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Evaluation of the effectiveness of Streptococcus pneumoniae nosode (6CH, 9CH, 30CH, and 200CH) on the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae
No full textMini-dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Master’s degree in Health Sciences: Homoeopathy at the Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2025.The rise in antimicrobial resistance has made bacterial infections increasingly difficult
to treat. The issue mostly stems from the misuse of antimicrobials which fosters and
accelerates the growth of resistant bacteria. Innovative strategies are required to
restrict the use of antibiotics without causing harm to people who truly need this
medication. Given the increasing resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae
(S. pneumoniae) serotypes to new antibiotics and vaccines each year, exploring and
incorporating non-antibiotic treatment strategies is crucial. Homoeopathy offers a
holistic alternative for treating various common infections. Based on the principle of
“similia similibus curentur,” meaning “like cures like,” homoeopathy posits that
substances capable of causing symptoms in their raw form, when administered in low
doses, can treat diseases with similar symptoms. Homoeopathic nosodes are
homoeopathic medications made from biological products, including secretions,
diseased tissues, organs, allergens, and microbial products. The use of nosodes for
treating and preventing infectious diseases has been extensively researched over the
past decade. However, more robust data on their therapeutic efficacy is still needed,
which forms the basis for this study. This in vitro study aims to determine whether the
Streptococcus pneumoniae nosode exhibits antimicrobial activity against
Streptococcus pneumoniae. Various homoeopathic potencies of the Streptococcus
pneumoniae nosode were evaluated for antimicrobial effects against a Streptococcus
pneumoniae strain in vitro through disc diffusion assay.
Aim of the study
The study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of Streptococcus
pneumoniae nosode (at potencies of 6CH, 9CH, 30CH, and 200CH) against
Streptococcus pneumoniae using the disc diffusion assay method.
Methodology
Measurements were performed using the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC). Mueller Hinton agar plates supplemented with 5% sheep blood
were inoculated with the bacteria. Whatman® filter paper no. 4 discs, each with a
diameter of 5 mm, were impregnated with the test substances (S. pneumoniae nosode
at potencies of 6CH, 9CH, 30CH, and 200CH, as well as 20% ethanol). Antimicrobial susceptibility discs containing ceftriaxone were obtained from the JVL Lab Engineering
and General Supplies Close Corporation, South Africa. Various concentrations of the
test substances, including ceftriaxone and 20% ethanol as controls, were utilised to
assess the antibacterial activity of the Streptococcus pneumoniae nosode potencies
through disc diffusion and MIC testing.
Results
The study results showed that the S. pneumoniae nosode, derived from
S. pneumoniae, did not exhibit any inhibitory activity against S. pneumoniae. In
contrast, the positive control, ceftriaxone, demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect
against S. pneumoniae. The negative control, 20% ethanol, showed no inhibitory
effect.
Conclusion
This study found that S. pneumoniae nosode, derived from S. pneumoniae, did not
inhibit S. pneumoniae growth in vitro, as determined by the disc diffusion assay. The
results demonstrate that the nosode, across all tested potencies, did not show any
measurable antimicrobial activity against S. pneumoniae under the conditions of this
experiment. This lack of inhibitory effect suggests that the S. pneumoniae nosode, as
prepared and evaluated, does not possess the antimicrobial properties necessary to
impact the growth of this pathogen in vitro. Consequently, these results align with the
hypothesis that the mechanism of homoeopathic nosodes is attributed to their
influence on host factors, such as immune system activation, rather than a direct
impact on the pathogens. Further investigation may be warranted to explore different
formulations, dosages, or experimental conditions to better understand the potential
applications or limitations of homoeopathic nosodes in treating bacterial infections.
Disruptive changes in the role of academic libraries and librarians: a case study of a university of technology in South Africa
No full textdoi: 10.10520/ejc-innovation_v2023_n67_a2Due to the proliferation of disruptive technologies that drive the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), academic libraries have experienced a transformation that has altered the responsibilities of academic librarians. With disruptive technologies, library services can be accessed from anywhere in the world, provided that there is Internet access. Digital libraries, online databases, and electronic resources have enabled users to access a wide range of information. For academic librarians to not be left behind, they need to skill themselves to be relevant in the 4IR. This study, which utilised an explanatory mixed-method approach, aimed to explore how the evolving role of academic librarians can be shaped through continuous professional development at the Durban University of Technology (DUT). Quantitative data was collected first through online questionnaires due to the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by qualitative data through face-to-face interviews with selected participants. Parallel sampling was used in terms of which all librarians at the DUT were chosen for the quantitative phase of the study, while for the qualitative phase to augment the quantitative data, participants were interviewed to the level of saturation. Due to disruptive technologies, the key findings suggest a move towards open access, revitalisation of library spaces, makerspace equipped with the latest technologies such as virtual reality, changing the circulation desk into an information desk, using self-checkout machines, RFID, chutes, and creating neutral spaces to enhance inclusiveness. To counter the disruption, academic librarians at DUT have embraced continuous professional development to update their knowledge and skills to allow them to evolve and adapt to changes within their profession
Anti-corrosive properties of water-borne acrylic composite coatings using electrochemical methods
No full textSubmitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Applied Sciences in Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2024.This study evaluates the anti-corrosive performance of waterborne acrylic (WBA)
nanocomposite coatings on mild steel (MS), incorporating zinc phosphate
(Zn₃(PO₄)₂), graphene oxide (GO), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The WBA
composites were synthesized and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron
microscopy (FESEM). FTIR analysis confirmed the successful formation of polymer
nanocomposites, revealing the presence of functional groups associated with the
incorporated nanomaterials. XRD, distinguished between crystalline and amorphous
structures within the coatings. FESEM, coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy
(EDS), offered detailed morphological and elemental analyses, confirming the uniform
distribution of nanomaterials within the polymer matrix. The corrosion resistance of
the coated MS surfaces was evaluated in a 5% sodium chloride (NaCl) aqueous
solution using electrochemical techniques such as potentiodynamic polarization
(PDP), linear polarization resistance (LPR), and electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS). Additionally, environmental durability was assessed through salt
spray tests and QUV® accelerated weathering, simulating harsh conditions to
evaluate the longevity and performance of the coatings.
Among the formulations, WBA-Zn₃(PO₄)₂ demonstrated the most effective corrosion
resistance, surpassing other formulations. EIS measurements demonstrated a charge
transfer resistance (Rct) of 63.9 kΩ·cm² and an inhibition efficiency (ηEIS) of 93.76%.
The open circuit potential (OCP) was measured at 0.78 V This performance was
attributed to the strong passivation effect of the phosphate ions, which minimized the
anodic and cathodic reactions. PDP analysis showed the lowest corrosion current
density (icorr) of 2 µA/cm² and a corrosion potential (Ecorr) of -668 mV, confirming strong
passivation by phosphate ions. WBA-GO showed moderate protection due to its
barrier properties, but its effectiveness was slightly lower due to defects in the
graphene oxide (GO) layer. EIS measurements demonstrated a charge transfer
resistance of Rct of 14.5 kΩ·cm² and ηEIS of 69.93%. The icorr was recorded at 8
µA/cm² with an Ecorr of -504 mV. Coatings containing PVP, such as WBA-PVP, WBA-GO/PVP, and WBAZn₃(PO₄)₂/PVP, exhibited significantly lower Rct values ranging from 1.42 to 8.3
kΩ·cm², with negative inhibition efficiencies between -116.92% and -207.04%. These
negative values suggest that PVP-containing coatings disrupted passivation, leading
to increased corrosion rates. The hydrophilic nature of PVP may have contributed to
these adverse effects, compromising the coatings' barrier properties.
Environmental exposure tests further confirmed WBA-Zn₃(PO₄)₂ superior durability,
with minimal discolouration (ΔE = 9) and strong adhesion (4B rating) after 48 hours of
salt spray exposure. WBA-GO (ΔE = 15) and WBA-PVP (ΔE = 22) showed greater
degradation. Phosphate ions in WBA-Zn₃(PO₄)₂ minimized anodic and cathodic
reactions, enhancing corrosion resistance. Optical profilometry provided 2D and 3D
topographies of the bare metal surface, displaying the presence of iron peaks and
confirming the corrosion susceptibility and the elemental composition of mild steel
Results indicate that the WBA-Zn₃(PO₄)₂, emerged as the most effective anticorrosive coating, offering superior corrosion resistance, minimal blistering, and
excellent adhesion due to its strong passivation and barrier properties. While, WBAGO displayed reasonable protective properties but were slightly less effective than
WBA-Zn₃(PO₄)₂. The weakest performers were WBA-PVP and WBA-GO/PVP, which
struggled with limited resistance and adhesion issues.
These findings suggest that optimally formulated water-borne acrylic nanocomposites
are eco-friendly alternatives with low VOC content and can offer a sustainable solution
for corrosion protection in harsh environments.
Assessing the responsiveness of journalism curricula to the labor market needs in South Africa : a systematic review
No full textThrough the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, this study evaluates the responsiveness of journalism curricula in South Africa to the evolving needs of the industry. Forty-six reviewed studies literature were retrieved for analysis. Findings indicate that while some institutions have incorporated digital media skills, critical thinking and ethics into their curricula, significant gaps remain in multimedia storytelling, data journalism, media entrepreneurship and AI tools in newsrooms. Furthermore, there is limited emphasis on practical work-integrated learning (WIL), leaving graduates underprepared for the fast-paced and highly competitive journalism labor market. The study recommends curriculum reforms that emphasize practical skills, industry partnerships and adaptability.</jats:p
Job satisfaction and organisational commitment amongst employees in the South African department of education : issues and challenges
No full textIt is common in the Umlazi and Pinetown districts of the Department of Education (DoE) that employees resign before their retirement age. Available data showed that 1,310 employees of the DoE in the two districts have resigned in the past five years. This is an indication of a sharp rise in staff turnover, with its impacts on the quality of education and service delivery. This study examined how the working environment of the districts influences job satisfaction. With 249 participants, using a mixed method, the study further examined the correlation between job satisfaction and employee turnover and how intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors influence job satisfaction at the districts. examines how the working environment of the Department’s districts influences job satisfaction. The study further examines the correlation between job satisfaction and employee turnover at the Department of Education, as well as how intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors influence job satisfaction. The findings of the study indicate that there is a correlation between job satisfaction and organisational commitment. The findings further indicate that due to lack of job satisfaction, employees are less committed and loyal to their organisation. The study further suggests further research on strategies that can be implemented to improve employee job satisfaction and employee commitment for the benefit of the organisations
The effects of COVID-19 on the rehabilitation of persons with aphasia : a scoping review
No full textBackground The impact of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was more pronounced on the well-being of persons with disabilities, especially in low- and middle-income countries. There is documented evidence of the rippling effects of COVID-19 on persons with disabilities. However, not much is known about the impact of COVID-19 on the rehabilitation of persons with aphasia.Objective The scoping review explores how COVID-19 affected the rehabilitation of persons living with aphasia.Method A scoping review was conducted using Arksey and O'Malley's framework. A search was conducted on Science Direct, PubMed, Medline, Scopus, ProQuest and Google Scholar, to identify relevant studies published between 2019 and 2022. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.Results Most studies regarding the effects of COVID-19 on persons living with aphasia were conducted in the United Kingdom. Five themes emerged from the data, namely, (1) negative impact on rehabilitative care, (2) telehealth and its limitations, (3) impact on social participation, (4) compromised caregiver involvement and (5) mental health challenges.Conclusions Findings highlight the need for healthcare professionals to pursue innovative ways in which aphasia rehabilitation and conversational support programmes can be made accessible to persons with aphasia, despite the limitations brought about by a pandemic. Telerehabilitation programmes need to be tailored to the needs of persons with aphasia if they are to be successful. This study highlights the importance and need for the prioritisation of mental health services for persons with aphasia and their caregivers during a pandemic
Empowering classroom creativity : how lecturer mental wellness transforms teaching dynamics in higher education
No full textAmid rising concerns about burnout and mental health challenges in academia, this paper examines how
enhancing the mental well-being of lecturers can unlock new levels of creativity in teaching, particularly in higher education settings. This study focuses on how supporting the mental health of lecturers could foster transformative changes in classroom dynamics. By reducing stress and improving cognitive flexibility, mental wellness directly
contributes to lecturers' ability to innovate in their teaching practices. Key themes include the mental health
challenges faced by educators, the impact of wellness on creative teaching practices, and the institutional support
systems that are in place. The paper analyzes case studies from universities and colleges that have successfully
implemented wellness programs, such as mental health days, access to counseling, and flexible workloads,
illustrating their positive impact on teaching dynamics. The literature review synthesizes best practices in mental
health support for educators, highlighting successful wellness initiatives across various educational settings. By
adopting these practices, institutions can not only enhance lecturer well-being but also cultivate a more creative
and dynamic learning environment, ultimately enriching the educational experience for both educators and
students
Challenges and opportunities for private-to-public transportation modal shift and integrated multimodal passenger transportation systems in Gaborone
No full textModal shift from private to public transportation has the potential to reduce problems threatening sustainability of urban
transportation systems. Discouraging the use of private vehicles in favour of public transportation has been promoted to reduce
numbers of vehicles on the road and alleviate traffic congestion. Integrated public transportation systems, incorporating all available
modes into a single operational system provides seamless functionalities and convenience. It is crucial to understand mode choice
factors, for both public and private vehicle users before promoting multimodal transportation systems. Understanding the current
operational state of the public transportation systems as well as perceptions of private vehicle users towards public transportation
will enable evaluation of susceptibility to modal shift and multi-mode integration.
The aim of the study is to explore prospects of an integrated multimodal public transportation system as well as evaluate possibilities
of modal shift by private vehicle users. These are achieved through evaluating perceptions of private vehicle users towards the
public transportations system in Gaborone, Botswana. The study uses data gathered through a questionnaire survey; reviewing the
state of public transportation based on users’ experiences and perceptions, assessing reasons influencing the use of private vehicles,
users' understanding of sustainability and the role played by the increasing number of vehicles on the environment. Availability
and effectiveness of public transportation services is evaluated, and the study also explores factors that would lead to modal shift.
Results of the study showed that safety and convenience were the most influential factors which may influence modal change while
financial and technological factors are least influential. It is further determined that the current state of the public transportation
system is detrimental to modal shift, therefore improvement is needed to the system to discourage use of private vehicles while
promoting inter-modality between public modes and Non-Motorised Transportatio
Maintenance and management of water infrastructure : a case study of Midvaal Local Municipality
No full textThis study examines the critical challenges of maintaining and managing water infrastructure in Midvaal Local
Municipality, South Africa, and their effects on water supply reliability. Persistent issues—such as aging
infrastructure, insufficient funding, governance limitations, and inadequate institutional capacity—continue to
hamper efforts to provide consistent, quality water services. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research
gathered quantitative and qualitative data, including surveys from over 100 stakeholders and document analysis
of municipal records. Findings highlight that deteriorating pipelines, poor preventive maintenance, and
governance constraints contribute significantly to water disruptions and substandard quality compliance.
Recommended interventions include adopting technologies like smart metering and leak detection to minimize
water loss, strengthening governance, improving institutional skills through training, and boosting budget
allocations for upgrades. These measures and a call for coordinated, multi-stakeholder involvement—including
community engagement—are essential to achieve reliable, sustainable water management in South African
municipalities
Evaluating the relationship between digital transformation and resilience of small and medium enterprises in the post-Covid-19 era in South Africa
No full textThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between digital transformation and resilience of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the post-COVID-19 era in South Africa. The quantitative research approach was selected as the appropriate methodology for this study, while the purposive sampling approach was selected as the appropriate way for selecting the participants for this study. Primary data was acquired from business owners of retail SMEs establishments and then analysed, using SPSS. A total of 132 copies of a questionnaire were sent out for this study, with 128 of them being returned (for a response rate of 97%). Two statistical tests - regression and Pearson‘s correlation - were performed. According to the results, digital transformation has an absolute value (0.329) that explains the most variations in the regression model. The study recommended that entrepreneurs need to invest in digital infrastructure to ensure the smooth running of digital activities. Items like high-speed Internet, the cloud, and secure computing fall under this category