory, or resilient enough to withstand the impact of climate. The study findings also
indicated the urgent need for the eThekwini municipality’s water resource infrastructure to
be upgraded for optimal operation and for resiliency to environmental and technical
challenges. The study further reveals that the eThekwini municipality is considering
embarking on joint venture projects that would adopt the innovative concept of reusing,
remixing and recycling treated wastewater, as well as the installation of desalination plants
for effective water resources management. From our findings, we saw that eThekwini
municipality needs to adopt new technologies that would enable integrated and adaptive,
resilient components in their water resource management systems. The study
recommended that eThekwini municipality should endeavour to strive towards upgrading
the current state of its water resource infrastructure so that it is in a satisfactory state, and
resilient enough to withstand impact of climate change.
Performance analysis of filtered Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed LDPC codes for satellite communication in the Ka-Band
No full textThis dissertation is submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering: Electronic and Computer Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2024.The saturation of lower frequency bands and the growing demand for high data rates have presented the need to design future systems at Ka-band frequency, but Ka-band frequency is very fragile because of the millimeter wavelength. Ka-band frequencies range from 26 to 40 GHz, making the signal more susceptible to weather impairments and shadowing than lower frequency bands. Rain attenuation is a major problem in satellite communications systems operating at Ka-band, it causes major signal degradation because the raindrop is about the size of the Ka-band wavelength. To mitigate this problem, you must use powerful Forward Error Correction (FEC) codes such as Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) or Turbo codes. This research presents the performance of LDPC codes for satellite communications in the Ka-band, we enhance the system’s performance by adding adaptive modulation and filtered - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (f-OFDM). This research study has been undertaken as follows: First, we studied the operation of LDPC codes, including different encoding and decoding techniques. We decided to use the Quasi Cyclic (QC) parity check matrix, allowing us to employ the QC-LDPC encoding technique, which reduces encoding complexity and improves coding efficiency. We explored various LDPC code decoding techniques and opted for soft decoding techniques, namely Belief Propagation, Layered Belief, Normalised Min-Sum, and Offset-Min Sum, as they are more effective in reducing errors compared to hard decision decoding. The Kaband satellite channel is modeled using the Gaussian distribution, considering that the signal envelope and signal phase change randomly after passing through the Ka-band channel. All parameters were set according to different weather conditions. For the simulations, we utilized the MATLAB software package. The uncoded 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) OFDM system on moderate rain weather conditions achieved a gain of 4.3 dB against light snow and thunderstorm weather conditions at the BER 10−3. We applied f-OFDM, and the results show that LDPC codes achieve a gain of 2 dB when compared to Turbo codes and a gain of 3 dB compared to Convolutional Codes (CC) at the BER of 10−3 under moderate rain conditions in the Ka-band channel, we can see the effects of f-OFDM and LDPC codes. When adding the adaptive modulation into the system, modulation switches from 16 QAM to 64-QAM at Eb/No of -9 dB and switches from 64-QAM to 256-QAM at Eb/No of -5 dB thus improving spectral efficiency. The system is resilient and feasible in error correction at low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).
Optimisation of logistics and distribution of parcels in local courier services in South Africa
No full textThis dissertation is submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering: Industrial Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2024.Distribution logistics is a highly integrated supply chain network that generally focuses on the optimal movement of goods and services from consignor to consignee. Given the importance of logistics distribution, courier services suffer a severe problem of experiencing parcel damage which leads to customer complaints and packaging claims. The cardboard packaging for National Logistics Company (NLC) was found to be easily prone damage when in transit and the courier endured consequences such as claim costs that continued to rise every financial year. The aim of the study is to optimise the logistics and distribution of parcels in courier services in terms of cardboard package damages. The data of package damages was drawn from an Enterprise resource planning (ERP) system used at the NLC, together with measurements that were conducted on site. The study adopted a quantitative research approach, and the data was used to reveal the impact of damaged goods to NLC organisation. A fish-bone diagram was developed to represent the potential root-cause of parcels being damaged in the distribution network, and the results revealed that specifications such as packaging size, weight of parcel, internal content packaging utilization, flute corrugated size used for the package and manpower struggling with heavy parcels were potential root-cause of breakages. Furthermore, a value stream map was developed to analyse the operational steps and collect data of the cross-docking performance for a one-month period. Data collection revealed a lower than anticipated throughput capacity, throughput results varied from day-to-day operations which depict low reliability of distributing parcels. Correlation analysis was then used to examine the correlation between packaging weight, size, internal packaging utilization, and flute corrugated size used for a box. The correlation between these variables was ascertained to be moderate. To optimise package size based on weight, dimensions, item and flute size, a regression model was developed to derive the optimal package for items using the Simplex linear programming of the Solver function in Excel. The model revealed that for an item to have an optimal package size, an addition of 2cm must be added to the original size of an item. Furthermore, training solutions were developed to optimize package handling in the logistics and distribution of parcels. The approach for developing training solutions included loading and offloading strategies, methods of staging and sorting cardboard in a vertical flute direction which is also support by the packaging pictorial markings, and the type of equipment to be considered to reduce breakages. The outcome of the research revealed a significant improvement in the overall logistics process and the financial performance of the organisation. Future studies will look at logistics activities of manufacturing cardboard packaging and the development of standard optimal packages which will be derived from supplier product design.
Development of a multi-criteria decision-support tool for improving water quality to assist with engineering infrastructure and catchment management
Get PDFSubmitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Engineering in Civil Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2024.Research combining water quality modelling, quantitative chemical/microbial risk assessment, and stakeholder engagement to prioritise catchment areas facing water pollution problems to devise effective pollution mitigation strategies are limited. This research therefore aimed to address this gap by providing a practical and comprehensive framework that supports wellinformed decision-making processes in water pollution alleviation. By integrating multiple criteria and catchment aspects, this framework can assist infrastructure, operational, and ecological managers within a catchment in prioritising best management practices (BMPs) to reduce pollution and mitigate against potential resultant impacts. Given this context, uMsunduzi catchment, in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa was chosen as a study site. UMsunduzi River is a major tributary of uMngeni River that is used for water supply to the cities of Pietermaritzburg and Durban. The study begins with the data synthesis from diverse sources of scientific data to identify chemical and microbial hazards, utilising a water quality modelling tool to map point and nonpoint source pollution in the catchment. The assessment encompasses the presence of pathogens such as Cryptosporidium and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the catchment, with rural areas showing a greater contribution from animal sources, while urban areas are affected by impaired wastewater infrastructure. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was conducted, assuming no water treatment within the catchment. The investigation considered multiple exposure routes, including domestic drinking and recreational activities for both adults and children. The results indicate that the probability of infection from Cryptosporidium and E. coli exceeds acceptable levels set by South African water quality guidelines and the World Health Organization. The assessment further included a chemical risk assessment on various chemical groups, including organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), heavy metals, nitrates, and phosphates. Elevated carcinogenic risks were observed for most OCPs, while noncarcinogenic pesticide effects pose long-term risks. Heavy metals and PPCPs are within sub-risk levels, but phosphates have notable ecological and health impacts, particularly in Inanda Dam, a key source of potable water for Durban. In this study, a unique contribution is made by incorporating both chemical and microbial risk assessment. Furthermore, the risk assessment methodology not only encompasses various chemical pollutants and exposure pathways but addresses the nuanced issue of water consumption variability between children and adults. To address these identified risks, a multi-criteria decision analysis methodology is employed to engage stakeholders in the risk management process. Affected, involved, and interested stakeholders, along with economic, environmental, and social criteria, contribute to the selection of Best Management Practices (BMPs). The Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique for Enhanced Stakeholder Take-up (SMARTEST) is utilised to identify suitable interventions. The study culminates in the recommendation of BMPs that aim to change behaviour, including public education on livestock grazing management, safe medication disposal, and responsible fertilizer and pesticide use. Pollution management measures, such as solid waste control and river cleanup, are suggested, along with infrastructure management improvements, like sewer system maintenance. This research strived to bridge the gap in water pollution alleviation by presenting a practical and comprehensive framework designed to support well-informed decision-making processes. This framework, with its integration of multiple criteria and considerations, stands poised to aid infrastructure, operational, and ecological managers within a catchment in prioritising BMPs aimed at reducing pollution and mitigating resultant health impacts.
Development of integrated model and framework for sustainable energy resources and systems planning
Get PDFThesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering (M.Eng.) at Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2023.Sustainable energy development (SED) is a crucial component of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), aiming to maintain economic and social progress while protecting the environment and mitigating climate change's effects. SED serves as a transition paradigm for sustainable development, providing a blueprint for energy peace and prosperity for people and all uses. The first objective of this dissertation is to identify 10 interlinked themes of SED and explore 2 of them, which are the least studied in existing SED reviews. These two themes include energy financing and commitment to climate change and the need for 100% renewable energy (RE), a part of the decarbonization strategy towards the 1.5 - 2.0 °C Scenario. The study suggests that the current G20 countries' contributions, if done continuously per annum, in addition to 80% more funding from private investment of the same amount in the 1.5°C scenario financial requirement for clean energy, is sufficient to limit global warming. In addition to the present drive for 100% RE for all purposes, an emphasis is placed on addressing other issues, such as energy storage options, developing countries' development agenda, and regional security stability to prevent energy wars. Emerging SED decarbonization strategies are presented across power, transport, building, and industrial sectors. This part concludes with a summary of SED progress and directions for future research, mainly the need for re-defining Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) through a centralized global or regional stock-taking strategy for greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Consequently, the next study attempts to address the limitations of the current NDC by formulating a policy hypothesis and applying it to an integrated assessment tool (here, termed the environmental model) for strategic stock-taking in reducing GHG emissions. In developing this indexing model, being the first objective of this thesis, we analysed the potential impact of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement on global temperature rise used as the key model input parameters with countries' historical data and other parameters such as GDP, population growth. With the use of an integrated assessment tool based on the concept of system dynamics, the analysis constructs a framework to project global temperature changes under five policy scenarios, namely baseline, current (announced energy policies 1 and 2), and optimum (2.0 0 C Scenario), and most optimum (1.5 0 C) case scenarios. The hypothesis is formulated based on the analysis of current, announced, and best-case global and or applicable national policy scenarios. The model aims to address critical questions regarding the effectiveness of the on-going NDCs commitments in limiting global temperature rise to well below 2 0 C, in alignment with the Paris Agreement's goals. The simulation results offer a roadmap for optimizing the current NDCs in global and national energy policies and treaties, fostering international collaboration, and reinforcing the global commitment to combating climate change. Leveraging on the preceding simulation result of the environmental model, a novel emissions budgeting (EB) model tool (here, termed the economic model) was introduced as a simplified approach for the determination of the economic attractiveness of the policy scenarios of the environmental model. Hence, the second objective, which was to determine the economic benefit of policy scenarios, was achieved. Some advanced countries’ rapid population, economic growth, and energy consumption from mostly 100% electricity that is majorly fossil-based contributes significantly to global CO 2 emissions. In contrast, the case in most developing countries is different. For instance, electricity access in Africa is less than 60%. Hence, this presents challenges and opportunities for achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 and 13 of generating all energy from cleaner or low-carbon sources to reduce CO 2 emissions in all countries and combating climate change consequences. Therefore, considering the peculiar situation of other developmental goals, such as increasing population access to electricity while being obliged with the need to transit to complete renewable energy, as our third objective, we explored the idea and transition paradigm of reaching a 100% renewable energy that is void of unjust energy transitioning, climate injustice, and unbiased drive for increasing renewables energy penetration in the global energy mix. The increasing need for renewable energies has been widely acknowledged to greatly advance the climate change agenda as increasing clean energy usage depletes the accumulation of GHG in the atmosphere. Alongside reducing the accumulation of GHG, increasing RE share in the national mix has constantly become the core of many countries' energy policies and the agenda of many of the NDCs reported by countries. Presently, about 30 countries already with over 70% of their national electricity mix from RE. A part of this has birthed a new paradigm and an emerging field of 100% RE for all purposes, recently receiving much attention from academia and in public discourse. Upon establishing the need for analysing the transition towards 100% RE, the thesis demonstrated this conceptual idea through a model (here, termed the energy model) to analyse the possibilities for a 100% renewable energy system at the global level. Because several studies have already done such analysis, however, this has hardly been directly linked to the climate scenarios. Therefore, this thesis bridged this gap in the literature by synthesising the energy transition at different percentage shares in the global primary energy mix over time with the effect on global temperature levels. The rationale behind this was to present a discussion on the pathway possibilities and challenges of achieving 100% RE and whether it is possible to meet the total global energy demand through RE, with what effect on the climate scenarios. To do this analysis, we further define our hypothesis using baseline, optimum, more optimum, and extreme optimum path scenarios to ascertain such possibilities. Finally, we used an integrated assessment model based on the principles of system dynamics to analyse these hypotheses and to find the implications of each action or scenario on other factors such as global temperature, GHG emissions, energy storage breakthrough while keeping the population growth at maximum possible value of 12.4 billion persons by 2100 with GDP growth rate not less than 1.5%. The findings are valuable in helping us discuss if 100% RE can be a reality and what the implications are. Our results show that in the baseline current scenarios, the global average temperature will most likely be kept at 3.3 0 C. Hence, the world would need very urgent and unprecedented efforts beyond the current baseline of business as usual. Interestingly, our findings also indicate that to stay within the 1.5 and 2.0 0 C Scenarios, the world may need just between (58.6 - 77.3) % and (62.7 - 82.8) %, respectively, in the global energy mix. For the most optimistic scenario, (75.5 - 99.8) % RE may be required, and this is able to keep the temperature rise even well below 1.5 0 C but at 1.1 0 C. The 1.1 0 C possibility is quite highly ambitious, in my opinion, because it requires the intensity of global mix energy generation of about 6627 extra joules from renewables only. The major challenge with the idea of 100% RE for all purposes is that achieving such a feat requires a more diverse approach and scarcely are there 100% RE studies that incorporate holistically the interrelation of several pertinent strategies. Therefore, there exists a need to meet both the technical and non-technical requirements. In order to address this shortcoming, our third objective introduces six methodological or evaluation mechanisms (herein, identified as 100% RE evaluation metrics) suitable for existing and future 100% renewable energy analysis. It then reviews energy modelling tools to identify their applicability to 100% RE analysis. The perspectives presented in this thesis are valuable in developing a common integrated methodology and modelling tool for analysing full renewable energy adoption in countries or regions with best trade-offs, using performance indices that have not been previously used. The proposed metrics could also help with proper national and regional energy resources and system planning for new energy projects and installations, contributing to sustainable development. The framework and narrative, presented in the form of a model within this dissertation, make a noteworthy contribution to the ongoing discourse surrounding the energy transition as, to the best of my knowledge, this concept has not been presented this way. The results from this dissertation can be further investigated through a streamlined application of the approach at individual country or regional level to facilitate inclusive and climate-responsive planning and execution strategies for sustainable energy and electricity generation, distribution, and utilization at both national and urban levels. The implications of the findings have the potential to inform the United Nations Framework on Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC) and Conference of Parties (COP) policies in better ways of promoting equitable support for countries, regions, energy consumers, utilities, and prosumers.