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Song sparrow adult survival data
No full textSummary of which individual song sparrows from the focal cohorts were alive in which year
Female fitness data
No full textSummary data on individual female lifespan, lifetime reproductive success and individual lambd
Occurence (survey) data of invasive alien plants in Nepal
No full textOut of 26 invasive alien plant species reported from Nepal, this data has occurrence locations of 24 species in Nepal. The data occurrence locations were recorded roadside survey and vegetation sampling between 2012 and 2018
Table_S4.4_CleanedRaw
No full textTable S4.4 is a cleaned version of Table S4.3, processed according to the decision rules documented in Table S4.5. We refer users to the Supporting Information accompanying the manuscript for further information about this, and other, files
Data from: Evolution of the latitudinal gradient in the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole
No full textAim: The latitudinal diversity gradient is the dominant pattern of life on Earth, but a consensus understanding of its origins has remained elusive. The analysis of recently diverged, hyper-rich invertebrate groups provides an opportunity to investigate latitudinal patterns with the statistical power of large trees while minimizing potentially confounding variation in ecology and history. Here, we synthesize global phylogenetic and macroecological data on a hyperdiverse (>1100 species) ant radiation, Pheidole, and test predictions of three general explanations for the latitudinal gradient: variation in diversification rates, tropical conservatism, and ecological regulation. Location: Global. Time Period: The past 35 million years. Major taxa studied: The hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole Westwood. Methods: We assembled geographic data for 1499 species and morphospecies, and inferred a dated phylogeny for 449 species of the Pheidole, including 167 species newly sequenced for this study. We tested for correlations between diversification rate and latitude with BAMM, HiSSE, GeoSSE, and FiSSE, evaluated evidence for richness steady state, and examined patterns of diversification as Pheidole spread around the globe. Results: There was no evidence of systematic variation of net diversification rates with latitude across any of the methods. We found that Pheidole diversification occurred in bursts when new continents were colonized, followed by a slowdown in each region, but there is no evidence richness has saturated at an equilibrium in any region. Additionally, we found latitudinal affinity is moderately conserved with a Neotropical ancestor and simulations show that phylogenetic inertia alone is sufficient to produce the gradient pattern. Main Conclusions: Our results provide no evidence that diversification rates vary systematically with latitude. Richness is far from steady state in each region, contrary to the ecological regulation hypothesis, although there is evidence that ecological opportunity promotes diversification after colonization of new areas. The fact that niche conservatism is strong enough to produce the gradient pattern is in accord with the tropical conservatism hypothesis. Overall, these results shed light on the mechanisms underlying the emergence of the diversity gradient within the past 34 million years, complementing recent work on deeper timescales, and more generally contribute toward a much-needed invertebrate perspective on global biodiversity dynamics
Data from: A songbird compensates for wing molt during escape flights by reducing the molt gap and increasing angle-of-attack
No full textDuring molt, birds replace their feathers to retain feather quality and maintain flight performance. However, wing gaps inherent of this process can also reduce flight capacities, which could be detrimental when foraging or escaping predators. Still, many bird species will not stop their normal activities when molting. In this study, we investigated whether and how birds adjust their escape flight behavior to compensate for the reduction in performance when flying with wing gaps. Using stereoscopic high-speed videography, we filmed 146 upward-directed escape flights of 19 and 22 pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) with and without simulated molt gaps, respectively. We then reconstructed the three-dimensional body and wing movements throughout each maneuver. By comparing flights with and without gaps, we determined how wing molt gaps affected wing morphology, escape flight performance, and how the birds adjusted their flight kinematics in order to negate possible negative aerodynamic effects. Our manipulations resulted in a lower second-moment-of-area of the wings, but flight speed and net aerodynamic force production did not differ between the two groups. We found that in manipulated birds, the size of the gap was reduced as the flight feathers adjacent to the gap had moved towards each other. Moreover, the experimental decrease in second-moment-of-area was associated with an increase in angle-of-attack, whereas changes in wingbeat-induced speeds were associated with variations in aerodynamic force production. This suggests that the control of escape flight in molting birds might be modular, allowing relatively simple flight control, thus reducing the burden on the neuro-muscular flight control system
ece-Sm-AFLP data
No full text"ece-Sm-AFLP data" includes 0-1 matrix of entire loci, outliers and neutral dataset in different sheets for all individuals