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Rethinking probabilistic sensorimotor sequence learning:Focus on probabilistic systems instead of simple patterns
No full textMany complex motor skills follow probabilistic rules that determine which movement transitions are efficient, stylistically appropriate, and contextually purposeful. However, research on sensorimotor sequence learning has largely focused on deterministic sequences or basic probabilistic regularities, overlooking the acquisition of broader rule-based sequence structures. In contrast, fields such as psycholinguistics emphasize learning entire probabilistic rule systems. This difference in focus limits comparability of results from sequence learning tasks across scientific disciplines and thus interpretations about domain-general and domain-specific mechanisms of probabilistic sequence learning. This article highlights how motor control research can expand its focus to the learning of global probabilistic rulesets by integrating sequence generation algorithms and post-acquisition generalization tests from psycholinguistics. First, we compare sequence construction and learning assessment strategies in both fields, demonstrating how algorithms from artificial grammar experiments and generalization assessments can be adapted to motor sequence learning. Second, we propose a practical framework for experimental designs in motor control that distinguishes between local statistical features and global probabilistic systems. We outline key methodological considerations for sequence construction, acquisition, and retrieval testing and want to foster more systematic and comprehensive investigations into probabilistic sensorimotor sequence learning
Drug Manipulation in Pediatric Care: A Scoping Review of a Widespread Practice Signaling Systemic Gaps in Pharmaceutical Provision
No full textBackground: Pediatric patients often receive medicines manipulated from adult formulations due to a lack of age-appropriate products. While such practices are clinically routine, they may reflect deeper systemic deficiencies in pediatric pharmacotherapy. Objective: This scoping review aimed to map the prevalence, definitions, and types of pediatric drug manipulation and to conceptualize manipulation as an indicator of structural gaps in formulation science, regulation, and access. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed (January 2014–July 2024) included 10 studies reporting the frequency of drug manipulation in children aged ≤18 years. Eligible studies were synthesized narratively according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Results: Ten studies from nine countries were included, reporting manipulation frequencies ranging from 6.4% to 62% of all drug administrations and up to 60% at the patient level. Manipulated formulations most commonly included oral solid doses, altered through dispersing, splitting, or crushing. Definitions and methodologies varied considerably. The findings revealed five recurring structural gaps: limited pediatric formulations, inconsistent regulatory implementation, lack of standardized definitions and guidance, insufficient evidence on manipulation safety, and inequitable access across regions. Conclusion: Manipulation of finished dosage forms for use in children is a widespread, measurable phenomenon reflecting systemic inadequacies in formulation development, regulation, and access. Recognizing manipulation as a structural indicator may guide policy, innovation, and equitable pediatric pharmacotherapy worldwide
'Not diminished, but greater and better': Athenian Hoplite Performance in the Fourth Century
No full textEn oversigt og analyse af det athenske hoplitvåbens indsats igennem Athens såkaldte svaghedsperiode i 300-tallet f.Kr
Opdatering af beregning af meromkostninger ved at anvende metanreducerende fodring til konventionelle malkekøer
No full textSomatic stress memory:Investigating the adaptive responses of old and modern wheat genotypes to recurrent combined heat and deficit irrigation stress
No full textIn view of the importance of stress memory in plant adaptation to extreme weather events, our study focused on capturing the priming effects on stress responses at later developmental stages in diverse wheat genotypes. Two modern (LM20, LM17) and two old (KU19, KU12) genotypes, out of which LM20 and KU19 are heat tolerant, and LM17 and KU12 are heat susceptible. Plants were exposed to moderate combined heat (30/23 °C DT/NT) and deficit irrigation (50 % PHC) (priming at the stem elongation or booting stages), followed by recurrent combined heat (35/28 °C) and deficit irrigation (50 % PHC) at post-anthesis. The results showed that primed plants retain stress memory and outperformed non-primed plants in yield traits. Priming stress at different phenophases elicited varied stress responses under extreme post-anthesis stress. Tolerant genotypes primed at booting maintained both the photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters during post-anthesis stress ( B +HD), while plants primed at stem elongation followed by recurrent post-anthesis stress (SE+HD) achieved higher yields. Modern genotypes outperformed old genotypes in many photosynthetic parameters under heat stress. The modern genotype LM20 excelled under B +HD stress due to improved biochemical regulations and sustained better dry biomass and yield under SE+HD stress than old genotypes. Despite the new outperforming old genotypes, a gradient was seen between tolerant and susceptible genotypes. These findings show that stress priming can enhance yield resilience in wheat under recurrent combined heat and deficit irrigation, with the extent of benefit depending on genotype and priming stage.</p
Ambient temperature exposure on inflammatory blood proteins—A longitudinal self-sampling survey in young Swedish adults
No full textThe mechanisms by which temperature exposure affects health outcomes remain unclear. In this study, we conducted three repeated measurements (2020–2022) by collecting self-sampled volumetric dry blood spots (DBSs) from 807 participants from the Swedish BAMSE cohort (mean age 25.9 years). By estimating individual-address level daily temperature using a high-resolution spatiotemporal model, we found that 58 (16%) of the 365 studied inflammation-related proteins were significantly associated with short-term exposure to ambient temperatures. The impact of temperature exposure was modified by sex, smoking, asthma, and concurrent exposure to air pollution. The temperature-associated proteins were linked to lung function, blood pressure, and HbA1c with validations in the UK Biobank. Furthermore, peak temperature exposure (both cold and heat) was associated with significantly increased proteomic age acceleration. Our findings suggest that ambient temperature exposure may cause adverse health effects through perturbating inflammation-related proteins.The mechanisms by which temperature exposure affects health outcomes remain unclear. In this study, we conducted three repeated measurements (2020–2022) by collecting self-sampled volumetric dry blood spots (DBSs) from 807 participants from the Swedish BAMSE cohort (mean age 25.9 years). By estimating individual-address level daily temperature using a high-resolution spatiotemporal model, we found that 58 (16%) of the 365 studied inflammation-related proteins were significantly associated with short-term exposure to ambient temperatures. The impact of temperature exposure was modified by sex, smoking, asthma, and concurrent exposure to air pollution. The temperature-associated proteins were linked to lung function, blood pressure, and HbA1c with validations in the UK Biobank. Furthermore, peak temperature exposure (both cold and heat) was associated with significantly increased proteomic age acceleration. Our findings suggest that ambient temperature exposure may cause adverse health effects through perturbating inflammation-related proteins.</p
Enhancing the sensory and nutritional properties of faba bean protein through fermentation with lactic acid bacteria and <i>Bacillus </i>spp
No full textFaba beans are rich in protein and fiber, but their consumption is limited by off-flavors, and antinutritional compounds. This study explored fermentations with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Bacillus spp. as a strategy to improve the sensory and nutritional qualities of faba bean protein concentrate (FPC). Fermentations were performed with the strains isolated from African fermented foods, including Limosilactobacillus fermentum NSB2, Lactiplantibacillus argentoratensis 12-27B and Bacillus velezensis G17, and with Bacillus subtilis Natto. Strain identification was performed using Oxford Nanopore whole-genome sequencing. Samples of fermented FPC (8 % w / v ) were analyzed after 8 h, 24 h, and 48 h fermentation for volatile aroma compounds (VOCs), organic acids, free amino acids, γ-glutamyl peptides, and vicine-convicine. All strains effectively reduced aldehydes associated with beany off-flavors, such as hexanal. LAB, particularly L. fermentum NSB2, promoted alcohol formation, B. velezensis G17 produced the greatest amounts of diacetyl and acetoin, while B. subtilis Natto generated the largest amounts of esters. L. argentoratensis 12-27B was the most efficient producer of lactic acid, whereas B. velezensis G17 uniquely generated high levels of propionic acid. Bacillus spp. exhibited strong proteolytic activity during FPC fermentation, producing free amino acids, including essential ones. Several γ-glutamyl dipeptides were increased in fermentations, highest with Bacillus spp., suggesting potential kokumi enhancement. Notably, L. argentoratensis 12-27B and B. velezensis G17 significantly reduced vicine and convicine, the primary antinutritional compounds in faba beans. These findings highlight the potential of targeted fermentation to enhance the sensory quality and nutritional value of faba bean protein for plant-based food applications.</p
Large-scale analysis of bacterial genomes reveals thousands of lytic phages
No full textPhages are typically classified as temperate, integrating into host genomes, or lytic, replicating and killing bacteria; for this reason, lytic phages are not expected in bacterial genome sequences. Here we analyse 3.6 million bacterial genome assemblies from 1,226 species and find 119,510 lytic phage genomes, which we term bacterial assembly-associated phage sequences. This represents a ~5-fold increase in the number of phages with associated hosts and raises questions about fundamental aspects of phage biology. Our analyses of bacterial assembly-associated phage sequences revealed previously undescribed phage clusters, including clusters distantly related to Salmonella Goslarviruses in Escherichia coli and Shigella, while also substantially expanding known genera such as Seoulvirus (from 16 to >300 members). Close relatives of lytic phages used therapeutically were also detected, suggesting clinical isolate sequencing unknowingly archives potential phage candidates. The discovery of complete, lytic phage genomes within bacterial assemblies challenges assumptions about the nature of the lytic lifestyle and reveals an untapped reservoir of phages.</p
Application of continuous glucose monitoring and automated insulin delivery technologies for pregnant women with type 1, type 2, or gestational diabetes:an international consensus statement
No full textInsulin resistance increases after the first trimester of pregnancy, leading to glycaemic challenges for women with pregestational type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes. Additionally, insulin resistance can promote hyperglycaemia in pregnant women without type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes, who develop gestational diabetes. Although most (>95%) women with diabetes deliver healthy babies, maternal dysglycaemia can have consequences for the mother and child, including prenatal, perinatal, immediate, and long-term postnatal complications. Diabetes technologies, such as continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and automated insulin delivery (AID) systems can aid in optimising glycaemia outside of pregnancy. These novel technologies have not been extensively tested in large randomised controlled trials before and during pregnancy. However, compelling data report the benefits of CGM in type 1 diabetes, and increasing data report on AID systems in pregnancies complicated by type 1 diabetes. Appropriate CGM glucose thresholds for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes and the recommended time in range treatment targets for the routine management of gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes still need to be determined. The recommendations in this Consensus Statement emphasise the value of CGM during preconception and pregnancy for women with pregestational type 1 diabetes in reducing pregnancy complications. Recommendations also include the use of AID systems in women with pregestational type 1 diabetes to improve glycaemic management during preconception, during pregnancy and delivery, and in the postpartum period. This Consensus Statement has been endorsed by 24 societies and groups.</p