Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry (E-Journal - Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity)
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Demographic Characteristics of Fruit Sellers and Chemical Preservation Practices in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria
Full text linkFruits in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria, are often preserved using chemicals to extend their shelf life, maintain freshness, and enhance quality and taste. However, global concerns persist about the safety of these preservatives, particularly when applied indiscriminately. This study aimed to determine the demographic characteristics of fruit sellers in Birnin Kebbi and the preservatives they commonly use. Structured questionnaires were administered to 200 participants who provided informed consent. The results showed that 116 (58%) of the respondents were male, while 84 (42%) were female. Most participants (38%) were aged 18–25 years (76 individuals), followed by those aged 26–35 years (60 individuals, 30%). A significant proportion of participants (82; 41%) had no formal education, while 48 (24%) had primary education. The majority of participants (120; 60%) belonged to the Hausa ethnic group, and 156 individuals (78%) identified as Muslims. Marital status was evenly distributed, with 84 participants (42%) being single and 80 (40%) married. Regarding fruit preservation practices, watermelon was the most frequently preserved fruit, cited by 50 participants (25%), followed by oranges (42; 21%) and bananas (22; 11%). Among chemical preservatives, sulfite was the most commonly used, reported by 84 (42%) participants, followed by citric acid (36; 18%), sodium benzoate (28; 14%), calcium chloride (24; 12%), benzoic acid (18; 9%), and ethanol (10; 5%). Alarmingly, 95% of participants demonstrated inadequate knowledge of proper preservative application methods, raising concerns about potential health risks for consumers. These findings suggest that fruit preservation practices in Birnin Kebbi may expose consumers to health hazards. It is imperative to educate fruit sellers and consumers on the safe use of chemical preservatives, including appropriate concentrations and application techniques, to mitigate these risks and promote safer fruit consumption
Antibacterial Activity Test of Trump Extract Dendrophtoe petandra (L.) Miq. Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Vitro
Full text linkMistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq.) is one of the plants found in Indonesia. The type of mistletoe commonly found is D. pentandra (L.) Miq. Apart from its parasitic nature, the leaves of D. pentandra (L.) Miq. has useful benefits as an antibacterial. Bacteria are divided into two groups based on their staining, namely Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. Infectious diseases can be caused by several types of microorganisms in the bacterial group, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study aims to determine the P. aeruginosa bacteria in the extract of lime mistletoe. This study used an experimental post-test only control research design with the disc diffusion method. This study used five concentrations, namely 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, and used distilled water as a negative control and ciprofloxacin as a positive control. The inhibition zone is determined by observing the clear zone
Cover, Editorial Board, Guidance for Authors, & Table of Contents | Vol. 14 No. 1 April 2025
No full textCorrelation of BMP2 with Degree of Osteitisin Primary CRS with and without nasal Polyps
Full text linkChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses, persisting for over12 weeks. CRS involves a remodeling process and opacification known as osteitis, resulting from type 2 and non-type two inflammation. Osteitis severity is assessed using CT scans and the Global Osteitis Scoring Scale (GOSS). Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is crucial in osteogenesis and bone remodeling. However, no research has shown a relationship between BMP-2 concentration and osteitis degree, as measured by GOSS, in CRS patients with or without nasal polyps. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between BMP-2 concentration and osteitis degree measure with GOSS in primary CRS. A cross-sectional analytic observational study was conducted using primary RSK as the study population. BMP-2 concentration, a marker for bone remodeling, used ELISA. The osteitis of the paranasal sinus walls was assessed with a CT scan and quantified using the GOSS method. The study included 44 patients, with 8 of them serving as the control group. It was found that BMP-2 concentration (ng/mL) had a linear relationship with the GOSS degree in patients with CRS, showing a correlation of 0.583 (deviation >0.05). Further analysis revealed a significant correlation between BMP-2 concentration and GOSS, with a coefficient of 0.857 (considered very significant, in the range of 0.76-0.99). This strong correlation indicates that as BMP-2 concentration strongly correlates with the occurance of osteitis, which were measured by GOSS. BMP-2, as a marker for osteitis in CRS, shows a significant and linear correlation with the severity degree of osteitis measured by GOSS
Identification and Screening of Enzymatic Activity of Degrading Fungi Microplastics in Three Final Processing Sites (TPA) in the Province Lampung
Full text linkOne of the main causes of problems in the Final Processing Site (TPA) of Lampung Province is the increasing pile of plastic waste produced by human activities. This can be a source of microplastic pollution and is dangerous if it settles in the body of organisms. Fungi can be an alternative to help the natural biodegradation process reduce microplastic pollution in the soil ecosystem. This study aims to identify and characterize fungal isolates that can degrade microplastics in the Final Processing Site (TPA) of Lampung Province. The sampling method was purposive sampling. The growing colonies were identified by observing the clear zone, then characterized morphologically. Data analysis using qualitative descriptive methods and measuring the clear zone index. This study successfully identified 13 fungal isolates that showed clear zone areas. Four isolates (Ba1.2, Ba2.5, Bu3.4, Ka2.3) could degrade three types of microplastics. The highest clear zone: Bu3.4 for PET (2,00 mm), Ka2.4 for PE (1,50 mm), and Ba2.3 and Ba2.5 for PP (1,25 mm). Identification and morphological characterization showed 8 isolates belonging to the genus Aspergillus, 3 isolates of Penicillium, 1 isolate of Fusarium, and 1 isolate of Sclerotium. Degradation occurs through hyphal adhesion and secretion of polymer-degrading enzymes
Comparative Assessment of Nutritional, Antioxidant and Phytochemical Properties of Wild Yams (Dioscorea spp.) Accessions in Peninsular Malaysia
Full text linkYams (Dioscorea spp.) are one of the important tuber crops for sustainability and food security in the world. However, Dioscorea spp. is considered an underutilized crop and is not heavily consumed, especially by local people in Malaysia, due to its limitations in its nutritional composition and beneficial studies. This study was carried out to evaluate various accessions of wild yams in Peninsular Malaysia. Eight different accessions of yams (D. alata (DA1-DA5), D. alata var. purpurea (DVP), D. esculenta (DE) and D. piscatorum (DP) were collected from various localities in farmer's farms in Peninsular Malaysia. All the samples were investigated for their proximate composition, polyphenols and flavonoid content and in vitro antioxidant activity. D. piscatorum (DP) collected in Kuala Koh, Kelantan, showed the highest amount of carbohydrate content and energy compared to all accessions (p<0.05) with 90.8 g/100g and 374.33 kcal/100g, respectively. Meanwhile, a variety of D. alata (DA2) collected in Machang, Kelantan, showed a high amount of protein content (10.57 g/100g) (p<0.05). The flavonoid/phenolic ratio was highest in the methanolic extract of DVP (0.72), followed by DE (0.64) and DP (0.61), respectively. However, the methanolic extract of DP showed the lowest inhibition concentration value (IC50 = 4.73 mg/ml), indicating its stronger scavenging activity towards DPPH free radicals. The comparison and assessment of different accessions of Dioscorea spp. on their nutritional composition and phytochemicals highlights the suitability of each sample to accommodate specific dietary or health-related applications
In Silico Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in The Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R. Br) Stem Bark to Identify Antidiabetic Activity
Full text linkSterculia quadrifida R. Br or known as the faloak plant is a typical plant originating from the East Nusa Tenggara region, Indonesia. This plant has long been used by local people in the treatment of diabetes. In vivo, bioactive compounds from the extract of stem bark Sterculia quadrifida R. Br have been reported to have antidiabetic activity. The present study aims to analyse the potential of bioactive compounds in the faloak stem bark as inhibitors of the enzymes ?-glucosidase, PPAR-?, SGLT2, and DPP-IV. The preparation of bioactive compounds and their comparison was conducted utilising ChemDraw 2D & 3D, while proteins were obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The docking process used Molegro Virtual Docker, and visualisation was performed using BIOVIA Discovery Studio. Pharmacokinetic prediction (ADMET) was also carried out using the pkCSM website. The results of molecular docking with DPP-IV receptors showed that three bioactive compounds of faloak have better affinity than the comparative compounds, namely beta sisterol (-98.8838) to Alogliptin, Linagliptin, and Sitagliptin. While epicatechin (-83.9022) and cathecin (-83.4336) have better affinity than the comparative compounds Vidagliptin, Saxagliptin
The Influence of Strain Type and Female Age on the Receptivity of Female Drosophila melanogaster in Homogamous Crosses
Full text linkDrosophila melanogaster is a widely used model organism in genetic research due to its short life cycle and the presence of many genes homologous to those found in humans. It plays an important role in studies related to genetic inheritance, gene interaction, sex determination, and developmental genetics. One key aspect of its reproductive biology is female receptivity—the willingness of a female to accept mating—which is influenced by various internal and external factors. External factors include environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity, as well as male courtship signals like wing vibrations and chemical cues. Internal factors are mainly related to the female's sexual maturity and mating status. Generally, female receptivity increases with age after eclosion, reaches a peak, and gradually declines. This study investigates the impact of strain type and female age on receptivity in homogamous crosses of D. melanogaster, using two mutant strains: dp (with a wing mutation) and wa (with an eye color mutation). Receptivity was measured by the presence or absence of F1 offspring following crosses between males and females of the same strain, with females tested at different ages ranging from 10 to 60 hours after eclosion. The results indicate that strain type does not have a significant effect on female receptivity. In contrast, female age plays a clear role: individuals aged 30 years and older were more receptive and more likely to produce offspring. No significant interaction was found between strain type and age. These findings suggest that female receptivity in D. melanogaster is more strongly influenced by sexual maturity (as indicated by age) than by genetic differences between strains
Isolation, Morphological Characterization, Biochemistry, and Antagonistic Activity of Endophytic Bacteria from Rice Against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae
Full text linkEndophytic bacteria have the potential as environmentally friendly biocontrol agents in controlling bacterial leaf blight (BLB) in rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). This study aims to isolate, characterize morphology and biochemical tests, and test the antagonistic activity of endophytic bacteria from rice against Xoo. Isolation was carried out from healthy rice root tissue using a surface sterilization method. Morphological characterization included colony shape, color, edge, elevation, and Gram properties, while biochemical characterization included catalase, oxidase, motility, starch hydrolysis, and sugar fermentation tests. The antagonistic test used a dual culture assay method on NA (nutrient agar) media. The isolation results obtained six endophytic bacterial isolates (BETP 01–06) identified as the genus Pseudomonas and Bacillus with varying colony morphological characters. Antimicrobial activity test showed two potential isolates, BETP 03 (Pseudomonas) and BETP 05 (Bacillus), with an average inhibitory diameter of 16.3 mm and 16.5 mm against Xoo, respectively. Biochemical characterization showed that BETP 03 was bacillus, Gram-negative, citrate-negative, motile, gelatin hydrolysis positive, starch hydrolysis positive, and catalase positive; while BETP 05 was bacillus, Gram-positive, citrate-positive, motile, gelatin hydrolysis negative, starch hydrolysis positive, and catalase positive. These results indicate that both isolates have high potential as biological biocontrol agents in controlling bacterial leaf blight disease in rice
Assessment of Escherichia coli Contamination in Drinking Water from Refill Depots
Full text linkRefill Drinking Water Depots (DAMIU) have become a popular source of drinking water in Indonesia due to their affordability and accessibility. However, concerns about hygiene and microbial contamination persist, particularly in areas with limited health oversight. This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of refilled drinking water in Kediri City by detecting the presence of Escherichia coli as an indicator of fecal contamination. A descriptive, cross-sectional design involving 22 depots selected based on hygiene criteria was employed. Microbiological analysis used the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, with confirmatory tests including IMViC and Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) media. The results showed that 20 of 22 depots met the microbiological safety standard of 0 CFU/100 mL for E. coli as set by the Indonesian Ministry of Health and national standards (SNI 3554:2015). Two samples (5 and 7) tested positive for E. coli, likely due to environmental contamination, inadequate sanitation, and poor water handling practices. The positive samples demonstrated typical E. coli characteristics in IMViC (++-+) and gas formation in BGLB media. This study underscores the importance of routine surveillance, public health regulation enforcement, and improved hygiene practices in refilled water depots. Ensuring the microbiological safety of refilled drinking water is essential to prevent waterborne diseases such as diarrhea. The findings call for enhanced collaboration between local health offices and depot operators to maintain clean and safe drinking water standards across communities