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Contrasting Cu isotope signatures in arc magmas and lower continental crust:insights into deep crust copper reservoir
No full textThe continental crust is significantly depleted in Cu relative to primary arc magmas, yet the mechanisms governing Cu redistribution in the lower crust remain unresolved. Understanding Cu behavior during magma differentiation is crucial for constraining the formation of deep-crustal copper reservoirs. This study investigates Cu isotopic compositions of lavas from the Andagua Valley in the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ) and reveals delta o5Cu variation ranging from 0.08%o to 0.65%o. Garnet fractionation under high-pressure conditions reduces FeOT contents in the magma, lowering sulfur solubility and promoting early sulfide saturation. However, sulfide segregation is dominated by monosulfide solid solution (MSS) and occurs under high-temperature conditions, which together significantly limit Cu isotope fractionation. Rayleigh fractionation modeling shows that the average mineral-melt fractionation factor (Delta o5Cumineral-melt value) is between-0.3%o and-0.1%o, demonstrating that fractionation is present but not quantitatively significant. Consequently, Cu isotopes in CVZ magmas exhibit fractionation during deep-crustal differentiation, with delta o5Cu signatures remaining in a certain range. The delta o5Cu variation in CVZ magmas contrasts with the significantly broader range in the lower crustal cumulates ranging from-3.16%o to 2.89%o, marking a fundamental shift in Cu behavior as magmas transition from high-temperature differentiation to prolonged cooling in the lower crust. We propose that lower crustal cumulates evolve through extended differentiation, where temperature-dependent isotope fractionation leads to significantly greater delta o5Cu variations. Prolonged cooling further promotes sulfide accumulation and post-cumulus interactions, leading to Cu redistribution and ultimately contributing to the formation of deep-crustal Cu reservoirs
A global assessment of BirdNET performance:Differences among continents, biomes, and species
No full textRecent advances in machine learning have accelerated automated species detection across diverse ecological domains, enabling large-scale, non-invasive monitoring of biodiversity. In ornithological research, the combination of passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) and rapidly-developing novel identification tools such as BirdNET—a deep learning–based sound recognition algorithm—offers new opportunities for surveying vocally active bird communities. Here, we present the first worldwide evaluation of BirdNET using 4224 one-minute recordings from 67 sites across all continents annotated by local experts. More specifically, we assessed the capacity of BirdNET to accurately identify individual vocalizations and characterize bird communities based on the automated analysis of passively collected soundscapes. We further analyzed how its performance varies across continents, biomes, species, and minimum confidence thresholds. The proportion of correct BirdNET predictions (precision) was generally high and consistent across continents (range: 0.57–0.71) and biomes (range: 0.55–0.76). In contrast, the proportion of vocalizations successfully detected (recall) was generally lower and more heterogeneous across continents (range: 0.24–0.52) and biomes (range: 0.34–0.72), reflecting differences in species coverage and local ecological context. BirdNET predictive power, as measured by the Precision-Recall Area Under the Curve (PR AUC; higher values indicating better performance), was highest in North America, Oceania, and Europe (range: 0.16–0.23), moderate in Central/South America (0.13), and lowest in Africa and Asia (range: 0.03–0.04). Species-specific analyses revealed substantial heterogeneity in detection accuracy, with optimal confidence thresholds varying widely by species and analytical goal. Our results establish a global reference point for BirdNET reliability and highlight where algorithmic refinement and expanded acoustic sampling are most needed.</p
Cognitive impairments in a clinical sample of recently diagnosed outpatients with bipolar disorder:The role of lifestyle, comorbidities, and psychotropic medications
No full textBackgroundIt is unclear to which degree cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder (BD) are primary in origen or secondary to factors like subsyndromal symptoms, lifestyle, medication, and comorbidities, and/or a combination of both.MethodsNewly diagnosed individuals with BD underwent cognitive screening in a clinical setting with objective cognitive tests, mood ratings, and collection of self-reported cognition, medication, comorbidities, and lifestyle data. Associations between clinical and lifestyle factors and cognition were investigated with multiple linear regression. We also examined if individuals, who did not display any identified risk factors, exhibited cognitive impairment according to norm-based criteria.ResultsIn the 274 included individuals, more depressive symptoms and being unemployed was associated with poorer objective global cognition. Depressive symptoms correlated with cognitive complaints and objective impairments in all subdomains but verbal memory. Unemployment was associated with poorer verbal learning and memory. Higher BMI, drug use, and lower quetiapine dose each correlated with poorer verbal learning, working memory, and verbal memory, respectively. Fully remitted, employed patients (i.e., low risk of cognitive impairment)displayed lower scores on working memory and verbal memory than demographically adjusted norms, but better scores on verbal fluency, with 24 % showing global impairment.ConclusionsCognitive impairment was related to depressive symptoms and unemployment. For euthymic, employed patients, subtle cognitive impairments were also observed, indicating that they may represent a trait marker in BD. Future longitudinal studies should investigate causal mechanisms leading to cognitive deficits and multimodal lifestyle interventions to target both primary and secondary cognitive impairments in BD.BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder (BD) could stem from primary illness characteristics like mood symptoms, secondary confounding factors like lifestyle, medication, and comorbidities, and/or a combination of both.METHODS: Newly diagnosed individuals with BD received a routine cognitive screening in a clinical setting with objective cognitive assessment, mood ratings, and collection of self-reported cognition, medication, comorbidities, and lifestyle data. Associations between clinical and lifestyle factors and cognition were investigated with multiple linear regression. We examined if individuals, who did not display any identified risk factors, exhibited cognitive impairment according to norm-based criteria.RESULTS: In the 274 included individuals, more depressive symptoms and being unemployed was associated with poorer objective global cognition. Depressive symptoms correlated with cognitive complaints and objective impairments in all subdomains, except verbal memory. Unemployment was associated with poorer verbal learning and memory. Higher BMI, drug use, and lower quetiapine dose each correlated with poorer verbal learning, working memory, and verbal memory, respectively. Fully remitted, employed patients (i.e., low risk of cognitive impairment) displayed lower scores on working memory and verbal memory than demographically adjusted norms, but better scores on verbal fluency, with 24 % showing global impairment.CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive impairment was related to depressive symptoms and unemployment. For euthymic, employed patients, subtle cognitive impairments occurred, which suggest that they may represent a trait marker in BD for a subgroup of patients. Future longitudinal studies should investigate causal mechanisms leading to cognitive deficits and multimodal lifestyle interventions to target both primary and secondary cognitive impairments in BD.</p
My risk perception; perspectives from youth at familial risk for bipolar disorder:a qualitative study
No full textBackgroundOffspring of parents with bipolar disorder (BD) are at increased risk of developing mental health difficulties. While research has documented elevated rates of psychiatric symptoms in this group, less is known about how young people themselves perceive their parent’s illness, their own vulnerability, and the ways in which family relationships shape these experiences. Limited attention has been given to how they understand heredity and how they view preventative support. Greater insight into their lived experiences is essential for designing family-sensitive interventions that address both risks and resources.MethodsThis qualitative study included 15 young people aged 15–24 years who had at least one parent diagnosed with BD. Semi-structured interviews explored experiences of growing up with a parent with BD, perceptions of personal mental health and heredity, and expectations of support and research, which were the four predefined themes. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using qualitative content analysis. In addition, participants completed short self-report measures of mood and family functioning, which were used to provide contextual background for interpreting the qualitative findings.ResultsThe analysis generated several subthemes within each of the four predefined categories. Participants described living with unpredictability, heightened emotional vigilance, and in some cases role reversal, compounded by silence and stigma surrounding the illness. At the same time, they highlighted resources such as emotional awareness, strong sibling bonds, supportive peers, and curiosity about mental health research. Preventative support was welcomed, particularly when tailored to developmental stage and preferences.ConclusionGrowing up with a parent with BD involves both burden and resilience. Young people emphasized secrecy, responsibility, and emotional strain, but also loyalty, adaptability, and motivation to learn. These findings underscore the need for preventive interventions that are age-appropriate and attentive to relational resources, while also addressing vulnerabilities. Including offspring perspectives more systematically in clinical care and research may strengthen prevention for this high-risk yet often overlooked group
Continuous ketone monitoring for people with diabetes:international expert recommendations on the application of a new technology
No full textThe ability to reduce the risk of developing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) remains a major care gap for people with diabetes, particularly those on intensive insulin therapy. The anticipated availability of continuous ketone monitoring (CKM) has the potential to reduce the risk of developing DKA, one of the most life-threatening acute complications of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. International clinical guidelines have established ketone thresholds for suspected and confirmed diagnoses of DKA, based on use of point-of-care testing, as part of a triad of markers with allied thresholds for hyperglycaemia and acidosis. The increasing occurrence of euglycemic DKA, with glucose concentrations below established diagnostic thresholds, makes the availability and use of CKM technology an important addition to the diabetes management toolkit. CKM data could alert the user when the risk of acute DKA is high on sick days in addition to signalling that individuals might be predicted to be at greater overall risk of future DKA on the basis of the distribution and degree of ketone measures in daily life. If widespread use of CKM devices is to be safe and effective in reducing the occurrence of DKA, it is important to establish clear ketone thresholds which notify CKM users when action on their part is required. In defining these thresholds and actions, it was important to ensure that the CKM user is not exposed to avoidable anxiety or suffers alarm fatigue, thus adding to the burden of living with diabetes. In the absence of substantial evidence that can identify appropriate ketone thresholds for CKM use, a panel of international experts in the management of DKA was convened with the aim of developing a number of objective, practical recommendations on how this novel diabetes technology could improve outcomes for individuals at risk of DKA, the results of which we report in this Personal View. These recommendations have been endorsed by the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD).The ability to reduce the risk of developing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) remains a major care gap for people with diabetes, particularly those on intensive insulin therapy. The anticipated availability of continuous ketone monitoring (CKM) has the potential to reduce the risk of developing DKA, one of the most life-threatening acute complications of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. International clinical guidelines have established ketone thresholds for suspected and confirmed diagnoses of DKA, based on use of point-of-care testing, as part of a triad of markers with allied thresholds for hyperglycaemia and acidosis. The increasing occurrence of euglycemic DKA, with glucose concentrations below established diagnostic thresholds, makes the availability and use of CKM technology an important addition to the diabetes management toolkit. CKM data could alert the user when the risk of acute DKA is high on sick days in addition to signalling that individuals might be predicted to be at greater overall risk of future DKA on the basis of the distribution and degree of ketone measures in daily life. If widespread use of CKM devices is to be safe and effective in reducing the occurrence of DKA, it is important to establish clear ketone thresholds which notify CKM users when action on their part is required. In defining these thresholds and actions, it was important to ensure that the CKM user is not exposed to avoidable anxiety or suffers alarm fatigue, thus adding to the burden of living with diabetes. In the absence of substantial evidence that can identify appropriate ketone thresholds for CKM use, a panel of international experts in the management of DKA was convened with the aim of developing a number of objective, practical recommendations on how this novel diabetes technology could improve outcomes for individuals at risk of DKA, the results of which we report in this Personal View. These recommendations have been endorsed by the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD).</p
Additives as external plasticizers in starch-based bioplastics - towards improving the properties of food packaging:A review
No full textThe environmental burden of petroleum-based plastics, especially in single-use packaging, has driven the search for sustainable, bio-based alternatives. Starch-based materials are promising due to their abundance, low cost, and biodegradability. However, native starch lacks the mechanical and barrier properties required for packaging applications, necessitating the use of plasticizers and additives. This review critically evaluates starch as the primary biopolymer and its interactions with various external plasticizers, aiming to enhance its physicochemical properties aimed for potential applications in food packaging. Despite extensive research on starch modification and composite formulation, the molecular mechanisms by which starch interacts with plasticizers, and how this influences the material properties remain poorly understood. Addressing this gap, the review categorises plasticizers into distinct chemical classes: polyols, saccharides, acids, esters, salts, amines/amides and oils, and examines how each group affects the starch polymer at the molecular level. The plasticising effects vary depending on the nature of hydrogen bonding with the polar groups of starch, even among highly compatible plasticizers including polyols, saccharides and amines/amides. Essential oils, though limited in direct interaction, enhance water resistance and antimicrobial properties. Citric acid functions as a multifunctional additive with notable plasticising effects. Salts, particularly deep eutectic solvents (DES) and ionic liquids, present novel solutions for developing starch-based materials. Key challenges such as plasticizer migration, water sensitivity, and limited mechanical strength are discussed, alongside considerations of toxicity, cost, and scalability. By mapping structure-function relationship in starch-plasticizer systems, this review supports the advancement of fully bio-based, biodegradable packaging materials with optimised performance.</p
Intraperitoneal administration of cationic liposomes containing a TLR3 agonist recruits type I conventional dendritic cells and primes a local CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell response
No full textBackground: Therapeutic vaccines capable of eliciting CD8 T cell responses are a promising approach in cancer, but the magnitude of immune responses to peptide-based vaccine technologies has so far been modest in humans. The cationic liposome adjuvant CAF®09b has recently shown promising results in clinical trials, where it is administered intraperitoneally (i.p.), as preclinical studies demonstrated superior CD8 T cell responses when using this route compared to subcutaneous delivery. Methods: Exploring the mechanism of CAF09b in mice we investigated biodistribution of the adjuvant and associated antigen in murine studies. We further examined local innate cell recruitment and CD8 T cell responses in the peritoneal cavity. Findings: We observed that i.p. injected CAF09b associated with visceral fatty tissues and created a vaccine depot in the peritoneal cavity. This led to recruitment of BATF3-dependent conventional type I dendritic cells (cDC1) displaying a migratory cDC1 phenotype (CD11c+XCR1+CD103+). Gene ontology analysis further revealed similarities with visceral adipose tissue DCs. CAF09b injection i.p. led to early priming of CD8 T cells localized to the peritoneal cavity and this response was resistant to FTY720 treatment. Interpretation: This study demonstrates that adjuvants can facilitate recruitment of cDC1s to the peritoneal cavity, a feature that may contribute to the effectiveness of i.p. administration on elicitation of CD8 T cell responses. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CAF09b-induced CD8 T cell responses require BATF3-dependent cDC1 cells. Understanding cDC1 and CD8 T cell dynamics via different immunization routes may aid in the design of more effective vaccine strategies. Funding: This work was primarily supported by the Danish Research Council (FTP fund no. 9041-00131b).</p
