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Semantic primitives and compositionality:An Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) paper
No full textThe term semantic primitives refers to a set of basic, atomic concepts from which all other (compound) concepts are constructed. It presupposes the principle of compositionality—the idea that complex items or expressions can be formed by combining simpler constituents. Both notions are of particular relevance to knowledge organization (KO), where concepts are understood to be the primary objects of organization in knowledge organization systems (KOS). Semantic primitives, therefore, may be viewed as candidates for foundational units in such systems. Moreover, these concepts play important roles in fields such as automatic language processing, lexicography, word sense disambiguation, and artificial intelligence. In KO, they relate to methods such as semantic factoring and facet analysis, while in linguistics they parallel componential analysis. Nevertheless, semantic primitives and compositionality remain controversial, with strong arguments both for and against their very existence. The philosophical assumptions underlying these debates have significant implications for information science and knowledge organization.The term semantic primitives refers to a set of basic, atomic concepts from which all other (compound) concepts are constructed. It presupposes the principle of compositionality—the idea that complex items or expressions can be formed by combining simpler constituents. Both notions are of particular relevance to knowledge organization (KO), where concepts are understood to be the primary objects of organization in knowledge organization systems (KOS). Semantic primitives, therefore, may be viewed as candidates for foundational units in such systems. Moreover, these concepts play important roles in fields such as automatic language processing, lexicography, word sense disambiguation, and artificial intelligence. In KO, they relate to methods such as semantic factoring and facet analysis, while in linguistics they parallel componential analysis. Nevertheless, semantic primitives and compositionality remain controversial, with strong arguments both for and against their very existence. The philosophical assumptions underlying these debates have significant implications for information science and knowledge organization
Establishment and rapid spread of social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespinae) in Greenland
No full text1. Social wasps (Vespinae) are infamous for their ability to colonise new areas with human aid. Introductions of social wasps into novel areas have resulted in adverse ecological impacts on local communities.2. In Greenland, social wasps have been lacking from the native fauna. However, between 2016 and 2024 two species have been established—the Red wasp (Vespula rufa) and the Norwegian wasp (Dolichovespula norwegica). The detrimental effects of social wasp introductions in other parts of the world raise concern regarding their impact on the species-poor ecosystems of Greenland.3. Here, we compile and present the current knowledge on the distribution of V. rufa and D. norwegica in Greenland. We show that V. rufa has been rapidly extending its northernmost boundary, starting from a latitude of roughly 61° in 2016 and reaching a latitude above 69° by 2021.4. Knowledge about the wasps' distributions and effects on native species will be key factors in understanding their overall impact on Greenland ecosystems. We therefore recommend increased monitoring of the introduced wasps, and any additional potential vespid introductions, through citizen science projects. This should further be coupled with dedicated studies on the effects of V. rufa D. norwegica on local ecosystems in Greenland
Discrimination and Daycare Choice:Evidence from a Randomized Survey
No full textWe use a randomized survey to study the relation between parenting styles and attitudes towards ethnic minorities in a daycare setting. Parents choose between two daycare centers: a free-play facility that reflects a “relaxed” parenting approach and a structured facility that reflects a “strict” parenting approach. We find biases against ethnic minorities among parents who prefer the structured daycare but not among parents who prefer the free-play one. Using data from the European Value Survey, we further document an association between discriminatory attitudes towards peer ethnicity and parenting style
Long-term effects of dietary protein and carbohydrate quality on prediabetes remission:results from the PREVIEW randomised multinational diabetes prevention trial
No full textAims/hypothesis Recent studies advocate prediabetes remission as a goal in diabetes prevention, but the optimal dietary composition for prediabetes remission over the long term is unknown. We aimed to examine the long-term effects on prediabetes remission of a prudent diet with moderate protein and a moderate glycaemic index (GI) (akin to general dietary guidelines) vs a high-protein, low-GI diet. Methods This study is a secondary analysis of PREVIEW, which is a 3 year, multicentre, parallel, randomised trial. Adults with overweight/obesity (BMI >= 25 and <30 kg/m(2) or BMI >= 30 kg/m(2), respectively) and prediabetes (fasting glucose 5.6-6.9 mmol/l and/or 2 h glucose 7.8-11.0 mmol/l determined using an OGTT) were recruited. Eligible participants underwent an 8-week rapid weight loss programme comprising a low-energy diet, followed by a 3 year weight maintenance phase comprising lifestyle intervention. At baseline, participants were randomly assigned to a high-protein (25% of energy from protein), low-GI (GI<50) diet, or a prudent diet with moderate protein (15% of energy from protein) and moderate GI (GI>56). The primary outcome of the current analysis was the number of participants who achieved prediabetes remission (i.e. a return to normal fasting glucose and normal glucose tolerance) at 1 year or 3 years. Secondary outcomes were changes in body weight and composition over 3 years (continuous variables) and maintenance of a >= 8% weight loss target (binary variable). Modified intention-to-treat analyses were performed on all participants who received the dietary intervention (n=1856). Risk ratios and 95% CI for prediabetes remission and maintaining the weight loss target in each diet group were estimated using multilevel modified Poisson regression adjusted for age and sex. Linear mixed models were used to estimate the dietary effects on changes in body weight and composition. Results The moderate-protein, moderate-GI group (n=923) had a higher rate of remission than the high-protein, low-GI group (n=933) at both 1 year (rate of remission 26.3% vs 20.7%; RR 1.26; 95% CI 1.04, 1.53; p=0.025) and 3 years (20.6% vs 15.5%; RR 1.26; 95% CI 1.06, 1.50; p=0.015). However, body weight and composition changes were similar for participants on the moderate-protein, moderate-GI vs high-protein, low-GI diet at 1 year (54.0% vs 57.3% of participants met the weight loss maintenance target [>= 8% of initial body weight]; p=0.215) and 3 years (31.4% vs 30.4%, respectively; p=0.793). The differences in remission rates of the two dietary patterns were independent of body weight and composition changes. Conclusions/interpretation Following rapid weight loss, a prudent diet with moderate protein and moderate GI was more effective for long-term prediabetes remission than a high-protein, low-GI diet, irrespective of weight change
A giant Early Holocene tsunamigenic rock-ice avalanche in South Greenland preconditioned by glacial debuttressing
No full textDeposits of a giant (more than 1 km3) rock-ice avalanche with a runout of 15.8 km and an associated failure scar have been discovered in Tupaasat Valley, South Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat). To study its formation, a geomorphological map of the area has been produced using mainly remote sensing, while the age of the landforms has been constrained based on 10Be cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating. The rock-ice avalanche landforms include a 1100 m wide mound of displaced material located approximately 6.4 km from the scar, at a change in slope from around 4° to 1.5°. A boulder field containing boulders up to 45 m across lies 0.5 km farther down the valley. Beyond the boulder field are kettle holes up to 45 m in diameter and debris cones interpreted as molards reaching heights up to 36 m and diameters up to 140 m. The source area of the rock-ice avalanche is on a mountain crest above a present-day glacier. The rock-ice avalanche landforms yielded 10Be ages ranging from c. 12.3 to 9.5 ka with a weighted mean of 10.9 ± 0.5 ka, which coincides with the generally known deglaciation age of the valley. Based on our results, we suggest that the rock-ice avalanche was preconditioned by glacial debuttressing during the deglaciation of the valley and created a tsunami when it impacted a nearby fjord. Such events are expected to be more frequent due to climate change and future ice loss and pose a hazard for populations located near glaciated valleys. A better understanding of past events can help mitigate future large rock-slope failures.</p
Open and arthroscopic deepening trochleoplasty improves post-operative outcomes:A systematic review of the literature reveals lack of comparability between techniques
No full textPurpose: Deepening trochleoplasty improves outcomes in patients with trochlear dysplasia. The aim of this systematic review was to present the outcomes after open thin-flap, open thick-flap and arthroscopic deepening trochleoplasty. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines. Literature was searched in the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases on 16 December 2024. All studies from the inception of the databases to the date of the search were included in the search. Studies were included if they examined patients with patellar instability and trochlear dysplasia treated with either open or arthroscopic deepening trochleoplasty and reported pre- and post-operative outcomes. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts, reviewed the full text and performed the quality assessment. Results: A total of 32 studies, consisting of 1435 trochleoplasty cases in 1310 patients, were included. Of the included studies, 21 concerned open thin-flap trochleoplasty, 8 concerned open thick-flap trochleoplasty and 3 concerned arthroscopic trochleoplasty. The most used patient-reported outcome measures were the Kujala score, International Knee Documentation Committee score, visual analogue scale pain score, Lysholm Knee Score and Tegner Activity Scale; and the most reported radiological outcome measures were trochlear sulcus angle, trochlear bump, trochlear depth, tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance, Caton–Deschamps index and patellar tilt. All three trochleoplasty techniques lead to improvements in post-operative outcome measures. Conclusion: Deepening trochleoplasty improves post-operative outcome using both open thin-flap, open thick-flap and arthroscopic deepening technique. Comparison between the techniques is challenging due to low methodological quality of studies. Further research is needed to document treatment effect and improve patient outcome. Level of Evidence: Level IV.</p
Is there histological evidence supporting capsulectomy in patients with breast implant illness:A case-control study
No full textBackgroundBreast implant illness (BII) is a controversial and poorly understood condition reported by some patients with breast implants. We compared implant capsule histology from patients with BII versus a control group to identify potential markers of BII and assess the biological rationale for capsulectomy.MethodsWe performed a 1:10 matched case-control study using the Copenhagen Breast Implant biobank. Capsule biopsies from patients who reported BII symptoms were randomly matched with patients without BII by implant type, implantation time, age, body mass index, and Baker grade. Biopsies were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and assessed using a validated histopathological scoring system to evaluate histological parameters associated with capsule fibrosis, inflammation, and foreign-body reaction.ResultsThe study included 148 patients (198 capsules). Nine patients with BII contributed with 18 capsules which were matched with 180 capsules from 139 control patients. Median capsule thickness, synovial-like metaplasia, lymphocyte infiltration, multinucleated giant cells, fibroblast/macrophage density, collagen organization, stromal cellularity, vascularity, calcification, and quantified silicone volume did not differ between the groups (all P >.05).ConclusionsBreast implant capsules from patients with BII were histologically similar to those from asymptomatic patients. These findings provide no histological justification for routine capsulectomy in patients with BII. Further research is needed to clarify the etiology of BII and its surgical management.BACKGROUND: Breast implant illness (BII) is a controversial and poorly understood condition reported by some patients with breast implants. We compared implant capsule histology from patients with BII versus a control group to identify potential markers of BII and assess the biological rationale for capsulectomy.METHODS: We performed a 1:10 matched case-control study using the Copenhagen Breast Implant biobank. Capsule biopsies from patients who reported BII symptoms were randomly matched with patients without BII by implant type, implantation time, age, body mass index, and Baker grade. Biopsies were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and assessed using a validated histopathological scoring system to evaluate histological parameters associated with capsule fibrosis, inflammation, and foreign-body reaction.RESULTS: The study included 148 patients (198 capsules). Nine patients with BII contributed with 18 capsules which were matched with 180 capsules from 139 control patients. Median capsule thickness, synovial-like metaplasia, lymphocyte infiltration, multinucleated giant cells, fibroblast/macrophage density, collagen organization, stromal cellularity, vascularity, calcification, and quantified silicone volume did not differ between the groups (all P >.05).CONCLUSIONS: Breast implant capsules from patients with BII were histologically similar to those from asymptomatic patients. These findings provide no histological justification for routine capsulectomy in patients with BII. Further research is needed to clarify the etiology of BII and its surgical management.</p
Redefining endpoints in heart failure clinical trials:the emerging role of wearable technologies in contemporary trial design
No full textRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) in heart failure (HF) have progressively broadened their primary endpoints over recent decades. Early landmark HF trials demonstrated the life-saving effects of new therapies using all-cause mortality as the definitive endpoint. As HF therapies improved survival, trial designers incorporated additional endpoints such as HF hospitalisations and quality of life. Most recently, advances in digital health have introduced wearable devices for collecting digital endpoints, enabling continuous monitoring of patient activity and physiology. This review critically examines the evolution of HF trial endpoints from a sole focus on mortality alone to modern composite and patient-reported outcomes and discusses the current challenges and opportunities of using wearable-derived endpoints in HF RCTs. Finally, we consider future directions for HF trial methodology, including regulatory and methodological considerations for integrating novel digitally collected endpoints alongside traditional measures to enhance a broad evaluation of new therapies.</p