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Effectiveness of a 4-Month vs. 8-Month Recall Interval for High-Caries-Risk Preschool Children: A 30-Month Clinical Trial:A 30-Month Clinical Trial
No full textABSTRACTBackground: Regular follow-up after dental treatment is essential to prevent the development and progression of new carieslesions in children. However, there is no consensus on the optimal recall interval.Aim: The aim of the present clinical trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of two different recall intervals for high caries riskchildren.Design: A total of 224 preschool children (aged 3–5 years) with at least one active caries lesion were selected. After treatment,children were randomized into two different groups according to the recall interval: every 4months or every 8months. A singletrained and calibrated examiner re-evaluated participants according to their group. The primary outcome was caries lesion progression into dentine (ICDAS 5–6). Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between the independentvariables and primary outcome (α=5%).Results: Children in the 8-month recall group were 2.5 times more likely to develop new cavitated caries lesions when comparedto those in the 4-month recall group, over 30months.Conclusion: High caries risk children on an 8-month recall schedule had a significantly higher risk of developing new cavitatedcaries lesions compared to those with a 4-month recall interval.Background: Regular follow-up after dental treatment is essential to prevent the development and progression of new caries lesions in children. However, there is no consensus on the optimal recall interval.Aim: The aim of the present clinical trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of two different recall intervals for high caries risk children.Design: A total of 224 preschool children (aged 3–5 years) with at least one active caries lesion were selected. After treatment, children were randomized into two different groups according to the recall interval: every 4months or every 8months. A single trained and calibrated examiner re-evaluated participants according to their group. The primary outcome was caries lesion progression into dentine (ICDAS 5–6). Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between the independent variables and primary outcome (α=5%).Results: Children in the 8-month recall group were 2.5 times more likely to develop new cavitated caries lesions when compared to those in the 4-month recall group, over 30 months.Conclusion: High caries risk children on an 8-month recall schedule had a significantly higher risk of developing new cavitated caries lesions compared to those with a 4-month recall interval
Remission of Sequestrant-refractory Bile Acid Diarrhea in Patients on Liraglutide With Pragmatic Dose Escalation:A Case Series
No full textHow to interpret MICs of amphotericin B, echinocandins and flucytosine against <i>Candida auris</i> (<i>Candidozyma auris</i>) according to the newly established European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints
No full textBackground: Candida auris (Candidozyma auris) has emerged as an important pathogen across all continents, with clonal outbreaks and hospital transmissions. Most isolates are fluconazole resistant, and variable resistance rates are reported for amphotericin B and echinocandins. Objectives: This study aimed to present an overview of the newly established epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFFs) and antifungal breakpoints against C auris and the supporting evidence. Sources: This document is based on the recently updated European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) rationale documents, clinical breakpoint, and ECOFF documents. Content: An alternative approach was adopted for ECOFF setting of C. auris to avoid MIC distributions dominated by isogenic outbreak strains. A carefully selected strain collection of 30 isolates from 11 countries, representing five clades and 21 unique genotypes, was shared among five individual laboratories. MICs were determined with the EUCAST E.Def 7.4 methodology, providing five non-clonal datasets well above the required ≥100 total MICs per drug. Available PK-PD and clinical data were reviewed. Implications: The following ECOFFs and breakpoints were established for C auris: amphotericin B: ECOFF: 2 mg/L, S: ≤0.001 mg/L, R: >2 mg/L; implying that the entire wild-type distribution is susceptible, increased exposure (I) (increased dose: 5 mg/kg liposomal amphotericin B daily); anidulafungin and micafungin: ECOFFs: 0.25 mg/L, S: ≤0.25; R: >0.25; rezafungin: ECOFF: 0.125 mg/L; and flucytosine: ECOFF: 0.5 mg/L. Importantly, notable MIC variations have been reported for C auris and some agents across commercial tests. Consequently, important detailed guidance is provided on how to validate your MIC test in-house before adopting the EUCAST breakpoints for MIC interpretation.</p
Timing of blood sample collection in combined first-trimester screening for chromosomal aberrations and pre-eclampsia screening
No full textTebapivat Improves Red Cell Deformability and Decreases Sickling in Patients With Sickle Cell Disease:A Phase 1 Trial Substudy
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Invisible passengers:the diversity and invasion risks of fungi and bacteria transported via footwear of international airport passengers
No full textThe recent pandemic, pathogen outbreaks, and devastating effects of invasive species in natural environments highlight the importance of global movements of organisms. Humans have facilitated global transport and the introduction of alien species via direct and indirect pathways. However, the complexities and possible dangers of the global transmission of microorganisms are not fully understood. Human footwear can be a potential vector for transmitting pathogenic and invasive microorganisms. Here, we investigated the biosecurity risks associated with the footwear of passengers arriving from various countries at Tallinn International Airport, Tallinn, Estonia. We collected dust or soil samples from passengers’ footwear and characterised the fungal and bacterial communities using metabarcoding. To evaluate potential risks to human and ecosystem health, we cross-referenced detected OTUs with the World Health Organization (WHO) priority pathogen lists and other curated fungal and bacterial databases. Our results suggested that the alpha diversity of fungal and bacterial OTUs carried by passengers’ footwear was not affected by geographical region or season. Whether the passenger had soil or dust on their footwear also had no significant effect on bacterial and fungal alpha diversity. Furthermore, our results showed that passengers’ footwear poses a biosecurity risk by transporting various types of pathogens, including plant and animal pathogens, as well as mycoparasites. Several types of bacterial and fungal human pathogens were also transported to the destination airport, among which many belonged to high-priority and critical risk groups defined by the WHO. The majority of the bacterial and fungal OTUs transferred by passengers’ footwear had not previously been reported from Estonia, which raises concern about their potential to become invasive in the future. Our results highlight the need to establish biosecurity measures in European airports. Further investigations are needed to assess the relationships between country-level factors and the potential biosecurity risks posed by passengers arriving from different countries.</p
Persuasive explanations for recommender systems:how explanations can influence users’ choices?
No full textRecommender systems increasingly depend on explanations to convey the importance and relevance of the options recommended to their users. Previous research on explanations has predominantly concentrated on developing new explanation methods and studying how explanations can enhance recommendation effectiveness and understandability. However, limited attention has been given to understanding the persuasiveness of recommendations, particularly whether manipulating explanations to be persuasive can influence users’ choices and preferences for options. Here, we report a study (N=231) in which participants were required to make choices among recommended options across three tasks based on the provided explanations. These explanations were presented in a form of natural language. To study the effect of persuasiveness, the explanations were systematically manipulated by incorporating principles of reciprocity, commitment, authority, social proof, liking, and scarcity. In addition, explanations were manipulated for their rationality. The results reveal that the persuasiveness of explanations significantly impacts participants’ recommendation choice behavior, with persuasive explanations being preferred over non-persuasive ones. Moreover, persuasiveness also significantly increased participants’ tendencies toward irrational choices: an increased proportion of selecting a lower utility option when accompanied by a persuasive explanation. The results demonstrate that explanations substantially influence user choice behavior in recommender systems and that users’ choices, as well as the resulting user profiles, can be intentionally or unintentionally shaped by the introduction of persuasive elements in explanations. This could have unprecedented and cumulative effects on the bias of recommendations and can raise ethical concerns about the effect of persuasiveness on users’ long-term behavior in systems integrated with recommendation support.</p
Postdomestication selection of MKK3 shaped seed dormancy and end-use traits in barley
No full textAnthropogenic selection of grain traits such as dormancy has shaped the developmental trajectories of crops. In cereals, shortening dormancy provides rapid and even postharvest germination, but increases the risk of weather-induced preharvest sprouting, with yearly harvest losses beyond 1 billion dollars. Our understanding of how, why, when, and where cereal dormancy diversification arose is fragmentary. Here, we show in the founder crop barley (Hordeum vulgare) that dormancy is primarily regulated through a mosaic of locus haplotypes comprising copy number variation and inherent kinase activity of Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (MKK3). We provide evidence supporting the historical selection of specific MKK3 haplotypes that shaped dormancy levels according to changing climatic pressures and outline a genetic framework for breeders to balance grain dormancy and preharvest sprouting avoidance.</p