Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry (E-Journal - Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity)
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Anticandidal Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Lada Katokkon (Capsicum annuum chinense) Against Emerging Fungal Pathogens
Full text linkCandidiasis is an opportunistic mycotic infection with a high prevalence, caused by Candida species, especially Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis. The increasing resistance of Candida spp. to conventional antifungals such as fluconazole poses a challenge in the management of candidiasis, thus the need for natural-based alternatives, such as Lada Katokkon. This condition encourages the need to explore alternative therapeutic agents based on natural ingredients. Lada Katokkon (Capsicum annuum chinense Jacq), a local chili variety cultivated in the Toraja region, is known to contain secondary metabolite compounds such as capsaicin, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids that have potential as antifungals. This study aims to evaluate the antifungal activity of ethanol extract of Lada Katokkon against the growth of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis in vitro using disc diffusion method. The extract was tested at five concentrations: 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%. There was a positive relationship between extract concentration and inhibition zone diameter. The highest activity was recorded at 9% concentration, particularly against C. parapsilosis (16.89 ± 4.74 mm), followed by C. albicans (9.03 ± 5.96 mm) and C. tropicalis (8.07 ± 0.81 mm). In contrast, 1% concentration produced the lowest zone of inhibition in all species tested. These results suggest that ethanol extract of Lada Katokkon has potential as an alternative natural antifungal agent in candidiasis therapy
Papaya Seed Essential Oil Anti-Acne Cream and Its Effectiveness Against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes
Full text linkAcne is a common skin disorder that affects people from all walks of life. One of the causes of acne is the bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acne. Papaya seeds are known to have antibacterial properties because they contain active compounds that inhibit bacterial growth. The main objective of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of acne cream with the addition of papaya seed essential oil (Carica papaya L.) against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acne bacteria. The method used in the production of essential oil was steam distillation, the antibacterial activity test was conducted using the disc diffusion method with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, and the cream activity test was conducted using the well method. The data analysis results were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that papaya seed essential oil against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% was 7.7 mm, 13.1 mm, 16.3 mm, 18.7 mm, and 21.6 mm, respectively. Meanwhile, against Cutibacterium acne, the results were 4.6 mm, 6.4 mm, 9.9 mm, 12.1 mm, and 14.1 mm, respectively. Meanwhile, the inhibition zone results of papaya seed essential oil cream against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria at concentrations of 40% and 50% were 18.7 mm and 21.7 mm, respectively, while the inhibition zone of the cream against Cutibacterium acne bacteria was 12.8 mm and 14.1 mm. It can be concluded that the acne cream made from papaya seed essential oil has the potential to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acne. A concentration of 50% proved to be the most effective in inhibiting the growth of acne-causing bacteria
Isolation, Characterization and Growth Optimization of Glufosunate Ammonium Degrading Bacteria from Farmlands Soil in Mubi
Full text linkThe persistent application of glufosinate ammonium as a non-selective herbicide in agricultural practices raises significant environmental concerns due to its potential accumulation and eco-toxicity. This study focused on the isolation, characterization, degradation and optimization of glufosinate ammonium degrading bacteria from agricultural soil in Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Three isolates were screened from mineral salt medium containing glufosinate ammonium herbicides as carbon source which are isolate GA1, GA2 and GA3 but the isolate GA3 strain show highest degradation potential of glufosinate ammonium compare to GA1 and GA2 which was determined by UV-spectrophotometer and further by LC-MS which showed degradation by 75.9% the GA3 strain was characterized morphologically and biochemically as gram positive, and through 16SrRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed isolate GA3 (94.45% 16SrRNA homology to Bacillus ). Optimization of the degradation condition was performed using the one factor at a time (OFAT) approach, which revealed that the strain has growth optima at 35oC, pH 7.0, 10 mg/L glufosinate ammonium, with 5% inoculum size, and 48 hours’ incubation peak growth, the GA3 stain had growth stimulated best with glutamic acid 1g/L, (nitrogen source), and sucrose 1g/L (carbon source), exposure to heavy metal revealed Zn,Cu, and Fe stimulate growth whereas Pb and Hg caused significant inhibition. (p<0.0001, ANOVA). Response surface methodology (RSM) optimization enhanced degradation efficiency with GA3 strain degrading 75.9% glufosinate ammonium, the model shows great fit to the quadratic model (R2=0.9552) for GA3strain (F=23.66., P<0.0001). The results revealed that GA3 strain is capable of significant glufosinate ammonium degradation, with optimized conditions enhancing degradation efficiency. This study revealed great potential of indigenous soil microbes in bioremediation of herbicides-contaminated environments and provide a foundation for the development of eco-friendly strategies to mitigate glufosinate pollution in agricultural systems
Association Between Visceral Fat and Monocyte Count in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence from a Referral Hospital Study
Full text linkThe majority of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exhibit central obesity. Central obesity is characterized by an abnormally high accumulation of visceral adipose tissue. Individuals with both obesity and T2DM often present with additional immune dysfunction, including significantly elevated monocyte counts compared to metabolically healthy obese individuals. A recent study has demonstrated a correlation between visceral fat and monocyte count in young adults with obesity; however, this association remains unclear in patients with T2DM. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using a total sampling design from August to September 2022 at AMC Hospital, Indonesia. History taking, physical examination, and laboratory examination were conducted. Visceral fat, monocyte count, and confounders (age, gender, diagnosis duration of T2DM, glycemic control (using FBG), BMI, WC, number of comorbidities, and number of drug use) were observed. In the complete sample (n = 57), after adjusting for confounding variables, there was no statistically significant association between visceral fat and monocyte count (adjusted ? = 86.635, 95% CI [–19.050, 192.321], P = 0.106). However, after excluding one influential subject and controlling for confounders, a significant association was observed (adjusted ? = 110.023, 95% CI [11.111, 208.935], P = 0.030). There was a significant association between visceral fat and monocyte count in T2DM
The Ameliorative Effect of Apigenin in Plectranthus amboinicus Lour Spreng in the Treatment of Hepato-renal Carcinogenesis Induced Benzo(a)pyrene
Full text linkBenzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) is the major cause of hepato-renal carcinogenesis. Apigenin in Plectranthus amboinicus (EPA), has indicated some biological activities such as antioxidant and antimutagenic activity. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of apigenin in EPA as anti-cancer against chronic hepatorenal damage exposed to B(a)P. The rats of 4 groups (n=6) were divided as follows: Group I (P0) was given food and water ad-libitum; Group II (PB) was administered orally B(a)P 2 mg/kg BW; Group III (PB+E) received orally B(a)P 2 mg/kg BW and EPA 500 mg/kg; Group IV (PE) was administered orally EPA 500 mg/kg BW. The therapeutic effect of EPA was explored using network pharmacology and molecular docking. The results showed that Group III could significantly improve (P < 0.05) the hepatorenal function parameter, including DNA concentration. SGPT, SGOT, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine compared to those treated with B(a)P. The outcome data pharmacology revealed 6 targets could be the main core target. The good binding affinity indicated Apigenin docked to AKT1 protein with -10.00 kcal/mol relevant to Doxorubicin as control drug. Our results provide a new insight of apigenin in EPA potentially suppressing the regulation of chemical carcinogenesis by B(a)P
Phytochemical, Acute toxicity, and Antibacterial Activity of Tamarindus indica Against Antimicrobial-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Full text linkThe escalating public health crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), driven by pathogens like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), demands an urgent expansion of the therapeutic arsenal. This study provides a comprehensive scientific validation of Tamarindus indica L., a plant with extensive ethnobotanical uses, by systematically evaluating its phytochemical composition, antibacterial efficacy, and acute toxicity profile. Phytochemical analysis revealed that methanol extraction was superior to n-hexane, yielding a rich array of bioactive compounds from the leaves, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds. Quantitative assessment confirmed substantial levels of key metabolites, with saponins (550–1400 mg/100g), total phenolics (800–2000 mg/100g), and flavonoids (450–1100 mg/100g) being the most abundant. Antibacterial assays demonstrated that the methanolic extract possessed potent, strain-specific activity against clinical isolates of S. aureus. A notable finding was the significant susceptibility of one strain (SaD), which showed a zone of inhibition of 23.00 mm at 80 mg/mL, exceeding the activity of the cefoxitin control. The methanol fruit extract exhibited Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values between 4.69 and 9.38 mg/mL. Crucially, the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was identical to the MIC for most strains, indicating a primarily bactericidal, rather than bacteriostatic, mode of action. In stark contrast, the n-hexane extract showed minimal efficacy, highlighting the critical influence of solvent polarity on the recovery of antibacterial constituents. A pivotal component of this research was the toxicological evaluation. An acute oral toxicity study conducted in rats established an excellent safety profile, with no mortality or significant adverse effects observed at the limit dose of 5000 mg/kg, classifying the extract as practically non-toxic according to OECD guidelines. This finding confirms a wide therapeutic window for potential applications. In conclusion, this study definitively links the traditional use of Tamarindus indica to a scientifically verified, bactericidal phytochemical profile effective against S. aureus and a compelling safety margin. These results firmly position T. indica as a promising candidate for the development of standardized herbal medicines to address the growing threat of antibiotic-resistant infections
Bioactivities of Prosopis africana Whole Fruit: Antibacterial and Urease Inhibition Properties
Full text linkProsopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub. (Fabaceae) is a West African tree traditionally used for treating infections. However, a systematic evaluation of the bioactivities of its fruit remains limited, and studying the fruit offers a more sustainable and conservation-friendly approach compared to harvesting the bark or roots. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial and urease inhibitory properties of the whole fruit extract of P. africana and its solvent-partitioned fractions. The powdered whole fruit was macerated in 70% methanol to obtain a crude extract (PAF-0). A 1.1 kg portion of PAF-0 was subsequently partitioned using 1 L volumes per cycle into n-hexane (PAF-1), dichloromethane (PAF-2), ethyl acetate (PAF-3), and aqueous (PAF-4) fractions. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using the Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA). Jack bean urease inhibition was assessed spectrophotometrically. All experiments included vehicle controls (DMSO) and were performed with three independent replicates (n=3). The dichloromethane fraction (PAF-2) exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity, showing 84% and 88% inhibition against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, respectively, which was comparable to the standard drug ofloxacin. In the urease inhibition assay, the n-hexane fraction (PAF-1) and the crude extract (PAF-0) were the most potent, with IC50 values of 27.1 µg/mL and 27.6 µg/mL, respectively. The findings indicate that the dichloromethane and n-hexane fractions of P. africana fruit possess significant antibacterial and urease inhibitory activities. This provides a scientific basis for its traditional uses against infections and highlights its potential as a rich source of bioactive compounds for further pharmacological development
The Essential Oil Constituents of the Fresh and Air-dried Phragmanthera incana (Schum.) Balle and Its Bioactivities
Full text linkPhragmanthera incana Schum (Loranthaceae), used in ethnomedicine as a worm expeller and for treating diseases such as cancer and inflammation, had its essential oil constituents characterized and assessed for certain pharmacological activities. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry was used to analyze the essential oils extracted from fresh and dried P. incana leaves, flowers, and stems via hydrodistillation. Standard bioassays were employed to determine the antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity, anthelmintic effects on Pheritima posthuma, and antioxidant activity of the essential oils. Thirty-six and forty-five essential oil constituents were detected in fresh and dried P. incana, respectively. The percentage constituent in fresh P. incana follows the trend; flower > stem > leaf, a trend of stem > leaf > flower was observed in dried P. incana. The major volatile oils constituents of leaf, stems and flowers were fluoranthene (37.30%), hentriacontane (76.11%), and 3-methyl phenol (24.20%) respectively. All essential oils showed cytotoxicity, with fresh leaf oil having the lowest LC50 of 0.49 µg/mL. The essential oils of air-dried and fresh stem antibacterial activities were 20 mm for Bacillus aureus and 16 mm for Klebsiella pneumoniae compared to 10 mm by Gentamycin for both organisms. Compared to Menbendazole (63.55±1.12 to 90.55±0.97) at 100 mg/mL, all essential oils caused considerable worm paralysis and death (12.58±2.62 to 24.19±7.84 min). They also demonstrated moderate antioxidant potency, ranging from 41.67 to 85.98%. The essential oil components and biological activities are described for the first time. Bioassays’ results and presence of hentriacontane, phytol, gamma-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and tocopherol in the oils, support its traditional applications as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anthelmintic
Formulation and Standardization of Face Wash Using Watermelon Rind Extract (Citrullus lanatus)
Full text linkThe purpose of this study was to determine the utilization of watermelon rind waste as an active ingredient in the manufacture of liquid soap preparations and to obtain the best formulation of watermelon rind extract liquid soap that is physically stable. Watermelon rind waste contains many nutritious substances, such as antioxidants, that are beneficial for skin health but have not been widely utilized. This study utilizes citrulline compounds in watermelon rind, which act as antioxidants and potential vasodilators, to be used as active ingredients in the manufacture of bath soap preparations with the aim of removing dirt and stimulating blood circulation. Research method includes the preparation of thick watermelon rind extract, the preparation of salt solution, and the preparation of liquid soap preparation formulas with varying concentrations of watermelon rind extract. Evaluation includes an organoleptic test, pH, viscosity, foam height, foam stability, homogeneity, and spreadability to obtain a liquid soap formula with stable physical properties. Result showed that watermelon rind extract has the potential to be an active ingredient in liquid soap preparations in order to utilize waste and provide benefits for skin health
Effect of Repeated Frying of Potato Chips on Physiochemical Properties of Different Frying Oils and Its Sensory Evaluation
Full text linkDeep frying involves submerging food in heated oil at about 180°C. Throughout the deep-frying process, various chemical reactions occur, leading to alterations in the physicochemical characteristics of the oil, which can ultimately have detrimental health impacts on consumers. Nevertheless, for reasons of economic efficiency, both home and industrial users frequently reuse cooking oils for deep frying. Consequently, this research aimed to evaluate the physicochemical and nutritional properties of commercially available mustard oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, and palm oil, in addition to investigating how the repeated deep frying of potato tubers affects the physicochemical and nutritional qualities of the analyzed oil samples. Consequently, the ideal amount of frying cycles for every type of oil was explored. To accomplish this, potato was fried individually using coconut, palm, and sunflower oils over four successive frying cycles. Results revealed that increasing the frying counts resulted in increased peroxide value, acid value, viscosity and refractive index, whereas decrease in moisture, iodine value and DPPH value of four oil samples. The peroxide value (PV) and acid value of mustard oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, and palm oil showed increases ranging from 1.82 to 7.98 meq/Kg, 5.19 to 11.69 meq/kg, 4.81 to 9.89 meq/kg, and 2.49 to 11.08 meq/kg respectively, with acid values shifting from 1.24 to 6.74 mg KOH/g, 0.17 to 0.49 mg KOH/g, 0.25 to 0.42 mg KOH/g, and 0.80 to 2.86 mg KOH/g. The viscosity increased from 183.33 to 615.09 mPA s, 51.66 to 405.49 mPA s, 165.57 to 590.17 mPA s, and 376.42 to 711.43 mPA s of mustard oil, sunflower oil, soybean and palm oil respectively, while the refractive index increased from 1.4654 to 1.4672, 1.4668 to 1.4710, 1.467 to 1.4722, and 1.4552 to 1.4610 of mustard, sunflower, soybean and palm oil respectively. In contrast, there was a reduction in moisture content, iodine value, and DPPH value for mustard, sunflower, soybean, and palm oil, ranging from 0.16-0.06%, 0.09-0.03%, 0.11-0.04%, and 0.21-0.09%, respectively. The findings indicate that the iodine values decreased from 106.2-88.6 g, 126.2-106.5 g, 129.4-108.4 g, and 54.3-31.82 g, respectively. The DPPH values of oil samples were 63.25%, 72.08%, 82.55%, and 78.18%, respectively. Following the fourth frying cycle, these values dropped to 47.85%, 53.79%, 79.62%, and 69.58%. Higher sensory scores regarding overall acceptability were obtained by chips fried in palm oil and lower by mustard oil