Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry (E-Journal - Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity)
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Histopathological Description of Mouse Liver in a Sepsis Model Infected with Escherichia coli Treated with Paederia foetida L. Leaf Extract for Sepsis Prevention
Get PDFThe leaf of Paederia foetida L. is one type of medicinal plant that can be used as a preventive medicine for sepsis. This plant contains secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, and other active compounds. The objective of this study was to determine the histopathological description of the liver in a mouse sepsis model infected with E. coli, with the administration of Paederia foetida L. leaf extract for sepsis prevention, and to ascertain the influence and effective dosage of the leaf extract as a preventive measure against liver histopathology in the sepsis model induced by E. coli. The method employed was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study used 24 male white mice divided into 6 (six) groups. Data analysis was conducted using One Way ANOVA. The results of the study revealed the histopathological profile of liver cell degeneration in group PI (100mg/kg BW) at 20.79%±0.03, group PII (200mg/kg BW) at 21.63%±0.02, and group PIII (500mg/kg BW) at 9.08%±0.02. Necrosis rates were observed in group PI (100mg/kgBW) at 22.62%±0.04, group PII (200mg/kg BW) at 17.63%±0.02, and group PIII (500mg/kg BW) at 6.05%±0.02. The presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was detected in group PI (100mg/kgBW) at 39.56%±0.03, group PII (200mg/kgBW) at 28.05%±0.02, and group PIII (500mg/kg BW) at 18.45%±0.03. The test results showed a significant effect of P. foetida L. leaf extract as a preventive measure against liver histopathology in the mouse sepsis model infected with E. coli, with significant values for necrosis (p=0.000), cell degeneration (p=0.000), and PMN (p=0.000). The most effective dosage of P. foetida L. leaf extract as a preventive measure against liver histopathology in the mouse sepsis model infected with E. coli was the dosage used in group PIII (500mg/kgBW)
Levels of Oxidative Stress in Rats Treated with Calorie Restrictive Treatment and 50% Sucrose Solution
Get PDFThis study aims to analyze the level of stress oxidative with treatment calorie restrictions and administration of sucrose solution. This study was a laboratory experimental study with 12 male white rats (Wistar strain) as subjects for caloric restrictive treatment and 12 rats for 50% sucrose solution. Where each group of rats is determined by the dependent and independent variables. Using the pre-posttest control design, the dependent variable of caloric restriction, and the independent variable malondialdehyde. The dependent variables used were body weight using a scale, fasting blood glucose using a glucometer, and MDA using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The independent variable used was the administration of 50% sucrose solution. The data were statistically analyzed by T-test analysis. There was no significant decrease in MDA levels in the caloric restriction treatment rats (p = 0.060), besides that there was a significant difference in body weight in both the control and sucrose groups (p 0.05) and there was a significant difference in the sucrose group (p 0.05). There is an effect of calorie restriction on MDA levels. Also, administration of 50% sucrose solution for 4 weeks had a significant effect on the rats' body weight and blood glucose but did not have a significant effect on serum MDA levels
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Sesquiterpenes-Rich Essential Oil of Trichilia monadelpha (Thonn) J.J. De Wilde of Root Bark
Get PDFTrichilia monadelpha (Thonn) J.J. De Wilde (Meliaceae) is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of ulcers, cough and inflammatory disorders such as arthritis. In this present study, the essential oil of T. monadelpha root bark was obtained by hydrodistillation using an all-glass Clevenger apparatus. The identification and characterisation were done using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. We also, aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil against ten micro-organisms using the Agar diffusion method and the free radical scavenging capacity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) methods. Twenty (20) different compounds made up the hydrodistilled essential oil, which made up 99.0% of the entire oil content. Sesquiterpene compounds made up about 73.3% of the essential oil from the root bark of T. monadelpha, which was described as sesquiterpenes-rich. Sesquiterpenes' most abundant constituents include (E)-Longipinene (18%), 10s,11s-Himachala-3-(12),4-diene (15.26%), Aromadendrene (11.12%), Alloaromadendrene oxide-(1) (8.82%), and β-Caryophyllene (5.92%). The essential oil inhibited growth against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aerugunosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Klebsiella Pneumonia and Salmonella typhi at concentrations of 200 mg/mL to 50 mg/mL with an inhibitory zone of 20 – 10 mm while the antioxidant analysis of the essential oil revealed low scavenging activity which reveals that the synthetic antioxidants were more effective with an Ascorbic acid; IC50 value of 1.47 mgmL-1, Butyl hydroxyanisole; 1.88 mgmL-1, α-Tocopherol; 4.83 mgmL-1 followed by the essential oil with an IC50 value of 9.95 mgmL-1. T. monadelpha root bark essential oil contains notable chemical compounds that are responsible for its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
The Effect of Probiotic Starter Culture Variation on the Quality of Yogurt Based on Indonesian National Standard
Get PDFYogurt is usually made by two lactic acid bacteria such as Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. However, three to seven lactic acid bacteria are also used in several products. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of variations in the number of starter bacteria and compare to Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The experimental method was used with starter variations, including a combination of two (Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus); three (Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus); and seven bacteria (Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium longum, and Bifidobacterium infantis). The results showed that the yogurt with two and seven bacteria was within the range of SNI value standard. The pH, viscosity, syneresis, lactic acid content, total protein, and total number of bacteria for yogurt with two bacteria were 3.92, 453.76 cP, 88.05%, 1.27%, 3.26%, and 2.47 x 1012 Cfu/mL, respectively. The values for yogurt with seven bacteria were 4.11, 478.23 cP, 97,45%, 0,98%, 2.7%, and 1.53 x 1010, respectively, while formulas with three bacteria did not reach the pH standard. However, the atypical taste was given by the seven starter bacteria and the use of various bacteria starters affected the quality of yogurt. Specifically, formulas composed of two bacteria showed the best results according to SNI
Effects of Processing on the Proximate Composition, Mineral Content and the Phytochemical Analysis of Groundnut Seeds (Arachis hypogeae)
Get PDFEffect of processing on the nutritional composition of groundnut seeds were carried out using standard analytical methods. Raw, boiled and fried groundnut seeds were analyzed for proximate composition, mineral contents, and phytochemical screening. The result reported that the raw, boiled, and fried contains (5.357±0.190%, 4.545±0.050% and 3.896±0.015%, moisture contents), (2.401±0.011%, 3.225±0.004% and 2.816±0.001%, ash contents), (46.591±0.001%, 25.333±0.003% and 48.012±0.953%, crude fat), (4.126±0.887%, 15.001±0.030% and 7.692±0.002%, crude fibre), (19.520±0.040%, 21.580±0.040% and 23.540±0.000%, crude protein), (22.005±0.587%, 30.316±0.056% and 14.044±0.939%, carbohydrate) respectively. A significant difference was observed. Processing has significant effects on the mineral components of the seeds. The results revealed that raw, boiled and fried contains (56.900mg/100g, 48.400mg/100g and 35.00mg/100g Sodium), (0.215mg/100g, 0.185mg/100g and 0.540mg/100g Zinc), (65.500mg/100g, 42.700mg/100g and 25.500mg/100g Magnesium), (0.218mg/100g, 0.230mg/100g and 0.230mg/100g Iron), (0.250mg/100g, 0.110mg/100g and 0.100mg/100g Manganese). The phytochemical screening shows the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates and proteins in all the samples and the result reveals that processing does not really have effect on phytochemical constituents. The investigation shows that fresh groundnut is a good source of mineral content, while raw and processed groundnut is a good source of some phytochemical constituents and processed groundnut is a good source of protein, fat, and carbohydrate with high nutritional value
The Comparison of Long-term Effect Between Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Neurological Parameters of Mice
Get PDFIntermittent fasting (IF) and calorie restriction (CR) were purported to have health benefits. This research aimed to determine the long-term effect of IF and CR on selected neurological parameters in mice. Swiss Webster male mice were divided into 3 groups: ad libitum feeding (AL), IF, and CR. Mice in each group received the treatment for 16 weeks. They were then tested for anhedonia, depression, aggressiveness, and social approach. They were also subjected to contextual fear conditioning tests to model PTSD. Compared to AL, sucrose intake in the IF group was lower, while the CR group showed higher intake (p<0.01). This anhedonia characteristic shown in the IF group was confirmed not related to depression, as shown by significantly lower immobility time in the forced swimming test compared to AL (p<0.05). In the resident-intruder test, attack numbers in the IF group were fewer than in the AL group (p<0.05). As demonstrated by the results of the three-chamber test, the reduced aggressiveness in IF mice was unrelated to a deficit in sociability. In the fear extinction test (PTSD model), mice in the IF group showed lower freezing compared to those in AL (p<0.001). Although both IF and CR caused a reduction in total food intake, in the mice model tested, IF was shown to have favorable impacts on neurological parameters
The Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Effects of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products against Aluminium Chloride-Induced Alzheimer's Disease: Recent Update
Get PDFAlzheimer's disease currently affects more than 35 million individuals worldwide. Aluminium has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cognitive disorders. Meanwhile, aluminium chloride (AlCl3) has a significant impact on the progression of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. The majority of Alzheimer's disease medications now on the market are cholinesterase inhibitors. However, the effectiveness of these drugs is limited because they can't totally arrest the progression of the disease. The utilization of medicinal plants and natural products may present excellent prospective options for Alzheimer's disease prevention and therapy. This study summarized medicinal plants and natural products for the prevention and treatment of AlCl3-induced Alzheimer's disease as an alternative therapy using published data in the literature from the years 2021-2023. The medicinal plants and natural products help to reduce Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis by controlling different pathways and could be used as a therapeutic agent against the symptoms. The majority of the medicinal plants and natural products discussed in this review have been shown to have neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase, anti-apoptotic, and therapeutic actions. Therefore, medicinal plants and natural products may offer neuroprotective and therapeutic effects in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Weed Community Structure in Patia Village Rice Fields Patia Sub-District, Pandeglang Regency
Get PDFRice is a very important type of food crop because it is a staple food source. Crop losses at the farmer level due to competition with weeds reach 10-1.5%. This study aims to determine the structure of rice weed communities in rice fields in Patia Village, Patia District, and Pandeglang Regency. The research method uses an observation method with the sampling technique used as a random method. The plot used was 2 m x 2 m. Weed sampling was carried out by recording the types of weed types and counting the number of individuals of each species. Measurements of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, pH, and light intensity were measured. The data parameters measured include the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), evenness index (J'), dominance index (D), wealth index (S), and abundance of rice weed species. The results of the study were that the types of rice weeds found in the rice fields of Patia Village, District, and Patia, Pandeglang Regency, namely Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq) Raven, Commanded cylindricaL. Beauv, Spigelia anthelmia, Ageratum conyzoides, Spihemoclea zeylanica, Altemanthera sessillis, Eclipta prostate, Cypress deformed L., Digitaria sp. and Mimosa chaste L. The structure of the weed community in the rice fields of Patia Village, Patia District, Pandeglang Regency is the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H') of 1.94; Evenness Index (J') of 0.884; Dominance Index (D) of 0.15
Targeting H3N2 Influenza Virus RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase by Using Bioactives from Essential Oils from Eucalyptus polybrachtea, Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon khasianus
Get PDFA dramatic surge of H3N2 influenza virus is of grave concern worldwide and particularly in India. H3N2 cause acute respiratory infection, however, a few drugs are available for its mitigation. Subsequently, researchers have been involved in efforts to discover novel antiviral mechanisms that can lay the basis for new anti-influenza drugs. Influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) is a multi-functional hetero-trimer, implicated in the production of viral mRNA, hence plays a major role in viral infectivity thus directly associated with survival of the virus. RdRP have been cited as anappropriate target for therapeutic drug design. In the present study molecular docking was designed to estimate the effect of potent bioactive moleculesfrom essential oils from Eucalyptus polybrachtea (eucalyptus oil, EO), Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass essential oil, LEO) and Cymbopogon khasianus (palmarosa essential oil, PEO) against RdRP protein. GC-FID (gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection) based composition profile, and in-silico docking study was conducted by using CB-dock 2 analysis followed by 2D interactions. GC-FID revealed eucalyptol, geranial and geraniolas major phytocompounds in EO, LEO and PEO respectively. The docking score indicated effective binding of ligands to RdRP. Interactions results indicated that, RdRP/ligand complexes form hydrogen, van der waals forces, pi-alkyl, alkyl, and pi-Sigma interactions. Based on above findings of aroma profile and docking, therefore, it was recommended that essential oils from above mentioned aromatic cropsmay represent potential herbal treatment to mitigate H3N2 infections
Phytochemical, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Schefflera elliptica Leaves
Get PDFSchefflera elliptica or locally called kayu tulak, is one of the Balinese herbal plants that have traditionally be used to reject (tulak) negative influences that exist in the human body. Althoug, S. elliptica has been routinely used as a part of a ritual in Bali, only a limited study has been reported on its bioactivity. This study was designed to analyze the phytochemical content, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant activity of S. elliptica. In this study, simplisia of S. elliptica was extracted using n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvents, then the viscous extracts of the two solvents were carried out for phytochemical tests, antibacterial activity tests with the Kirby-Bauer method and antioxidant activity tests with based on DPPH method. Phytochemical screening showed that the n-hexane extract contains active compounds in the form of phenols and steroids while ethyl acetate contains active compounds in the form of phenols, tannins, and steroids. Antibacterial screening showed ethyl acetate extract of S. elliptica displayed a diameter zone of inhibition of 10.72±0.71 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, 12.17±2.80 mm against Streptococcus mutans, 12.40±1.65 mm against Escherichia coli and 15.20±2.44 mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae. The DPPH analysis showed percentages of 61.17% and 67.42% from n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts respectively, which indicated the antioxidant properties of S. elliptica. Overall, this research provides a preliminary report on the bioactivity potential of S. elliptica mainly in term of antibacterial and antioxidant properties which open up possibilities for future drug development