Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry (E-Journal - Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity)
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Effectiveness of Botanical Pesticide from Keji Beling Leaves (Strobilanthes crispus) on Spinach Plants (Amaranthus tricolor L.) Against Pest Intensity
Full text linkCrop failure in cultivated plants can be influenced by several factors, including pest attacks. Pest control in plants is often carried out using pesticides made from chemical compounds, which can have negative effects on health and the environment. One alternative to chemical pesticides is the use of botanical pesticides. This study aims to determine the effect of botanical pesticides made from keji beling leaves (Strobilanthes crispus) on the intensity of pest attacks on spinach plants (Amaranthus tricolor L.). The research was conducted using an experimental method from June to August 2024 in Kelapa Tujuh Village, South Kotabumi District, North Lampung Regency, Lampung Province, and at the Zoology Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Raden Intan State Islamic University, Lampung. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments: applying botanical pesticides at concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 0% (control). Each treatment was repeated 16 times, resulting in 64 plant samples. The parameters studied included pest attack intensity, plant height, and root length. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and further tested with the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 5% significance level to determine significant differences. Phytochemical screening tests revealed that keji beling leaf-based botanical pesticides contain alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. The results showed that applying botanical pesticides from keji beling leaves influenced all the parameters studied. The treatment with a 75% concentration was the most effective, resulting in the lowest leaf damage at only 10%, a plant height of 22.40 cm, and a root length of 13.47 cm. Based on these findings, keji beling leaf-based botanical pesticides have the potential to serve as an environmentally friendly alternative for pest control in spinach cultivation
Ethnobotanical Study of Plant Utilization in the Life Cycle Ceremonies of the Kaili Tado Ethnic Group in Central Sulawesi
Full text linkThe Kaili Tado ethnic group of Central Sulawesi maintains a rich ethnobotanical tradition in which plants play essential roles in life cycle ceremonies that mark the stages of human existence from birth and marriage to death. This study aimed to identify and analyze the species, uses, symbolic meanings, and conservation status of plants employed in the traditional rituals of the Kaili Tado community. The research was conducted in Langko Village, Lindu District, Sigi Regency, from July to August 2025, using a qualitative descriptive ethnobotanical approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, participatory observation, and field documentation involving twelve key informants, including traditional leaders, ritual practitioners, and elder community members. A total of 11 plant species were recorded, representing diverse functions and cultural symbolism. Plants such as Oryza sativa (rice), Cocos nucifera (coconut), and Areca catechu (areca nut) symbolize prosperity, purity, and strength, respectively, while others like Kalanchoe pinnata and Jatropha curcas serve as protective and purifying agents. Most species are easily available around home gardens, but a few such as Piper betle and Calamus sp. are becoming scarce. The study demonstrates that the Kaili Tado community’s ritual plant use reflects deep ecological awareness and moral philosophy, emphasizing balance between humans and nature. Ethnobotanical documentation of these practices is essential not only for preserving cultural heritage but also for promoting biodiversity conservation and environmental education
Optimization of Genomic DNA Extraction Method on Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.)
Full text linkNutmeg (Myristica fragrans) is one of the commodities in the Myristicaceae family that has numerous benefits and has high phenolic compounds. Elevated amounts of secondary metabolites in the Myristica genus pose significant challenges for obtaining high-quality DNA. This complexity often results in reduced DNA recovery and suboptimal absorbance ratios, attributed to contamination by RNA and proteins in DNA extraction yields.. The results of DNA extraction that have been obtained through several variations of optimized methods are compared. The DNA extraction method using a modified Geneaid Genomic DNA Mini Kit was determined to produce the highest quality and quantity of DNA. Compared to other protocols such as Doyle and Doyle, modified Doyle and Doyle, and the basic protocol of the Geneaid kit without improvement, the modified Geneaid Genomic DNA Mini Kit had a high mean range purity of 1.83, and bands appeared
Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Favipiravir and Oseltamivir Antiretroviral Covid-19 Patients in Bogor Cisarua Lung Hospital
Full text linkFavipiravir is a type of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitor. Favipiravir is converted by host enzymes to T-705-ribofuranosyl 5-triphosphate and may act as a nucleotide analogue that selectively inhibits viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or causes lethal mutagenesis upon insertion into viral RNA without cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. Oseltamivir is part of the neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) group which has a mechanism of action by inhibiting viral neuraminidase. Most of the alternative therapies for Covid-19 require pharmacoeconomic studies, especially regarding cost-effectiveness analysis which is useful in balancing patient expenses by determining treatment alternatives that represent the best health outcomes at a more affordable cost. The aim of this study was to compare the cost effectiveness of the antiretrovirals Favipiravir and Oseltamivir. This research method used a descriptive analytic cross-sectional design and data collection was carried out retrospectively from the medical records of Covid-19 sufferers while detailed data on medical expenses were obtained from the finance department of inpatients at Cisarua Pulmonary Hospital, Bogor for the period September-October 2022. Sample of 80 patients consisted of 40 patients using Favipiravir and 40 patients using Oseltamivir. The parameters used in this research are direct medical costs (which include doctor visit costs, treatment room costs, laboratory costs and drug costs) while the effectiveness uses a negative RT PCR value. The results showed that in patients using Favipiravir with an average length of treatment 6.525 days, the total cost was Rp. 9,930,327/patient and Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (RP/day/patient) Rp. 1,521,899.195, whereas in patients using Oseltamivir with an average length of treatment 7.925 days, the total cost was IDR. 12,368,397/patient and Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (Rp/day/patient) IDR. 1,560,681,009. It can be concluded that Favipiravir is more cost effective than Oseltamivir
Isolation and Identification of Dermatophytes from Toenails and Interdigital Spaces of Students Using Czapek Yeast Extract Agar
Full text linkDermatophytosis remains a common superficial fungal infection affecting nails and interdigital spaces, with Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes as the predominant etiologic agents. The recent emergence of terbinafine-resistant T. indotineae has raised new challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Although Sabouraud Dextrose Agar is the conventional medium for fungal culture, alternative media such as Czapek Yeast Extract Agar (CYA) may provide additional advantages for dermatophyte isolation and morphological identification. This study aimed to isolate and identify dermatophytes from toenails and interdigital spaces of university students using CYA medium and to evaluate its applicability in dermatophyte culture. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 100 university students aged 18–24 years. Specimens were collected from toenails (n = 60) and interdigital spaces (n = 40). Direct microscopy was performed using 20% KOH preparation. Samples were cultured on CYA supplemented with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide, and incubated at 28 ± 2 °C for up to 21 days. Fungal isolates were identified based on macroscopic and microscopic morphology. Data were analyzed descriptively, and associations were tested using the chi-square test. Fungal elements were detected in 65% of samples by KOH examination, and dermatophyte growth was confirmed in 52% of cultures. The most frequently isolated species were T. rubrum (28%) and T. mentagrophytes (18%). Notably, T. indotineae was detected in 5% of samples. No significant difference was found between toenail and interdigital isolates (p = 0.26). Dermatophytes are prevalent among university students, with T. rubrum as the dominant species. The detection of T. indotineae highlights its emerging role in young populations. CYA proved effective for dermatophyte isolation and may serve as an alternative culture medium in academic and diagnostic laboratories
Radar absorbing Films Based on Chitosan–Polyvinyl Alcohol Incorporated with Hydroxyapatite from Yellowfin Tuna Bone Waste
Full text linkRadar absorbing films (RAF) play a crucial role in stealth technology by reducing radar reflections and thereby lowering the detectability of objects. Conventional inorganic absorbers such as ferrite and carbon are effective but present limitations due to their high density, cost, and limited environmental compatibility. These challenges have driven interest in developing lightweight, sustainable, and polymer-based alternatives. Yellowfin tuna bone waste, containing approximately 60–70% minerals predominantly composed of hydroxyapatite, offers a promising source for enhancing electromagnetic absorption while simultaneously supporting waste valorization. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical and electromagnetic properties of RAF from chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and hydroxyapatite derived from yellowfin tuna bone waste. The films were produced with varying chitosan concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%) and characterized for tensile strength, elongation, stiffness, and electromagnetic absorption across the 5–10 GHz frequency range. The tensile strength increased from 0.105 MPa in the control to 0.151 MPa at 2% chitosan, while elongation declined from 39% at 0.5% chitosan to 21% at 1.5% chitosan. The optimal absorption was observed at 1.5% chitosan, exhibiting a reflection loss of 14 dB at 8 GHz, which corresponds to approximately 96% absorption with only 4% reflection. Overall, the films demonstrated a favorable balance between mechanical integrity and electromagnetic wave absorption, highlighting their potential as lightweight, flexible, and environmentally sustainable radar absorbing materials
Phytochemicals Composition and Anti-bacterial Activity of Methanol Leaves Extract of Vernonia amygdalina
Full text linkBacterial infections have been a major health challenge associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Plants and their metabolite constituents are important in local therapies and drug synthesis. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and anti-bacterial activity of the methanol leaves extract of Vernonia amygdalina. Phytochemicals in the extract were estimated using standard analytical methods. The antibacterial activity test of the plant extract was carried out using the agar diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using the tube dilution method and sub-culturing technique, respectively. The extract contains significant amount of alkaloids (47.44 %), flavonoids (16.60 %), tannins (4.35 %), saponins (12.28 %), steroids (0.86%), and glycosides (0.18%). The extract exhibited significant (p < 0.005) inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus isolates with MIC and MBC values of 12.45 and 25.51 mg/mL, 22.03 and 44.84 mg/mL, and 31.64 and 63.95 mg/mL, respectively. The methanol leaves extract of Vernonia amygdalina demonstrated an inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus isolates with low minimum inhibitory concentration values
Effect of Robusta Coffee Extract (Coffea canephora) on Mice (Mus musculus) on Gastric Histopathology and Anxiety Level
Full text linkRobusta coffee (Coffea canephora) contains bioactive compounds, such as caffeine that have the potential to affect the digestive system and anxiety levels. This study aims to evaluate the effects of robusta coffee extract on gastric histopathology and anxiety levels in mice (Mus musculus). The method used involved 4 treatments, K1: negative control (without treatment), K2: positive control with aspirin 10.84 mg/20gr body weight of mice, K3: coffee extract 6.72 mg/20gr body weight of mice, K4: coffee extracts 13 mg/20gr body weight of mice. The results showed that robusta coffee extract impacted the histological structure of the stomach, with indications of changes in the gastric mucosa. In addition, there was a tendency for changes in the level of anxiety in mice analyzed through the behaviour test, Elevated Plus Maze test. This study provides insight into the potential physiological effects of robusta coffee consumption and its implications for gastric health and psychological conditions
Phagochytosis Activity Test of Red Ginger and Angkak Combination Extract by Carbon Clearance Method
Full text linkRed ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var. rubrum) and angkak (Oryza sativa) are used in traditional chinese medicine to improve body health. Both are known to have immunostimulatory activity that increases phagocytic activity of macrophage. This study aims to determine the phagocytic activity of the combination extract of red ginger and angkak using carbon clearance method. Combination of red ginger and angkak (7:3) was kinetically macerated in ethanol 96%. Twenty white mice were divided into 5 groups, such as control group (CMC-Na 0.5%), positive control (Levamisole 2.5 mg/kgBB), and three experiment group that was given red ginger extract (105 mg/kgBB), angkak extract (105 mg/kgBB), and combination extract of red ginger-angkak (150 mg/kgBB). All treatments were given orally for sevendays, consecutively. The phagocytosis index (IF) value was determined on day 8 by injecting carbon intravenously and immunostimulant activity was shown if IF>1. The highest IF value of three extracts was shown by combination extract (1.2489±0.0261) compared to red ginger and angkak extract, mentioned 1.2030±0.0448 and 1.0537±0.0254, respectively. Moreover, the IF values of combination extract and red ginger were significantly (p0.05) lower compared to the levamisole group (1.5187±0.0534). It could be concluded that the combined extract of red ginger-angkak showed the greatest phagocytic activity against male white mice compared to extract of red ginger and angkak itself
Exclusive Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding on Stunting Children Among 12-24 Months: A Retrospective Study
Full text linkThis study aimed to analyze the relationship between the exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding, as well as the incidence of stunting in children between the ages of 12-24 months. An observational analytical study design with a cross-sectional approach was applied to examine the relationship between independent variables (knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding) and the dependent variable (stunting). This study was conducted in the working area of the Kota Tengah Health Center working area. The results showed significant relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of stunting in children (r: 0.541) with a p-value of 0.000 (p-value < 0.05), as well as a significant relationship between complementary feeding and the incidence of stunting in children (r: 0.332) with a p-value of 0.000 (p-value < 0.05). This study provides valuable information to mothers, highlighting the causes of stunting and promoting preventative measures to minimize its occurrence, such as carrying out consultations at the health care centre with personnel or professionals and addressing cases promptly