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Estimating Bell diagonal states with separable measurements
No full textQuantum network protocols depend on the availability of shared entanglement. Given that entanglement generation and distribution are affected by noise, characterization of the shared entangled states is essential to bound the errors of the protocols. This work analyzes the estimation of Bell diagonal states within quantum networks, where operations are limited to local actions and classical communication. We demonstrate the advantages of Bayesian mean estimation over direct inversion and maximum-likelihood estimation, providing analytical expressions for estimation risk and supporting our findings with numerical simulations
Subcutaneous implantable cardiac defibrillator in Brugada syndrome:a prospective multicentre study
No full textIntroductionBrugada syndrome (BrS) is an inherited arrhythmia syndrome with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD).Device and transvenous lead-related complications associated with the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) have driven the development of subcutaneous-ICDs (S-ICDs).1,2Given that BrS patients are a distinct population with fluctuating electrocardiogram (ECG) patterns susceptible to T-wave oversensing and a high risk of supraventricular tachycardia, it is crucial to assess the efficacy and safety of S-ICD in this context.MethodsBrS patients meeting guidelines for S-ICD implantation were prospectively enrolled in 17 European centres between 2015 and 2019. Patients were either symptomatic (history of resuscitated SCD or syncope) with an ECG showing an aspect of type I BrS before or after pharmacological tests as defined in the guidelines3 or asymptomatic with a spontaneous type 1 BrS ECG pattern at baseline. Patients were included only if the expert committee confirmed the diagnosis of BrS.ECG pre-screening was performed in supine and sitting or standing positions. Two vectors had to be suitable for enrolment. Patients with indication of ICD replacement could be enrolled.Device implantation was performed according to the standard of care. We recommended programming two zones: a conditional shock zone at 220 b.p.m. and a ventricular fibrillation zone at 240 b.p.m., with the smart pass enabled.Patients were followed 1 month after implantation and every 6 months for 3 years.All events were reviewed by the expert committee.Data analyses were performed using SAS (SAS version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Log-rank test was used to compare groups.ResultsThe cohort consisted of 130 patients, predominantly male (85%) with a mean age of 44 ± 12 years. Sixty-six patients (51%) had spontaneous type I BrS and 71 (55%) were symptomatic. S-ICD was implanted for transvenous (TV)-ICD replacement in 18 (14%) patients. Fifty-six patients have been implanted with an A209 S-ICD and 74 with an A219. The first patient was enrolled in April 2015 and the last one in April 2019
Oxygen isotope-based evidence for stepwise climate cooling aligns with the tripartite division of the Ordovician
No full textThe Ordovician Period includes two major macroevolutionary events: the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE) and the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction (LOME), alongside a fundamental climate transition from a greenhouse to an icehouse state. Although both biological events occurred during relatively short-term global cooling conditions, their starkly contrasting biotic responses remain poorly understood. Here, we present high-resolution conodont apatite δ18O records from Sweden combined with global data to reconstruct a stepwise seawater temperature decline from ∼43.7 °C in the Floian to ∼25.1 °C by the late Katian. Three discrete periods of global cooling occurred at 471.2–469 Ma (CE1), 460.2–456.1 Ma (CE2), and 443–442.4 Ma (CE3), with rates of 5–6 °C/Myr, 2–3 °C/Myr, and > 15 °C/Myr. Hence, the three steps coincide with the tri-partite Ordovician series boundaries. CE1 aligns with the initiation of the GOBE, while CE3 coincides with the LOME. This indicates that cooling regulated both the GOBE and the LOME, framing possible end-member states of organismal homeostasis. During CE1, the transition from warm to temperate conditions occurred at a relatively moderate cooling rate, reaching an optimal window for promoting biodiversity growth. In contrast, during CE3, the shift from temperate to cold conditions involved a more rapid cooling rate, exceeding organismal thresholds and negatively impacting biodiversity. These three cooling episodes coincide with a decline in seawater 87Sr/86Sr suggesting enhanced weathering and CO2 drawdown, further reinforced by the expansion of marine algae and land vegetation.</p
Remodeling of <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> genome over three decades of nosocomial exposure
No full textStaphylococcus epidermidis recently emerged as a major cause of medical device-associated infections. However, the role of the nosocomial environment in its evolution remains poorly understood. To investigate the genomic changes underlying S. epidermidis evolutionary history, we compared genomes of 1960s isolates, before its recognition as a human pathogen, to those from the 1990s, when it became prevalent in hospital-acquired infections. We found that S. epidermidis from the 1960s and 1990s shared similar population structures, with the A/C cluster predominating in both periods. Recombination was frequent, particularly in the A/C cluster, and occurred throughout the chromosome. Alterations in the mobile genetic elements of the 1990s isolates caused a drastic genomic change, characterized by phage loss, and staphylococcal cassette chromosome elements and insertion sequences acquisition. The 1990s isolates gained multiple antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, which are associated with biofilm formation and persistence. Genomic analysis of the orfX/rmlH vicinity revealed differences between the two groups of isolates. The 1960s isolates harbored a complex orfX/rmlH vicinity containing multiple SCC and pseudoSCC, and genes with high homology to SCCmecIV, while the 1990s isolates contained only SCCmec and ACME. Interestingly, one early isolate carried a disrupted mecA, within a pseudoSCCmecIV, suggesting it may represent a precursor to the contemporary SCCmecIV. Our results showed that prolonged exposure to the hospital environment drove S. epidermidis genomic remodeling, including the accumulation of genes linked to antibiotic resistance, enhanced colonization, biofilm formation, genome plasticity, and the loss of bacteriophages -contributing to its success as a persistent nosocomial pathogen
Childhood oral health is associated with the incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in adulthood
No full textBACKGROUND: While adult oral health has been consistently linked to cardiovascular disease, the long-term impact of childhood oral health remains underexplored. Thus, we investigated the association between dental caries and gingivitis in childhood and the incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in adulthood.METHODS: This nationwide Danish cohort study included 568,778 individuals born between 1963 and 1972, with oral health data from the National Child Odontology Registry (1972-1987) and ASCVD outcomes from the National Patient Register (1995-2018). Dental caries and gingivitis were categorized by severity and trajectory across childhood. Cox regression models stratified by sex, education level, and type 2 diabetes status were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for incident ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke.RESULTS: Severe childhood dental caries was associated with increased ASCVD incidence in both males (HR 1.32; 95 % CI: 1.18-1.50) and females (HR 1.45; 95 % CI: 1.25-1.68). High gingivitis scores also predicted elevated ASCVD risk (males: HR 1.21; 95 % CI: 1.10-1.32; females: HR 1.31; 95 % CI: 1.14-1.50). Disease trajectories with moderate to severe oral health deterioration were significantly associated with higher ASCVD incidence.CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, poor childhood oral health, particularly persistent or worsening dental caries and gingivitis, is associated with an increased risk of ASCVD in adulthood. These findings highlight the potential of early oral health interventions in reducing long-term cardiovascular risk.</p
A Concurrent Validity Study of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) and the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Developmental Inventory (CDI) in Infants with an Elevated Likelihood or Diagnosis of Autism
No full textInfants at elevated likelihood for or later diagnosed with autism typically have smaller vocabularies than their peers, as shown by the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) and the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Developmental Inventory (CDI). However, the extent to which MSEL and CDI scores align remains unclear, especially across clinical and non-clinical populations. This study examined whether the concurrent validity of the MSEL and CDI differs based on autism likelihood and diagnosis. Data from 720 14-month-old infants were analysed, grouped by likelihood (elevated vs. typical) and diagnosis at 36 months (diagnosed vs. not diagnosed). Vocabulary scores were compared across both likelihood and diagnostic groups. Moderate correlations were observed between the MSEL and CDI in most groups (rs range = [.34–.58]). One exception was that the expressive scores of elevated likelihood infants on the MSEL and CDI were more closely associated than the expressive scores of typical likelihood infants. Diagnosed infants had lower vocabulary scores than non-diagnosed peers on both the MSEL and CDI. The elevated likelihood group showed lower scores on the MSEL but not the CDI compared to typical likelihood infants. The moderate correlations suggest that the MSEL and CDI assess different aspects of language in infancy. These associations were weaker than previously reported in autistic children. Differences in vocabulary scores across likelihood and diagnostic groups highlight the need for further research to understand the association between these measures.</p
