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Defined areas for BioGeoBears
No full textThe defined islands or island regions used in biogeographical model testing analyses for BioGeoBears
BioGeoBears Model 3
No full textThe BioGeoBears model allowing stepping-stone plus one or two leap-frog dispersals
Data from: Morphological and mechanical properties of the human triceps surae aponeuroses taken from elderly cadavers: implications for muscle-tendon interactions
No full textThe human triceps surae (two gastrocnemii and soleus) has aponeuroses in the proximal and distal aspects, the latter of which insert into the calcaneus by sharing the common Achilles tendon. These tendinous tissues are known to have elasticity and upon muscle contraction the aponeurosis is stretched both longitudinally (along the muscle’s line of action) and transversely. Higher aponeurosis transverse deformability has been documented, but there is a paucity of information on the morphology and mechanical properties of human aponeurosis. This study aimed to identify morphological and mechanical characteristics of the human triceps surae aponeuroses. Twenty-five triceps surae muscle-tendon units were procured from 13 human donors (formalin fixed, 6 males, 7 females) aged 67-91 years. Specimens of aponeuroses were excised from the eight regions (posterior and anterior regions of the gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis, medial and lateral parts of soleus; proximal, middle, and distal sites each, 2-4 cm × 2-4 cm). Aponeurosis thickness was measured using a digital caliper. Uniaxial tensile tests were implemented to determine the mechanical properties of specimens loaded longitudinally (along the muscle’s line of action) and transversely. The aponeurosis thickness showed significant differences between muscles and sites, while Young’s modulus showed direction-dependent (longitudinal vs. transverse) differences within sites. Results show different morphology and mechanical properties of aponeuroses between synergist muscles. The reason for site-dependent differences in stiffness is due to a reduced aponeurosis thickness rather than a reduction in the material property. The anisotropic elastic feature (differences between longitudinal and transverse directions) of the aponeuroses was more pronounced than previous in vivo findings, suggesting inherent material design of the aponeurosis that matches three-dimensional contractile behavior of muscle fibers
sqrt sex NMDS diet and habitat RESCALED Primer
No full textsea otter foraging data as proportion occurrence in diet at replicate sites across five sex classes of otters: females, territorial males, and bachelor males
DNA21_ZFZR.tar
No full textFastq file with raw data of Illumina reads
Plate: DNA21
Marker: ZFZR
Tag combinations to identify the samples from each fastq files are found in the 'CSV file with metadata on fastq files
DNA23_LFCR.tar
No full textFastq file with raw data of Illumina reads
Plate: DNA23
Marker: LFCR
Tag combinations to identify the samples from each fastq files are found in the 'CSV file with metadata on fastq files
Data from: Morphological innovation and the evolution of hadrosaurid dinosaurs
No full textThe hadrosaurids were a successful group of herbivorous dinosaurs. During the Late Cretaceous, 100 to 66 million years ago, hadrosaurids had high diversity, rapid speciation rates, and wide geographic distribution. Most hadrosaurids were large-bodied and had similar postcranial skeletons. However, they show important innovations in the skull, including disparate crests that functioned as socio-sexual display structures, and a complex feeding apparatus, with specialized jaws bearing dental batteries. Little is known about the macroevolutionary processes that produced these evolutionary novelties. Here we provide novel perspectives using evolutionary rates and disparity analyses. Our results show that hadrosaurid cranial evolution was complex and dynamic, but their postcranial skeleton and body size were conservative. High cranial disparity was achieved through multiple bursts of phenotypic innovation. We highlight contrasting evolutionary trends between the disparate facial skeleton and crests, which both showed multiple high-rate shifts, and the feeding apparatus, which had low variance and high rates on a single phylogenetic branch leading to the diverse Saurolophidae, within hadrosaurids. We reveal that rapid evolutionary rates were important for producing the high disparity of exaggerated crests, and present novel evidence that the hadrosaurid diversification was linked to both a key adaptive innovation in the feeding apparatus, and to multiple bursts of innovation in socio-sexual displays