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Dairy powders:Impact of surface composition and heterogeneity on functional properties
No full textThis study investigates the surface characteristics of four industrial dairy powders - Skim Milk Powder (SMP), Whole Milk Powder (WMP), Instant Filled Milk Powder (IFMP), and Cheese Powder (CP) - across multiple length scales, aiming to understand how these characteristics influence their physical and functional properties. Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy on large area (multiple particles), it was observed that surface composition remains consistent across different particle sizes within each powder type. Notably, SMP exhibited a more hydrophilic surface compared to the other powders, particularly CP. At the particle scale (single particle - 10 mu m x 10 mu m), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis revealed uniform surface structures. Among the samples, CP and SMP displayed smoother surfaces whereas WMP and IFMP exhibited more textured topographies. Highresolution (2 mu m x 2 mu m) AFM assessments highlighted distinct differences in surface structures among the powders. Nanomechanical measurements indicated that SMP had the highest Young's modulus suggesting a stiffer surface, while CP had the lowest, indicating a softer surface. Finally, these findings underscore the significance of surface characteristics at various scales in determining the functional performance of dairy powders, here flowability and wettability
Machine learning approach toward quantum error mitigation for accurate molecular energetics
No full textDespite significant efforts, the realization of the hybrid quantum-classical algorithms has predominantly been confined to proof-of-principles, mainly due to the hardware noise. With fault-tolerant implementation being a long-term goal, going beyond small molecules with existing error mitigation (EM) techniques with current noisy intermediate scale quantum devices has been a challenge. That being said, statistical learning methods are promising approaches to learning the noise and its subsequent mitigation. We devise a graph neural network and regression-based machine learning (ML) architecture for practical realization of EM techniques for molecular Hamiltonian without the requirement of the exponential overhead. Given the short coherence time of the quantum hardware, the ML model is trained with either ideal or mitigated expectation values over a judiciously chosen ensemble of shallow sub-circuits adhering to the native hardware architecture. The hardware connectivity network is mapped to a directed graph, which encodes the information of the native gate noise profile to generate the features for the neural network. We demonstrate orders of magnitude improvements in predicted energy over a few molecules, which exhibit various degrees of correlation across their dissociation energy profile.</p
Violence and Lies. The Exercise of Power from the Conquest of the Americas to the Climate Crisis
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Psychological and Psychiatric Underpinnings of Erectile Dysfunction:Anxiety, Depression and Stress as a Predictor of Men’s Health
No full textPhosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor therapy has revolutionised the management of erectile dysfunction (ED). However, emphasis on the biological causes and treatment of ED may overlook the importance of psychological, psychiatric and relational/social factors associated with this symptom. This chapter explores the association between these factors and ED while highlighting the importance of the inter-relationships between psychological, psychiatric, relational/social and biological factors. The role of anxiety, depression and stress as a driver of hormonal changes that may lead to the development of ED is also considered. Notably, there is a correlation between psychological well-being and physical health outcomes, and ED may serve as an indicator of the risk of poor health. This has important implications for the management of ED, where psychological interventions such as cognitive-behavioural therapy may play an important role in improving outcomes. The implications of ED as a pre-emptive sign of potential mental health concerns are considered from a practice perspective, underlining the importance of screening for mental health problems or psychological symptoms in patients with ED.</p
Core Needle Biopsies in Patients With Lymphoproliferative Malignancies:An Observational Single-Center Cohort Study
No full textIn the diagnostic evaluation of suspected lymphoma, both core needle biopsy (CNB) and surgical excisional biopsy (SEB) are routinely employed for tissue sampling. While SEB remains the gold standard, CNB is a less invasive and more cost-effective alternative. However, concerns persist regarding its diagnostic yield. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of CNB in comparison to SEB in routine clinical practice. We included 179 patients with newly diagnosed lymphoma referred to Zealand University Hospital in 2023, of whom 84 underwent CNB based on PET/CT findings. A definitive lymphoma diagnosis was established in 74% of CNB cases, compared to 98% with SEB, underscoring a lower diagnostic yield of CNB. The diagnostic accuracy of CNB varied by biopsy location, lymphoma subtype, and the volume of tissue obtained. Inconclusive diagnoses were more frequent in indolent lymphoma subtypes, biopsies yielding a limited number of tissue cylinders, and samples taken from the axillary and inguinal regions or extranodal sites. Grade 3–4 complications were observed in 1% of CNBs and in 5% of SEBs. Although CNB was a safe procedure, further refinement of biopsy techniques and improved patient selection are needed to enhance its diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility.</p
Clenbuterol, but not Inhaled Formoterol, Upregulates the Sarcomere Stabilizer KLHL41 to a Similar Extent as Resistance Training in Human Skeletal Muscle
No full textBeta2-adrenergic agonists are widely used for bronchial relief in respiratory conditions such as asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. However, this drug class has also been shown to have muscle anabolic properties. Kelch-Like Family Member 41 (KLHL41) is a sarcomeric protein implicated in muscle remodeling and hypertrophy. In this study, we examined the effects of oral clenbuterol, therapeutic inhaled formoterol, and resistance training on KLHL41 protein abundance in human skeletal muscle. KLHL41 levels were measured by immunoblotting in vastus lateralis muscle biopsies from healthy adults following 2 weeks of oral clenbuterol administration, 6 weeks of inhaled formoterol at therapeutic doses, or 8 weeks of resistance training. We also assessed sex differences and the effects of acute versus prolonged interventions. Prolonged oral clenbuterol administration significantly increased KLHL41 abundance compared to placebo (p < 0.001), with a magnitude similar to that observed after resistance training (p < 0.01), whereas therapeutic inhaled formoterol had no effect on KLHL41 levels. Neither acute clenbuterol administration nor a single resistance training session altered KLHL41 abundance, and no sex differences were observed in baseline KLHL41 levels. These findings indicate that beta2-adrenergic stimulation via oral clenbuterol, but not therapeutic inhalation of formoterol, promotes sarcomeric remodeling through KLHL41-related pathways similar to those activated by resistance training. The distinct effects of these agents on KLHL41 support current anti-doping regulations prohibiting clenbuterol use and highlight KLHL41 as a potential molecular marker of skeletal muscle adaptation to hypertrophic stimuli.</p