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The experiences of transgender and nonbinary individuals in general practice in Denmark, with a focus on ‘safer space’
No full textBackgroundIn Denmark, transgender and nonbinary (TNB) individuals must consult their General Practitioner (GP) to access gender-affirming healthcare (GAHC). TNB individuals report unmet health needs and higher incidences of mental health challenges compared to cisgender peers. Cultural safety, involving a ‘safe space,’ could reduce healthcare inequities.ObjectivesThis study aims to identify the factors, according to TNB individuals in Denmark, that create, maintain, and disrupt a ‘safe space’ in general practice.MethodTwelve semi-structured qualitative interviews with TNB individuals aged 20 to 43 were conducted, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using Systematic Text Condensation.Main findingsParticipants felt unsafe with GPs due to negative experiences related to being transgender, leading to healthcare avoidance. They valued GPs who respected chosen names, showed interest in transgender care, and were upfront about limitations. A significant issue was lack of GP knowledge on transgender healthcare, often requiring participants to educate their GPs. Participants emphasised the need for doctors to avoid assumptions about patients based on gender identity. Participants did not believe that a ′safe space’ can be realised but wish for a ‘safer space’.ConclusionTrans individuals feel unsafe when consulting their GP due to past and present negative experiences, which leads to healthcare avoidance. A ‘safer space’ encompasses; respecting chosen names, showing an interest in transgender care, listening and meeting patients on their terms. The study highlights the importance of educating GPs on respectful interactions, suggesting that adopting the concept of a ‘safer space’ as a medical term could improve healthcare for TNB individuals.Background: In Denmark, transgender and nonbinary (TNB) individuals must consult their General Practitioner (GP) to access gender-affirming healthcare (GAHC). TNB individuals report unmet health needs and higher incidences of mental health challenges compared to cisgender peers. Cultural safety, involving a ‘safe space,’ could reduce healthcare inequities. Objectives: This study aims to identify the factors, according to TNB individuals in Denmark, that create, maintain, and disrupt a ‘safe space’ in general practice. Method: Twelve semi-structured qualitative interviews with TNB individuals aged 20 to 43 were conducted, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using Systematic Text Condensation. Main findings: Participants felt unsafe with GPs due to negative experiences related to being transgender, leading to healthcare avoidance. They valued GPs who respected chosen names, showed interest in transgender care, and were upfront about limitations. A significant issue was lack of GP knowledge on transgender healthcare, often requiring participants to educate their GPs. Participants emphasised the need for doctors to avoid assumptions about patients based on gender identity. Participants did not believe that a ′safe space’ can be realised but wish for a ‘safer space’. Conclusion: Trans individuals feel unsafe when consulting their GP due to past and present negative experiences, which leads to healthcare avoidance. A ‘safer space’ encompasses; respecting chosen names, showing an interest in transgender care, listening and meeting patients on their terms. The study highlights the importance of educating GPs on respectful interactions, suggesting that adopting the concept of a ‘safer space’ as a medical term could improve healthcare for TNB individuals.</p
Myokine IL-6 activity enhances post-exercise fatty acid accumulation in skeletal muscle but does not affect glycogen resynthesis
No full textBackground/Purpose: During exercise, myokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) plays a variety of metabolic roles including acting as a muscular energy sensor and liberating somatic energy stores. While the effects of IL-6 are relatively well-defined during exercise, its role in muscular metabolism during exercise recovery in humans has not been addressed. Methods: To test whether myokine IL-6 allocates fat and glucose towards muscle, we conducted a randomized double-blind trial with 30 men (Age: 25.2 ± 3 yrs. BMI: 23.0 ± 1.5 kg/m2) where participants exercised at a moderate intensity for 2 h and received either tocilizumab to block IL-6 activity, or placebo. Continuous infusions of isotopically labeled palmitate, glucose, and glycerol paired with blood, breath, and muscle samples were used to measure muscle-specific metabolism. Results: IL-6 blockade did not affect exercise performance, substrate utilization, or glucose, fatty acid and glycerol kinetics during exercise. During recovery, IL-6 blockade decreased the appearance of oral glucose and lowered the insulin response to a glucose drink. Despite this difference in glucose and insulin, the rate of post-exercise glycogen resynthesis before and after the ingestion of glucose was not altered between groups. Although IL-6 blockade did not affect lipolysis during exercise, it attenuated the accumulation of esterified oleate in muscle during recovery before the glucose drink was given. Furthermore, IL-6 blockade attenuated IL-1RA production in recovery but did not alter IL-10 secretion. Conclusion: Together, these results imply that during recovery from moderate-intensity exercise, myokine IL-6 primarily regulates fatty acid metabolism within muscle and leaves glucose metabolism largely unaffected. Clinical Trial Registration Number: Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05349149).</p
Brain 5-HT<sub>4</sub> receptor, gastrointestinal symptoms, and SSRI-related nausea in depression
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Investigating the alignment between stated motivations and revealed preferences for recreational hunting through a hedonic analysis of hunting leases
No full textExisting theory proposes that motivation for recreational hunting is divided into domains of appreciation (nature experience), affiliation (social interaction), and achievement (hunting skills and yield outcome). As motives are known to impact public attitudes toward hunting, potential response biases might emerge when hunters self-report their own motivations. Analyzing data from 2,260 hunting leases in a hedonic model, we explore the alignment between hunters’ stated motivations and revealed preferences as reflected in actual hunting lease costs operationalized into the above three motivational domains. Our findings indicate that lease attributes associated with affiliation, like hunting cabins and larger consortium sizes, elevate lease prices comparatively more than achievement-oriented attributes, such as game feeding and shooting platforms. Additionally, by examining interaction effects, we identify that the minority of hunters, who are driven by achievement, are in alignment with their stated motivations and are willing to pay a premium for achievement-enhancing lease attributes
Night work during pregnancy and risk of cryptorchidism among male offspring:A Danish nationwide register-based cohort study
No full textAimThe aim was to investigate the association between night work during pregnancy and the risk of having a male offspring with cryptorchidism. Furthermore, we explored if the risk of cryptorchidism increased based on trimester-specific night work (gestational weeks 1–12 and 13–22) by sensitivity analyses.MethodsThis register-based cohort study was based on detailed objective working hour data for all employees in the five Danish regions (primarily hospital employees) between 2007 and 2015, retrieved from the Danish Working Hour Database (DWDH). Information on pregnancies and covariates was identified by linking DWDH with the Danish Medical Birth Register. Diagnoses of cryptorchidism were obtained from the Danish National Patient Register. We used logistic regression to investigate the association between different dimensions of night work during the first 32 pregnancy weeks and cryptorchidism. The adjusted models included maternal age, body mass index, socioeconomic position, and maternal smoking.ResultsThe final cohort consisted of 12,915 singleton pregnancies in 11,404 women (primarily nurses), who worked at least one night shift during the first 32 pregnancy weeks. None of the dimensions of night work was associated with an increased risk of having offspring with cryptorchidism compared to day workers. We found the same tendency in the trimester-specific analyses.ConclusionsWe found no increased odds among women working night shifts in healthcare during pregnancy and giving birth to male offspring with cryptorchidism. Future studies investigating night work in occupations other than healthcare are needed to rule out a potential association.Aim: The aim was to investigate the association between night work during pregnancy and the risk of having a male offspring with cryptorchidism. Furthermore, we explored if the risk of cryptorchidism increased based on trimester-specific night work (gestational weeks 1–12 and 13–22) by sensitivity analyses. Methods: This register-based cohort study was based on detailed objective working hour data for all employees in the five Danish regions (primarily hospital employees) between 2007 and 2015, retrieved from the Danish Working Hour Database (DWDH). Information on pregnancies and covariates was identified by linking DWDH with the Danish Medical Birth Register. Diagnoses of cryptorchidism were obtained from the Danish National Patient Register. We used logistic regression to investigate the association between different dimensions of night work during the first 32 pregnancy weeks and cryptorchidism. The adjusted models included maternal age, body mass index, socioeconomic position, and maternal smoking. Results: The final cohort consisted of 12,915 singleton pregnancies in 11,404 women (primarily nurses), who worked at least one night shift during the first 32 pregnancy weeks. None of the dimensions of night work was associated with an increased risk of having offspring with cryptorchidism compared to day workers. We found the same tendency in the trimester-specific analyses. Conclusions: We found no increased odds among women working night shifts in healthcare during pregnancy and giving birth to male offspring with cryptorchidism. Future studies investigating night work in occupations other than healthcare are needed to rule out a potential association.</p
Stemthedens suverænitet og livets prægnans i det diantropocæne:En reaktualisering af K. E. Løgstrups sansefilosofi i en økologisk krisetid
No full textRecent Demographic History Inferred From Allele Frequency Spectra:Evaluation by Simulations and Insights From Pool Sequencing of Wild Bees
No full textRecent insect declines have raised global concern, but assessing insect population trends remains challenging due to limited long-term monitoring data. Understanding the timing of population changes is essential for discerning the relative impacts of drivers like land use modification and climate change. Importantly for conservation, species that have undergone recent declines should ideally also be distinguished from species that have been rare throughout evolutionary time. Here, we first evaluated the performance of Stairway Plot 2 using simulations of different effective population sizes (Ne), sample sizes and timing and magnitude of declines. We found reliable reconstructions over the past 100–1000 years for populations with smaller Ne (5000 and 50,000) using ≥ 40 diploid individuals. Next, we applied pooled whole-genome sequencing data to reconstruct demographic trajectories for two common and two rare and endangered species of wild bees. The two rare species showed historically lower Ne compared to the two common species, but their Ne trajectories varied in the timing and magnitude of population size changes. We further show that the use of reference genomes from non-focal but closely related species can inform Ne trajectories with only slight deviations from when using focal reference genomes, while more distantly related reference genomes compromised reliability. Our findings represent an important step towards reconstructing population size changes using genomic data, offering a long-term perspective on species rarity, current conservation status and potential drivers of ongoing insect decline.</p
Integrative modelling of biomolecular dynamics
No full textMuch of our mechanistic understanding of the functions of biological macromolecules is based on static structural experiments, which can be modelled either as single structures or conformational ensembles. While these provide us with invaluable insights, they do not directly reveal that molecules are inherently dynamic. Advances in time-dependent and time-resolved experimental methods have made it possible to capture the dynamics of biomolecules at increasingly higher spatial and temporal resolutions. To complement these, computational models can represent the structural and dynamical behaviour of biomolecules at atomistic resolution and femtosecond timescale, and are therefore useful to interpret these experiments. Here, we review the progress in integrating simulations with dynamical experiments, focusing on the combination of simulations with time-resolved and time-dependent experimental data.</p