Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry (E-Journal - Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity)
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Identification of Potential Antimalarial Compound(s) from Alkaloid, Flavonoids and Phenolics Rich Extracts of Piliostigma reticulatum Leaf
Full text linkMalaria is a deadly vector born disease caused by Plasmodium spp with increasing morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Ethnobotanical studies and phytochemical screening remains the mainstay in the hunt of bioactive secondary metabolites from natural sources needed to confront the growing challenges faced by available drugs used in the treatment of many infectious diseases malaria inclusive. This study aimed at identifying potential antimalarial compound(s) in some Piliostigma reticulatum extracts. In vivo technique was used to assay for antimalarial activities of P. reticulatum extracts and spectroscopic technique was used to characterize compounds present in the extract. Top hit compound against some Plasmodium spp targets were identified using in silico technique. In vivo study revealed phenolic rich extract to exhibit significant antimalarial activity (P<0.05) compared to other extracts and twenty five compounds were identified in the extract spectroscopically. Molecular docking of the compounds against some Plasmodium falciparum targets (PMII, HAP, FP-2 and PfENR) revealed ethylene brassylate as the top hit compound that inhibited PMII, FP-2 and PfENR with binding affinity of -7.3, -7 and -6.5Kcal/mol respectively, whereas 2-hexadecanol was the top hit for HAP with binding affinity of -6.4Kcal/mol. In silico ADMET analysis of the top hits revealed that they both possess drug-like property, metabolizable and relatively safe. This finding gives credence to the use of the plant in malaria treatment and identified two compounds Ethylene brassylate and 2-hexadecanol as promising antimalarial drug candidates which can be harnessed for discovery of novel antimalarial drug
Fatty Acid Composition, Steroid Content, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potentials of Citrullus lanatus and Carica papaya Seed Oils
Full text linkPlant-derived oils rich in bioactive constituents have attracted attention as potential antioxidant and antidiabetic agents. The present study assessed the phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, enzyme inhibitory activity, and fatty acid profile of pawpaw (Carica papaya) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seed oils. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assays, while antidiabetic activity was evaluated through in vitro alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Phytochemical analysis revealed triterpenoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides in both oils. In the DPPH assay, pawpaw and watermelon seed oils showed maximum inhibitions of 13.32% and 15.91% at 200 µg/mL, respectively; while the FRAP values were low (9.06 and 14.51 µM Fe2+/mg). Enzyme inhibition assays indicated differential activity: pawpaw seed oil strongly inhibited alpha-glucosidase (84.69% at 1000 µg/mL) while watermelon seed oil strongly inhibited alpha-amylase (81.81%). GC-MS analysis of the oils revealed the most abundant fatty acids as cis-10-heptadecenoic acid (895.57 mg/L) arachidonic acid (263.49 mg/L), 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (241.80 mg/L). Essential fatty acids such as gamma-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were also present. In conclusion, the seed oils exhibit moderate antioxidant activity and complementary enzyme inhibitory effects. Their rich unsaturated fatty acid profiles support potential use as functional dietary oils for diabetes management
Hepatoprotective Activities of Seed Extract and Fractions of Telfairia occidentalis on Doxorubicin-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
Full text linkTelfairia occidentalis Hook (cucurbitaceae) seeds, which is used in the preparation of soups and as medicine traditionally to treat various diseases by the Ibibios was investigated for effect against doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity. The seed extract (138 -553 mg/kg) and fractions; dichloromethane (DCM) and aqueous, 276 mg/kg) were evaluated for hepatoprotective activity against doxorubicin-induced liver injury in rats. Liver function parameters, liver oxidative stress markers and liver histology were used to assess the liver protective potential of the extract and fractions. The seed extract and fractions significantly (p<0.05-0.01) reduced the serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, total and direct bilirubin that were elevated by doxorubincin. Also, the reduced levels of total protein and albumin by doxorubicin were increased by the extract coadministration. The levels of GSH, GST, SOD, GPx, and CAT that were decreased by doxorubicin were significantly (p<0.01) elevated and raised MDA level was reduced by the seed extract and fractions. Histology of the liver sections of extract -treated animals showed reductions in the pathological features compared to the organotoxic-treated animals. The chemical pathological changes were consistent with histopathological observations suggesting marked hepatoprotective potential. The anti-toxic effect of this plant may in part be mediated through the chemical constituents of the plant. The seeds of Telfairia occidentalis possess anti-toxicant properties which can be exploited in the treatment of doxorubicin related toxicities
Total Phenol Content, Total Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant Activity and GC-MS Analysis of a New Variety of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Full text linkConsuming foods rich in antioxidants plays an important role in human health, one of which is through rice. This research aimed to describe the total phenol content and total flavonoids content as well as GC-MS analysis of raw Baroma rice extract and analyze the antioxidant activity of Baroma rice in different cooking methods. Baroma rice was collected from Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia thus was analyzed to get data about total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and compouds identifies using GC-MS. We also analyzed antioxidant activity of Baroma rice among raw, rice cooked in stove and magic com extract using Anova test followed by Tukey test. The result proved that total phenol content was 85.64 mg/L and total flavonoid content was 78.28 mg/L, meanwhile the highest antioxidant activity was in raw extract of Baroma followed by rice cooked in magic com and stove, suggesting that cooking method effected on its property. GC-MS analysis showed the diversity of chemical compound, totaling 15 compounds and peaks
Formulation of a Synergistic Herbal Blend of Green Tea (Camelia sinensis) and Traditional Spices for Immune Support and Anxiety Relief
Full text linkCOVID-19 not only brings problems to physical health but also mental health, such as anxiety. Excessive anxiety is very dangerous because it can reduce the number of white blood cells in the bloodstream. Excessive anxiety also triggers the production of excess cortisol which interferes with the immune system. This could be overcome by the combination of tea which has a relaxing effect with several immunomodulatory herbs. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) has been shown to have the effect of reducing one's anxiety and improving one's psychological health. The tea is combined with other spices, namely (Zingiber officinale), turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val), and cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii). This study was conducted to find out that the combination formed has met safety standards, so it can be used as an immunity-boosting drink during a pandemic. Standardization includes testing for moisture content, ash content, and organoleptic tests. The results obtained were the water content of herbal tea was as much as 6.26%, while the ash content of the tea was 5.74%. The water content and ash content had met the standards of the Ministry of Health regarding the preparation of herbal medicines. The organoleptic test performed showed that the formulation obtained was dominated by the taste of ginger, the color of turmeric, and the smell of cinnamon
Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Croton zambesicus Root Extract: In Vivo Inhibitory Effect on Alpha Amylase and Alpha Glucosidase of Rats
Full text linkDiabetes mellitus is a global health challenge, necessitating the need for alternative treatments. Croton zambesicus Muell Arg. (Euphorbiaceace) a medicinal plant used traditionally in the treatment of some ailments was investigated for its inhibitory potential on alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes in rats. The root extract of C. zambesicus (27 - 81 mg/kg) was investigated in vivo for the inhibitory effect on alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes using starch, sucrose, and maltose as substrates. Acarbose was used as a reference drug. Blood glucose levels (BGL) of rats, post administration of the substrate and extract concurrently, were monitored over 3 hours as a parameter to measure the inhibitory potential of the extract. The root extract dose-dependently caused significant (p<0.05) reduction in blood glucose levels of treated rats with the various substrates used. The results suggest that the root extract of Croton zambesicus has the potentials to inhibit alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase in rats
Synergistic Anti-Biofilm Activity of Klanceng Honey and Probiotics against Candida albicans
Full text linkCandida albicans is a common cause of fungal infections, especially in hospitals. Biofilm formation by this fungus is a significant problem as it leads to increased drug resistance and complications in treatment. The biofilm's extracellular matrix protects the fungal cells, making it difficult for antifungal drugs to penetrate and clear the infection. Aim: This study investigates the potential of honey and probiotic formulations to inhibit the biofilm matrix formation in Candida albicans. Result: Klanceng honey showed the strongest inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm formation, reducing it by 89.39% (OD = 0.34 ± 0.10), compared to yogurt (29.43%, OD = 2.25 ± 0.16) and Yakult (67.95%, OD = 1.02 ± 0.25) (p < 0.05). When mixed with yogurt in a 5:1:2 ratio (honey:yogurt: water), Klanceng honey reduced biofilm formation by 84.92% (OD = 0.50 ± 0.12). Manuka and Melifera honey in the same ratio also showed strong inhibition, reducing biofilm formation by 77.84% (OD = 0.73 ± 0.08) and 90.52% (OD = 0.31 ± 0.07), respectively. This performance exceeded fluconazole’s, which achieved a 65.52% reduction (OD = 1.14 ± 0.02). For all three honey types, the 4:1:3 and 2:1:5 ratios (honey:Yakult: water) were more effective, with reductions of up to 80.96% for Melifera and 75.64% for Klanceng (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This research suggests that honey and probiotic formulations hold promise as natural alternatives in combating Candida albicans infections. The study found that the ratio of honey to probiotics in the formulations significantly influenced their effectiveness
Prediction of Artocarpus altilis Potential as an Anti Breast Cancer by Inhibiting EGFR: a Molecular Docking Study
Full text linkReseptor Faktor Pertumbuhan Epidermal (EGFR) merupakan target penting dalam terapi kanker payudara, mengingat perannya dalam proliferasi, motilitas, dan invasi sel tumor melalui jalur pensinyalan penting seperti Ras-MAPK dan PI3K/Akt. Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi potensi senyawa aktif Artocarpus altilis (AA), yang kaya akan flavonoid, sebagai alternatif kemoterapi. Metode docking molekular digunakan untuk memprediksi interaksi antara senyawa AA dan protein EGFR (PDB ID: 2J6M). Validasi docking menunjukkan nilai RMSD sebesar 0,854 Å, yang menunjukkan akurasi tinggi. Asam ellagic menunjukkan afinitas pengikatan terbaik (-8,4 kkal/mol), diikuti oleh Quercetin (-7,3 kkal/mol), Katekin, dan Epikatekin (-7,2 kkal/mol). Analisis residu mengungkapkan bahwa MET793 memainkan peran kunci dalam stabilitas interaksi. Visualisasi interaksi dan prediksi ADMET menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar senyawa memenuhi Aturan Lima Lipinski, tanpa risiko hepatotoksisitas atau mutagenesis. Senyawa potensial seperti Quercetin dan Epicatechin menunjukkan kinerja yang sebanding dengan doxorubicin, tetapi dengan potensi efek samping yang lebih rendah. Hasil ini memperkuat peran senyawa alami sebagai kandidat untuk terapi kanker yang ditargetkan pada EGFR, yang menyediakan dasar untuk pengembangan obat antikanker yang lebih aman dan lebih efektif
Formulation and Testing of Antioxidant Activity of Papaya Fruit (Carica papaya L.) Extract Spray Gel Using the DPPH Method
Full text linkMethanol extract of papaya fruit possesses natural antioxidant activity that can be utilized to counteract free radicals. Spray gel is a formulation with low viscosity that can remain in contact for an extended period when sprayed on the skin. This study aims to formulate a spray gel made from papaya fruit extract and evaluate its antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The papaya fruit extract was prepared using the maceration method with methanol as the solvent. Three spray gel formulas with papaya fruit extract concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% were tested for their physical properties. The testing revealed that Formula III (with a 3% extract concentration) met the appropriate pH criteria (5.67 ± 0.058), the desired viscosity (41.1 ± 2.84 cps), and the fastest drying time (< 5 minutes). The antioxidant activity test yielded the lowest IC50 value for Formula III at 330.307 ppm, followed by Formula II (IC50 = 374.08 ppm) and Formula I (IC50 = 455.21 ppm). All three formulas exhibited good sprayability and spreadability, but their antioxidant activity was relatively weak. Formula III with a 3% extract concentration is considered the best option based on physical criteria and antioxidant activity, contributing to developing a product that can protect the skin from UV damage
The Potential of Lime Juice in Reducing Fe Levels and Improving the Quality of Clove Leaf Oil Using Complexometry and Testing Its Antioxidant Activity Using DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil)
Full text linkClove leaf oil from Samigaluh, Kulon Progo has high Fe content and low eugenol content due to an ineffective distillation process. This study aims to analyze the ability of lime juice as a purifying agent in reducing iron content through complexometry, varying the concentration of lime juice (2%, 3%, and 4%) and stirring time (30, 60, and 90 minutes) on 50 mL of clove leaf oil mixed with 50 mL of lime juice. Eugenol isolation was performed using KOH-H2SO4 extraction. Testing was also conducted on eugenol content, acid number, refractive index, specific gravity, and antioxidant activity using DPPH. Sample testing was performed using AAS, GC, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Optimal conditions were obtained at a lime juice concentration of 4% with 60 minutes of stirring, which successfully reduced Fe content from 17.6 to 1.7 mg/kg, increased eugenol content from 75.908% to 78.730% at a lime juice concentration of 3% and 90 minutes of stirring, reducing the acid number from 1.82 to 0.94 mg NaOH/g, increasing the refractive index from 1.331 to 1.529, and increasing the specific gravity from 1.020 to 1.036. Further redistillation with KOH and H2SO4 increased the purity of eugenol to 96.476% with strong antioxidant activity (IC50 57.45 ppm)