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Essential parameters for strength-based service life modeling of reinforced concrete structures : a review
No full textWhile there are a number of carbonation-induced service life models and extensive data that has been presented in the literature, most do not capture all the necessary parameters to allow their universal application to reinforced concrete structures. Results in the literature generally show an existence of a strong fundamental relationship between carbonation and compressive strength of concrete, but hardly any model has been successful in developing a universal functional relationship for service life prediction. It is often the case that models developed on the basis of a particular data set fail to apply when treated to another data from other authors. These issues indicate the underlying complexity of attempting to determine and emerge the empirical or mathematical functions capable of adequately capturing the key influential parameters affecting observed performance. In a critical review of literature, a variety of parameters in the strength-based models are compiled for a range of potentially plausible models and then examined. Specific interest has been given to models that account or have the potential to account for complex cementitious systems, various types of climates or field exposure conditions. It is found that there is potential to introduce robustness into few selected models that seem, from the literature examination, to closely relate to service life situations and/or needs in Sub-Saharan Africa, among other regions. © 2012 Taylor & Francis Group
On the dynamical nature of nonlinear coupling of logarithmic quantum wave equation, Everett Hirschman entropy and temperature
No full textWe study the dynamical behavior of the nonlinear coupling of a logarithmic quantum wave equation. Using the statistical mechanical arguments for a large class of many-body systems, this coupling is shown to be related to temperature, which is a thermodynamic conjugate to the Everett-Hirschman’s quantum information entropy. A combined quantum-mechanical and field-theoretical model is proposed, which leads to a logarithmic equation with variable nonlinear coupling. We study its properties and present arguments regarding its nature and interpretation, including the connection to Landauer’s principle. We also demonstrate that our model is able to describe linear quantum-mechanical systems with shape-changing external potentials
Exploring innovation in promoting tourism for sustainable development : a case of uMkhanyakude District Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal
No full textSubmitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master in Tourism and Hospitality Management, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2023.According to Marchesani, Masciarelli and Ceci (2024), municipalities that are doing
well and becoming more competitive are responding to new emerging trends and
specific traveller preferences, the growing importance of social media, and mobile
internet marketing. Calitz and Cullen (2017:1) state that a key component of a
municipality's expansion to promote economic development is the recognition of
trends in destination marketing, to increase marketability when compared to worldclass municipalities. The aim of the current study was to explore the innovative ways
used by the uMkhanyakude District Municipality (UKDM) to promote tourism and
sustainable development. Evidence shows that there is increased responsibility on
local governments in tourism destination planning and management to facilitate and
promote local tourism in rural communities through the lens of innovation. In this day
and age, it is not enough for tourism businesses to rely solely on the traditional media
for marketing and promotion. An influx of tourists in UKDM can be achieved through
the usage of innovative tourism promotion strategies (internet, mobile phones, social
media, viral marketing, mobile commerce, and video marketing etc.) and capacitating
tourism practitioners at local government level to undertake effective tourism
promotion and marketing to effectively respond to increasingly sophisticated market
needs and trends.
Analysing the market needs thorough research to disclose all the challenges that the
municipalities may come across in promoting and growing the tourism industry in the
UKDM and the adjacent communities to expedite their welfare through promotion and
sustainable economic development to enhance tourism promotion and development.
Moreover, an information gap exists in UKDM on the use of innovative ways to
promote sustainable tourism development, as the district seems to rely mostly on the
conventional ways of promotion (district-wide state-of-the-art information centres,
glossy Elephant Coast destination brochures, and attending domestic and
international trade and consumer shows). New tourism promotion efforts are essential
for tourism businesses and the municipalities in the area for enhancement in tourism
development which will boost the municipality’s ailing economy. This research
explored the innovative ways used by the UKDM in promoting sustainable tourism development and the challenges they encounter in promoting and growing the visitor
numbers in uMkhanyakude District Municipality. A qualitative research methodology
was utilised to collect primary data through semi-structured interviews for this study
and a case study approach was used to explore innovation in promoting sustainable
tourism development from uMkhanyakude District Municipality’s tourism practitioners.
The study reveals that social media can be used more efficiently than traditional
communication channels, with executives in the tourism industry declaring that, like
any other business, tourism organisations need to participate in social media
marketing platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, X, blogs, forums, and media
sharing sites. These media sharing sites are facilitating communication between
tourism stakeholders and municipality managers on issues such as improving the
images of tourism destinations. They also assist in making past or future tourism plans
and establishing direct communication with tourism destinations. The main reason for
this is that travellers are constantly using social media before planning their trips,
during their trips, and at the end of their trips to share their travel experiences. As a
result, social media tools are regarded as effective means of publicising tourist
destinations.
Findings from the primary study revealed that most of the municipal entities do not use
social media as part of their promotion techniques. There is a need for full adoption of
the contemporary mechanisms used by tourism municipal destinations around the
world. The few tourism entities that use contemporary mechanisms of promotion are
only using it for Integrated Development Plan (IDP) roadshows and where tourism is
blended with other municipal activities for example in a website, the mechanisms are
hardly visited and updated with new and interesting information. In light of the current
lack of adoption of the contemporary mechanisms, this reveals a dire need for
adoption and usage of such promotion methods as they are cost-effective and suitable
for promotion, development and improvement of tourism in uMkhanyakude District
Municipality. The results suggest that social media is of strategic importance in
promoting tourism.
Effectiveness of marketing strategies of tour operators in the promotion of small tourism enterprises in KwaZulu-Natal
No full textSubmitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Management Sciences Specialising in
Ecotourism and Environmental Management at the Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2025.BACKGROUND AND AIM: Marketing strategies play a crucial role in the performance of
tour operators and the visibility of small tourism enterprises. Despite their potential to drive
local economic development, job creation, and poverty alleviation, small tourism enterprises
in KwaZulu-Natal face challenges stemming from ineffective promotional efforts. Guided by
the marketing mix framework and the push and pull theory, this study aimed to evaluate the
effectiveness of marketing strategies employed by tour operators to promote township tourism
enterprises in KwaZulu-Natal.
METHODOLOGY: The spatial setting of this research was KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South
Africa. A descriptive research design was employed to achieve the objectives of the study. The
target population comprised N=450 tour operators registered with Tourism KwaZulu-Natal
(TKZN), and a sample size of n=212 was deemed appropriate for the study. Data were collected
using structured questionnaires and were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences (SPSS) software, version 28, as the primary data analysis tool.
RESULTS: The findings from the primary study reveal that the current promotional strategies
are ineffective. There was a severe lack of digital platforms such as websites and other digital
media for marketing, with telephones being the main tool used.
CONCLUSION: The study makes a significant contribution by highlighting the need for
enhanced marketing intelligence and the adoption of innovative strategies in the tourism sector.
It recommends fostering positive social change through strategies that focus on sustainability,
long-term profitable growth, brand equity, and competitive advantage to strengthen the
domestic tourism sector in South Africa.
RECOMMENDATIONS: Future research should explore the integration of emerging digital
marketing technologies and examine collaborative strategies between tour operators and small
tourism enterprises to enhance competitive positioning.National Research Foundation (NRF)
Communal institutions resolving gender-based violence : a case of Seke ward 8, Zimbabwe
No full textSubmitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Administration: Peace Studies, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2024.Gender-based violence (GBV) remains a challenge across the globe with negative effects on
the victims, families, communities and the nations. In Zimbabwe, gender-based violence
persists despite the constitutional provisions and efforts by various non-governmental
organisations. This study examined how communal institutions, that is, family, religious, and
traditional institutions and behaviour change facilitators, in Seke District, Ward 8, resolved
GBV. The study used qualitative methods of focus group discussions, interviews, narratives,
and observations to investigate the factors sustaining GBV and the methods used by
communal institutions to resolve GBV. The study developed a Participatory Action Research
(PAR) intervention to reduce GBV and evaluated the short-term results of the intervention.
This study noted that the prevalent form of GBV in Ward 8 is domestic violence and child
marriages. Domestic violence was manifested through sexual, physical, economic, and
emotional violence. These forms of violence were noted to be sustained by culture and
religious beliefs, patriarchal norms, economic challenges, infidelity, drug and alcohol abuse,
thus indicating that multiple factors sustain GBV in the community. The study’s findings also
revealed that communal institutions employ methods such as traditional assemblies,
mediation, family conflict resolution, prayers, preachings, fellowships, compromise, silence,
referrals to the police and behaviour change campaigns. The findings suggest that the
combination of factors sustaining GBV with patriarchal influences within communal institutions’
methods increases the vulnerability of women to violence. The study’s intervention was the
development and implementation of a GBV Educational Programme using drama, which was
aimed at exposing patriarchal traces found in communal institutions' methods. It increased
awareness on GBV, causes of GBV, types and manifestations of GBV and introduced conflict
resolution skills. The evaluation process, using focus group discussions, revealed that the
educational programme was a success, and it caused behaviour, and norms change in gender
norms that reinforced GBV such as the view that gender equality caused GBV, men should
not talk of GBV as victims, and husbands cannot rape their wives. It also contributed to the
transformation of institutions through reflections on their methods that caused GBV. The
study’s findings align with the ecological, conflict transformation theories, and communitybased peace approaches that guided the study.
African spirituality as a source of wisdom and strength in rural Ndwedwe
No full textSubmitted in fulfilment with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Child and Youth Care at the Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2025.There has been a growing emphasis on deepening the understanding of African
spirituality and its strong potential to strengthen and support the lives of rural families
and communities. Rural communities face the phenomenon of grandmother-headed
and child-headed households. These families are reported to encounter adversities
such as poverty, unemployment, financial constraints, teenage pregnancy, and other
challenges that harm their livelihoods, preventing them from thriving and sustaining
themselves. Several scholars have written about African spirituality, exploring the
diverse and complex belief systems and practices that have been integral to the
cultural heritage of various African societies and looking at how it assists the helping
professions to develop safe environments for children and families. Little however has
been written about how rural families and communities use African spirituality, thereby
promoting the need for this study. Furthermore, African spirituality appears to be
overlooked as a means of promoting overall well-being and support, which can be
employed to strengthen and guide family and community life in rural communities. This
study aimed to contribute to the scholarly work on African spirituality. A qualitative
research approach was used in this study and its primary aim was to understand how
African spiritual beliefs and practices can be used to strengthen family and community
life in rural Ndwedwe.
Purposive sampling was used to select the sample, twelve family members and fifteen
traditional leaders and community elders made up the final sample due to data
saturation. An interview guide and a focus group guide were used to collect data during
semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions conducted with these
participants. The data reflected the following major themes: (i)understanding African
spirituality, (ii) spiritual beliefs and practices that exist within families(iii)healing
methodologies, and (iv) spiritual activities that rural families can use.
The major findings, namely, Ubuntu, collective existence within the community,
communal prayers and Inhlambuluko (healing the lineage through truth and
reconciliation) emerged in this study. Consequently, the community and families in
Ndwedwe adopted a collaborative approach to their daily lives and spirituality. Families
and the community believed in communal living and collective existence. Therefore, healing methodologies and prayers were mostly intended to preserve and maintain
the individual and, most importantly, the collective.
Employee factors influencing product quality within manufacturing at Skyblu Technologies (Pty) Ltd. Durban
No full textSubmitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Management Science Specialising in Quality Management, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2024.The electronic goods manufacturing sector in South Africa is an extremely competitive
environment with global price parity adding to the difficulty in positioning organisations in
a favourable competitive position. Product quality is the minimum expectation from
customers that havenumerous product range options to select from. The research is
based on SkyBlu Technologies (Pty) Ltd, based in Mount Edgecombe, Durban, South
Africa, an electronics contract manufacturing facility specialising in the design and
manufacture of digital satellite decoders, television sets and consumer electronics.
Employee behaviour influences the culture of an organisation that ultimately contributes
to the level of product quality. The aim of this study was to ascertain employee factors
that influence product quality and the objectives were to ascertain employees’
understandings of quality, to ascertain if the employees understand their job specific
quality requirements and to ascertain if quality objectives are clearly defined.
A quantitative research approach was utilised to gather and analyse the data. A crosssectional survey was conducted, with data collected through a self-administered
questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed to extract the necessary information to
achieve the study's objectives.
The research study's findings show that employees at SkyBlu Technologies generally
have positive perceptions of product quality, expressing strong support for the company's
quality assurance processes, work instructions, and leadership. However, the results also
identify areas for improvement, specifically regarding the availability and upkeep of
resources, the integration of technology, and the balancing of production demands with
quality standards. By addressing these issues, SkyBlu Technologies can further improve
its product quality and foster a work environment that encourages continuous product
enhancement.
Recommendations were made to address the findings of this research, to close the gap
and place the organisation in a more strategic competitive position.
The research has contributed knowledge by extending the understanding of the influence
of employee behaviour on product quality. This research can be applied to other
manufacturing organisations to enhance employee contribution to product quality.
Entrepreneurship attainment through the AFE Babalola university programme
No full textSubmitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master in Public Administration, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2024.Entrepreneurship education plays a pivotal role in fostering economic
development, reducing poverty, and generating employment opportunities,
particularly in emerging economies like Nigeria. Recognising the significance of
this, the Nigerian government has implemented various socio-economic policies
to support undergraduate entrepreneurship. This study evaluated the
effectiveness of the Afe Babalola University Entrepreneurship Programme in
equipping its participants with essential entrepreneurial skills. The research
focused on analysing the impact of the programme on student success,
exploring the motivations for pursuing entrepreneurship, examining the role of
technology and mentorship, and identifying the challenges faced by
participants. Using a mixed methods approach, this study adopted an
explanatory sequential design, integrating both quantitative and qualitative data
to achieve a comprehensive analysis. The quantitative phase consisted of a
survey administered to 324 final-year students, selected through simple random
sampling. In the qualitative phase, face-to-face interviews were conducted with
eight lecturers, purposefully selected for their involvement in teaching within the
entrepreneurship programme. Data from both phases were collected and
analysed separately, then sequentially integrated to address the research
questions comprehensively. The quantitative data were analysed using SPSS
version 26.0, focusing on frequencies, percentages, means, and standard
deviations. Meanwhile, the qualitative data were transcribed and subjected to
thematic analysis, with NVivo software used to assist in the analysis. The
findings revealed that 96% of the students had attended entrepreneurship
classes, and the majority felt adequately prepared for entrepreneurial ventures.
The study also revealed that the primary motivations for pursuing
entrepreneurship included passion for specific industries, financial potential,
and the desire for independence. Despite these positive outcomes, the
research identified that entrepreneurial growth. Furthermore, while 64% of the
respondents felt they received sufficient support from the university, there
remains a need for enhanced practical resources and opportunities for handson experience. In conclusion, the Afe Babalola University Entrepreneurship
Programme demonstrates significant strengths in fostering entrepreneurial
readiness among students. However, to further strengthen the programme, it is
essential to address the identified challenges, particularly in areas like funding,
practical skills development, and resource availability, to ensure the
programme's long-term success and impact on Nigeria's entrepreneurial
ecosystem
Assessment of the lower Isipingo catchment’s ability to mitigate flooding, considering the existing drainage system
No full textSubmitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering: Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2025.The Lower Isipingo Catchment is located south of Durban in the KwaZulu-Natal
Province, South Africa. It presents a particular challenge to urban flood risk. The Lower
Isipingo Catchment comprises the split Isipingo and Umlazi River estuarine systems.
The significance of the catchment is that it has become one of Durban's most
industrially developed areas. The Isipingo wetland was converted into a flatland to
facilitate the economic development of industries in the 1940s. The Isipingo Diversion
Works System was implemented in 1960 as a flood mitigation strategy using canals at
the tail end of the Isipingo and Umlazi rivers. This strategy was not successful, as
extreme flooding is a regular occurrence within the Lower Isipingo Catchment, causing
constant socio-economic losses and infrastructure damage.
The study evaluated the catchment’s capacity to mitigate flooding, considering the
existing drainage system. The study's findings can be used to improve the resilience
of the catchment against flooding events. The study objectives were made up of three
components. The first was to evaluate the effects of urbanisation on the catchment's
drainage system. This was achieved by calculating the peak flow. The Rational Method
was used to quantify the volumetric flow rate of surface water draining from the
catchment area over 20 years. Peak flows were assessed for pre- and postdevelopment scenarios in 2002 and 2022. The catchment was split into four subcatchments: Isipingo 1, Isipingo 2a, Isipingo 2b, and Isipingo 2c.
The findings demonstrated that there has been a rise in economic activity through
developments in the Prospecton industrial area and the Isipingo Central Business District
(CBD) in the lower catchment. As a result, the upper catchment now includes denser
residential zones with fewer green spaces and lower surface infiltration. The unit
hydrographs show higher peak flows and reduced lag time under post-development
scenarios. Isipingo 1 produced the highest increase in runoff flow at 50%, followed by
Isipingo 2a and 2b with 33%, and lastly Isipingo 2c with an increase of only 25%.
Development in the catchment has led to more impervious surfaces, which has
increased stormwater runoff. This increases the vulnerability to flooding as conventional drainage systems do not consider the effects of urbanisation on runoff
volume.
The second objective was to determine the extent to which solid waste impacts the
drainage system’s functionality. This was achieved by physically inspecting the
drainage infrastructure using visual inspections. The study found that the system was
not functioning at its designed capacity due to the accumulation of debris and waste
within the drainage inlets conveyed by runoff in all four sub-catchments. The drainage
structures are blocked with silt and debris and damaged in certain instances,
preventing the flow of stormwater within the stormwater networks. It was observed that
the culverts in Isipingo 2b are under-maintained to withstand the flows and volumes of
stormwater. The result of these factors is that stormwater is unable to enter or leave
the stormwater systems efficiently, which can further reduce mitigation capacity and
increase the risk of flooding.
The third objective was to assess the performance of the existing drainage system with
varying rainfall data. This was achieved through the completion of a stormwater
hydraulic model for the drainage networks. The Personalized Computer Storm Water
Management Model detailed the hydrological characteristics of the catchment and the
configuration of the drainage network system. The models are based on a 1-hour storm
simulation using the 1 in 5-year design rainfall and the 2019 and 2022 flood rainfall
experienced on the catchment. The results specified the flooding networks and the
severity of flooding, depending on the digital elevation model data and the distribution
and intensity of the rainfall.
The model’s results indicated that stormwater infrastructure is sufficient to mitigate
stormwater runoff for the 1 in 5-year design rainfall and the April 2019 and 2022 flood
rainfall. However, due to hydraulic inconsistency of the stormwater network pipe sizes,
slopes, cover, and invert levels, the hydraulic capacity has proven to be insufficient in
certain areas. This has resulted in localised flooding in Isipingo CBD located
downstream in the sub-catchments of Isipingo 1, 2a and 2b along Phila Ndwandwe
Road, Thie Road, Clark Road, Pardy Road, and Lotus Road. There is also visible
flooding in Isipingo 2c, the Prospecton industrial area, with the following areas being vulnerable: the N2, Prospecton Road, Winter Road, Avenue East Road, Joyner Road,
Ocean Road, Delta Road, Duiker Road, and Inner Circuit Road. It was also noted that
relying entirely on model outputs and ignoring real-site circumstances might result in
an underestimation of flood hazards associated with high rainfall occurrences.
The findings of this study can assist eThekwini Municipality to be more proactive rather
than reactive to the frequent flooding in the Lower Isipingo Catchment. Knowing the
location of the vulnerable areas within the catchment, including the factors increasing
the flood risk, can assist in improved resource allocation and preparedness against
frequent floods. The implementation of this study’s recommendations could have
positive economic, social, and environmental effects on the Lower Isipingo Catchment.
Adopting water-sensitive urban design principles with the use of sustainable urban
drainage systems is the new approach to the management of stormwater. Treating
stormwater as a resource in the water cycle rather than a nuisance. Sustainable urban
drainage systems can be retrofitted into the existing drainage network to increase flood
mitigation capacity for frequent heavy rainfalls and reduce stormwater contaminants in
receiving waters. An all-inclusive strategy that combines modelling with on-site
inspections and maintenance will offer a clearer understanding of the system's
capabilities and limits, resulting in improved readiness and reaction strategies in the
face of changing weather patterns.
A holistic approach can be used through cross-sector collaboration amongst various
stakeholders to implement innovative institutional structures, policies, and
management methods. This network can implement the following: infrastructure
planning and upgrading, public participation, early warning systems, stormwater
management, and asset management.
An in vitro study on the effects of homeopathic Radium bromatum (9CH, 12CH, and 30CH potencies) on cancer cells
No full textDissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Health Sciences: Homeopathy, at the Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2025.Cancer is an abnormal growth of cells that can replicate uncontrollably and, in its later stages,
spread throughout the body, potentially leading to death. In recent years, cancer has become
one of the leading causes of death globally. It is usually characterized by the dysregulation
of cell growth and the body’s resistance to the normal process of cell death (apoptosis). While
conventional cancer treatments can be beneficial, they can also produce harmful side effects,
such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, blood clots, and infertility. The side effects experienced
by cancer patients may vary depending on which healthy cells are affected by the treatment
for the individual.
Rostock et al. (2011); Frass et al. (2020); Bagot, Theunissen and Serral (2021) have
highlighted the potential benefits of complementary treatments using homeopathic medicines
as supportive care for cancer patients to improve their quality of life by alleviating side
effects from conventional treatments. Radiation therapy, a commonly used cancer therapy
that uses radiation, can result in adverse effects such as fatigue, nausea, vomiting, skin
complications, injury or pain at the radiation site, and secondary cancers may develop.
Homeopathic Radium bromatum has been used to help relieve these side effects in cancer
patients who receive conventional treatments. Radium bromatum is a homeopathic remedy
made from the toxic and radioactive radium bromide, and it is important to study the effects
of the highly diluted radium bromide in its homeopathic form on cancer cells.
Aim:
This research study aimed to investigate the anti-cancer activity of homeopathic Radium
bromatum of different potencies (9CH, 12CH, and 30CH) on cancerous human lung carcinoma
(A549) and human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HEP-G2) in vitro, with non-cancerous
human embryonic kidney cell lines (HEK293) used as a control.
Methods:
The MTT assay method was used to determine cell viability, and cell morphology was
observed under an inverted microscope. Triplicate experiments were performed. The results are presented as mean values with standard deviations (SD). Data were statistically analyzed
using a one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey's test for evaluating the statistical
significance of variations observed between the groups. Mean values were considered
statistically significant when p<0.05.
Results:
The results on morphological changes were observed after 48 hours post-treatment, showing
preliminary evidence of the ability of Radium bromatum’s anti-cancer potential against lung
and liver cancers, while sparing normal kidney cells. The decrease in malignant cells
compared to non-malignant cells was significant as demonstrated by the MTT assay, and
assessed under the inverted microscope. Rad-br 9CH demonstrated the most significant anti
cancer effects, including reduced cell proliferation and viability, thus demonstrating
cytotoxicity and cell termination of the cancer cells through possible apoptotic pathways.
Further assessments demonstrated anti-proliferation activities of the various Radium bromatum
potencies, with Rad-br 9CH showing the most significant effect towards cancerous cells A549
and HEP-G2. While the overall cell cytotoxicity was minimal, there was an increase in cell
growth inhibition associated with increased concentration of the different samples. The
samples also exhibited low cytotoxicity towards healthy cells (HEK293). The data showed
that the Radium bromatum potencies had higher inhibition effects compared to the placebo,
indicating that all the Radium bromatum samples were more effective than the placebo.
Comparison between the cancer cells, A549 responded more effectively than HEP-G2 when
exposed to Radium bromatum overall, showing higher cytotoxicity. Thereby, indicating that
Radium bromatum in different potencies of 9CH, 12CH, and 30CH were able to induce
cytotoxicity in the cancerous cells, causing reduced cell viability and cell death.
Additionally, results observed in this study also showed that treatment with the placebo failed
to elicit similar responses to the highly diluted Radium bromatum samples, highlighting that the
Radium bromatum samples were superior to the placebo, and proving that the homeopathic
medicines contain molecules or particles of the original source for it to cause a reaction
beyond the placebo as demonstrated in this study. This study also exemplifies that
homeopathic medicines cannot be interpreted as placebo. However, more research is needed
in the form of an in vivo rat model to examine the systemic effects of this homeopathic
preparation in order to facilitate its therapeutic application in cancer management.