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Flow cytometry standarizationand validation for immunohematology in cattle
No full textFlow cytometry has become the method of choice for studying the immune system and its response in mammals, including cattle. The development of a broad panel of precise monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to bovine leukocyte differentiation molecules now enables a detailed characterization of the immune response in cattle. However, before extending these studies, it is essential to ensure the consistency of laboratory results. Currently, indirect labeling is used in single and multiparameter analysis. This technique introduces a probability of experimental error due to the multiple steps involved in processing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The objective of the chapter is to describe the development and testing strategy for ensuring the reliability of dual-immunolabeling methods for PBMC. We detail the experiments used to define optimal secondary antibody dilutions; set up autofluorescence, nonspecific binding, and gating controls, implement gating strategies, and measure intra-laboratory consistency. Our results show that variation between paired samples was very low, confirming that reliable data can be obtained with careful sample preparation. We propose that incorporating statistical comparisons of repeated immunolabeling of the same samples using the same MAb can serve as an effective strategy for controlling experimental error in routine dual indirect flow cytometry. Defining controls and dilutions, measuring the variation between laboratory results, and controlling experimental error are key steps in the validation process.Fil: Traversa, María Julia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Saracco, Mónica. Hospital Dr. Antonio Centrángolo; ArgentinaFil: Estein, Silvia Marcela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Paolicchi, Fernando Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Rodriguez, Edgardo Mario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Jorge, María Cristina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentin
Vulnerability and Risk of Hydrometeorological Hazards in Central-Northeastern Argentina
No full textExtreme hydrometeorological events (EHEs) pose significant risks to central-northeastern Argentina, requiring a nuanced understanding of subnational-level vulnerability and risk. This study integrates physical and socio-economic data to evalu-ate individual and multi-hazard risks across long-term and short-term time scales. Vulnerability is analyzed through exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Risk is assessed as the interaction between EHE hazards and vulnerability. The analysis reveals a medium average vulnerability across the region, with marked spatial differences. Central Argen-tina—encompassing southern Santa Fe, eastern Córdoba, and northern Buenos Aires—shows medium vulnerability due to high exposure, counterbalanced by low sensitivity and high adaptive capacity. In contrast, northwest and central-western regions—including Formosa, eastern Salta, and eastern Santiago del Estero—exhibit high vulnerability driven by high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity despite low exposure. Heatwave risk is the highest and most widespread, particularly in northern Argentina. Risks from long-term dry and wet extreme precipitation display distinct regional patterns. Heavy precipitation risks are locally high in the northeast. Flash drought risk remains comparatively low across the region. The findings highlight that long-term multi-hazard risk is the most extensive and severe, while short-term multi-hazard risk is less widespread but dominated by heatwaves. Despite limitations, including uncertainties in input data and a constrained set of indicators, these results underscore the need for tailored adaptation strategies. Efforts should focus on reducing exposure in the south through improved infrastructure and agricultural practices and enhancing adaptive capacity in the north. Future research should explore compound risks and identify practical adaptation measures.Fil: Pierrestegui, Maria Josefina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingenieria y Ciencias Hidricas. Centro de Estudios de Variabilidad y Cambio Climatico.; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Lovino, Miguel Angel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingenieria y Ciencias Hidricas. Centro de Estudios de Variabilidad y Cambio Climatico.; ArgentinaFil: Muller, Gabriela Viviana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingenieria y Ciencias Hidricas. Centro de Estudios de Variabilidad y Cambio Climatico.; ArgentinaFil: Müller, Omar Vicente. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingenieria y Ciencias Hidricas. Centro de Estudios de Variabilidad y Cambio Climatico.; Argentin
TDAG51 Mediates Negative Signaling Crosstalk Between NGF/p75NTR-Induced Cell Death and GDNF/RET-Promoted Survival in Motor Neuron-Derived Cells
No full textGDNF is a potent survival and differentiation factor for motor neurons and other central and peripheral neuronal populations. While the signaling pathways by which GDNF promotes survival/differentiation have been relatively well established, the molecular mechanisms that restrict its biological effects remain unclear. In this study, we show that TDAG51 plays a role in regulating the GDNF-induced PI3K/AKT survival pathway. Our findings demonstrate that treatment of motor neuron-derived MN1 cells with high levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), a treatment that under oxidative conditions promotes p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR)-dependent motor neuron apoptosis, induces TDAG51, which in turn inhibits GDNF/RET-mediated AKT signaling. Moreover, knockdown of Tdag51 potentiates the ability of GDNF to activate AKT and provides protection against NGF-induced p75NTR-dependent cell death in MN1 cells. Mechanistically, short-term GDNF stimulation of MN1 cells expressing high levels of TDAG51 promotes the translocation and recruitment of TDAG51 into detergent-resistant plasma membrane microdomains via a PI3K-dependent mechanism. The NGF/p75NTR signaling-induced increase in TDAG51 levels antagonizes AKT activation triggered by GDNF/RET signaling, likely by interfering with AKT´s interaction with PIP3. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TDAG51 is a key mediator of the balance between NGF-induced p75NTR-promoted apoptotic pathway and GDNF/RET-mediated survival signaling in MN1 neuronal cells.Fil: Federicci, Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; ArgentinaFil: Ledda, Maria Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Paratcha, Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo de Robertis". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia; Argentin
“Dizem uma coisa, mas na prática fazem outra”: Conhecimentos psi, identidades trans e processos de despatologização
No full textPartiendo de una investigación desde las ciencias sociales sobre las narrativas de psicólogos/as y psiquiatras, el objetivo del trabajo es indagar en la articulación entre categorías diagnósticas y las identidades trans teniendo en cuenta la promulgación de la Ley de Identidad de Género en el año 2012 en Argentina. La misma es resultado de las demandas al Estado y a los servicios de salud de los activismos sexo-disidentes. Uno de los aspectos centrales que se destaca de la ley refiere a su carácter despatologizador. En este sentido, se indaga en las tensiones entre lo que se dice y las prácticas desde los saberes psi a partir de las transformaciones señaladas. Interesa dar cuenta de la convivencia y, muchas veces, contradicción entre elementos patologizantes que perduran en los discursos con modificaciones en las prácticas, incorporación de otros saberes y discusiones internas. Se han realizado entrevistas en profundidad a psicólogos/as y psiquiatras que trabajan en Buenos Aires y la técnica utilizada fue el análisis de narrativas.Starting from social sciences research on the narratives of psychologists and psychiatrists, the aim of this work is to investigate the articulation between diagnostic categories and trans identities, taking into account the enactment of the gender identity law in 2012 in Argentina. This law is the result of demands made to the State and healthcare services by sex-dissident activists. Thus, the study investigates professional accounts regarding the ways in which gender self-perception is expressed. One of the key aspects of the law is its depathologizing nature. In this sense, the paper explores the tensions between what is said and practiced from psychological knowledge, based on the aforementioned transformations. It is interesting to examine the coexistence and, often, contradiction between pathologizing elements that persist in discourses with modifications in practices, the incorporation of other knowledge, and internal discussions. This is a qualitative study, and in-depth interviews were conducted with psychologists and psychiatrists working in Buenos Aires, Argentina.Partindo de uma pesquisa nas ciências sociais sobre as narrativas de psicólogos/as e psiquiatras, o objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a articulação entre categorias diagnósticas e as identidades trans, levando em consideração a promulgação da lei de identidade de gênero em 2012 na Argentina. Esta é resultado das demandas ao Estado e aos serviços de saúde dos ativismos sexo-dissidentes. Assim, investiga-se os relatos profissionais em torno das maneiras de se expressar em relação à autopercepção de gênero. Um dos principais aspectos da lei que se destaca é sua natureza despatologizante. Nesse sentido, investigam-se as tensões entre o dito e as práticas a partir do saber psi a partir das transformações indicadas. É importante notar a coexistência e, muitas vezes, a contradição entre elementos patologizantes que persistem nos discursos com modificações nas práticas, incorporação de outros saberes e discussões internas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com psicólogos/as e psiquiatras que trabalham em Buenos Aires, Argentina.Fil: del Mónaco, Romina Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones "Gino Germani"; Argentin
Pharmacoscintigraphy: Advancing Nanotheranostic Development Through Radionuclide Imaging
No full textPharmacoscintigraphy has emerged as an essential tool in the research and development of nanomedicines, particularly in the field of nanotheranostics. By enabling the real-time, non-invasive tracking of their biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic efficacy, these imaging techniques provide invaluable insights that drive the optimization of nanomedicine formulations. The integration of gamma scintigraphy, SPECT, and PET imaging has significantly enhanced our understanding of nanocarrier behavior, supporting their clinical translation by ensuring precise targeting, minimizing off-target effects, and improving therapeutic outcomes. Future advancements in hybrid imaging modalities, novel radionuclide tracers, and personalized imaging-guided therapies will further expand the impact of pharmacoscintigraphy in nanomedicine. Additionally, the increasing recognition of imaging-based validation in regulatory approval processes underscores the growing importance of these techniques in drug development. As nanotheranostics continues to evolve, radionuclide imaging will remain a pivotal component in their preclinical and clinical evaluation, facilitating safer and more effective precision medicine approaches.Fil: Salgueiro, María Jimena. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Fisicomatemática. Cátedra de Física; ArgentinaFil: Moretton, Marcela Analía. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Medina, Vanina Araceli. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Fisicomatemática. Cátedra de Física; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; ArgentinaFil: Chiappetta, Diego Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica; ArgentinaFil: Zubillaga, Marcela Beatriz. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Fisicomatemática. Cátedra de Física; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin
Perspectives on the future of the profession of microbiology
No full textThe Profession of Microbiology (POM) embodies the bulk of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) members and represents the career preparation arm of the ASM for academia, industry, and clinical lab professions. The ASM Council on Microbial Sciences hosted a virtual retreat in 2025 to identify the future of the POM. The retreat presentations centered on workforce development, professional development, innovations in technology, and interdisciplinary collaborations. Various aspects were identified, such as the need to prepare for careers in industry, as an important goal of future training. It was also clear that scientists, in all walks of life, need professional development training throughout their careers, from early trainees to senior scientists. Innovations in technology warrant continual training to keep abreast of global issues. Finally, the need for science advocacy and the ability to effectively communicate science to citizens is important. The ASM is best suited to leading the way in the recruitment of young scientists to the field of microbiology and providing the necessary training to keep them ahead of the changing technologies. As such, the ASM is poised to prepare its members for a quickly changing career workplace, one that will require collaboration between the many sciences and the community.Fil: Kelson, Todd L.. Brigham Young University Idaho; Estados UnidosFil: Kaplan, Heidi B.. University Of Texas Health Science Center At Houston.; Estados UnidosFil: Dziejman, Michelle. University Of Rochester Medical Center; Estados UnidosFil: Gadwal, Shilpa. American Society For Microbiology; Estados UnidosFil: Hulede, Irene. American Society For Microbiology; Estados UnidosFil: Bennett, Jennifer. Otterbein University; Estados UnidosFil: Greenwell, Roger. Worcester State University; Estados UnidosFil: Payne, Shelley. University of Texas at Austin; Estados UnidosFil: MacLea, Kyle. University Of New Hampshire; Estados UnidosFil: Miller, Eric. North Carolina State University; Estados UnidosFil: Vullo, Diana Lia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento. Instituto de Ciencias. Área de Química; ArgentinaFil: Sparks-Thissen, Rebecca. Indiana University. School Of Medicine.; Estados UnidosFil: Bertolio, Astral. American Society For Microbiology; Estados UnidosFil: Cervantes, Jorge. Nova Southeastern University; Estados Unido
Information Theory Quantifiers in Cryptocurrency Time Series Analysis
No full textThis paper investigates the temporal evolution of cryptocurrency time series using information measures such as complexity, entropy, and Fisher information. The main objective is to differentiate between various levels of randomness and chaos. The methodology was applied to 176 daily closing price time series of different cryptocurrencies, from October 2015 to October 2024, with more than 30 days of data and not completely null. Complexity–entropy causality plane (CECP) analysis reveals that daily cryptocurrency series with lengths of two years or less exhibit chaotic behavior, while those longer than two years display stochastic behavior. Most longer series resemble colored noise, with the parameter k varying between 0 and 2. Additionally, Natural Language Processing (NLP) analysis identified the most relevant terms in each white paper, facilitating a clustering method that resulted in four distinct clusters. However, no significant characteristics were found across these clusters in terms of the dynamics of the time series. This finding challenges the assumption that project narratives dictate market behavior. For this reason, investment recommendations should prioritize real-time informational metrics over whitepaper content.Fil: Suriano, Micaela Paula. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Hidráulica; ArgentinaFil: Caram, Leonidas Facundo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Electrónica; ArgentinaFil: Caiafa, César Federico. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; ArgentinaFil: Merlino, Hernán Daniel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Rosso, Osvaldo Anibal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Física La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Física La Plata; Argentin
Multicriteria evaluation of public policies for agro-food development in Argentina
No full textEste trabajo presenta un análisis de decisión multicriterio sobre 25 políticas propuestas por el Banco Mundial para el desarrollo del sector agroalimentario en Argentina, basado en cinco criterios clave: impacto económico, impacto ambiental, impacto fiscal, plazo de implementación y número de organismos ejecutores. Utilizando un enfoque de evaluación multicriterio, específicamente TOPSIS, se jerarquizan las políticas según su potencial para generar cambios significativos en la competitividad y sostenibilidad del sector agroalimentario. Los resultados muestran que las políticas con mayor impacto son las relacionadas con la restricción de importaciones y la creación de una visión común entre los actores del sector. Estas políticas, con altos índices de priorización, se centran en la protección de la producción local y en el fortalecimiento de la cooperación interinstitucional. Otras políticas destacadas incluyen la reducción de los impuestos a las exportaciones y la certificación de calidad, que contribuyen a la competitividad del sector, mientras que políticas de largo plazo, como la innovación abierta y la perspectiva de género, juegan un papel clave en la inclusión y la sostenibilidad del sector. Las reflexiones finales sugieren que, aunque las políticas de corto plazo son cruciales para la competitividad inmediata, las políticas tecnológicas y de sostenibilidad son esenciales para garantizar el desarrollo a largo plazo. La implementación exitosa de estas políticas depende de la colaboración efectiva entre el gobierno, las instituciones del sector y otros actores clave. El trabajo subraya la importancia de considerar múltiples criterios en el diseño y ejecución de políticas públicas para asegurar un desarrollo agroalimentario competitivo, equitativo y sostenible para el futuro de Argentina.Este trabalho apresenta uma análise de decisão multicritério sobre 25 políticas propostas pelo Banco Mundial para o desenvolvimento do setor agroalimentar na Argentina, com base em cinco critérios principais: impacto econômico, impacto ambiental, impacto fiscal, período de implementação e número de execução agências. Utilizando uma abordagem de avaliação multicritério, especificamente o TOPSIS, as políticas são classificadas de acordo com o seu potencial para gerar mudanças significativas na competitividade e sustentabilidade do setor agroalimentar. Os resultados mostram que as políticas com maior impacto são aquelas relacionadas com a restrição de importações e a criação de uma visão comum entre os atores do setor. Estas políticas, com elevadas taxas de priorização, centram-se na proteção da produção local e no fortalecimento da cooperação interinstitucional. Outras políticas notáveis incluem a redução dos impostos de exportação e a certificação de qualidade, que contribuem para a competitividade do sector, enquanto as políticas de longo prazo, como a inovação aberta e a perspectiva de género, desempenham um papel fundamental na inclusão e na sustentabilidade do sector. As reflexões finais sugerem que, embora as políticas de curto prazo sejam cruciais para a competitividade imediata, as políticas tecnológicas e de sustentabilidade são essenciais para garantir o desenvolvimento a longo prazo. O sucesso da implementação destas políticas depende da colaboração eficaz entre o governo, as instituições do sector e outros actores-chave. O trabalho destaca a importância de considerar múltiplos critérios na concepção e execução de políticas públicas para garantir um desenvolvimento agroalimentar competitivo, equitativo e sustentável para o futuro da Argentina.This paper presents a multi-criteria decision analysis on 25 policies proposed by the World Bank for the development of the agri-food sector in Argentina, based on five key criteria: economic impact, environmental impact, fiscal impact, implementation timeframe and number of implementing agencies. Using a multi-criteria evaluation approach, specifically TOPSIS, the policies are ranked according to their potential to generate significant changes in the competitiveness and sustainability of the agri-food sector. The results show that the policies with the greatest impact are those related to import restrictions and the creation of a common vision among the actors in the sector. These policies, with high prioritization rates, focus on the protection of local production and the strengthening of interinstitutional cooperation. Other notable policies include the reduction of export taxes and quality certification, which contribute to the competitiveness of the sector, while long-term policies, such as open innovation and gender perspective, play a key role in the inclusion and sustainability of the sector. The final reflections suggest that, although short-term policies are crucial for immediate competitiveness, technological and sustainability policies are essential to ensure long-term development. The successful implementation of these policies depends on effective collaboration between the government, sector institutions and other key actors. The paper underlines the importance of considering multiple criteria in the design and execution of public policies to ensure competitive, equitable and sustainable agri-food development for Argentina's future.Fil: Perez, Santiago Agustin. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Confluencia; Argentin
The Limits Up Close: The Contact Improvisation as a Laboratory for Gender-Based Violence
No full textEste artículo analiza algunos aspectos problemáticos de la proximidad corporal y cómo se establecen los limites dentro del mundo de la danza Contact Improvisación en Buenos Aires. Analizamos un conjunto de experiencias de violencia género, declinables como actos de intimidación y de abuso, a través de un estudio etnográfico que realizamos entre 2018 y 2019. Luego indagamos las controversias, debates y la configuración de dispositivos que la comunidad se dio a sí misma para regular dichas prácticas violentas. En suma, mostramos cómo este “laboratorio práctico” permite comprender en detalle el despliegue de formas micro-lógicas de violencia, así como experiencias de regulación que se alejan de los modos más tradicionalmente punitivistas.This article analyzes some problematic aspects of bodily proximity and how boundaries are established within the world of Contact Improvisation dance in Buenos Aires. We analyze a set of experiences of gender violence, declinable as acts of intimidation and abuse, through an ethnographic study we conducted between 2018 and 2019. We then inquire into the controversies, debates, and the configuration of devices that the community gave itself to regulate such violent practices. In sum, we show how this "practical laboratory" allows us to understand in detail the deployment of micro-logical forms of violence, as well as experiences of regulation that move away from more traditionally punitivist modes.Fil: Nardacchione, Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones "Gino Germani"; ArgentinaFil: Martínez Albanesi, Luciana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones "Gino Germani"; Argentin
50 years of breeding to improve yield: how maize stands up to climate change
No full textDespite significant advancements in agricultural practices, the challenge of increasing crop yields has intensified owing to the escalating impacts of global climate change. This article examines the implications for climate change adaptation of the genetic improvements that have enhanced the ability of maize crops to capture sunlight energy (interception efficiency), convert captured energy into biomass (radiation-use efficiency) and allocate dry matter to grain production (harvest index), driving substantial increases in maize grain yields over the past five decades. We focus on the following four major maize-producing regions: North America, South America, continental Europe and Northeast China. Our analysis reveals that historical advancements have resulted in traits that confer general stability against stress, providing a solid foundation for adapting to the anticipated climatic scenario. While improvements in plant architecture, grain partitioning and tolerance to biological stress offer a broader range of adoptable options, new breeding efforts will be essential. These efforts will require adjustments of the crop cycles to elude stress and the development of cultivars with enhanced tolerance to multiple, simultaneous stresses.Fil: Cagnola, Juan Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Rotili, Diego Hernán. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Otegui, Maria Elena. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Casal, Jorge José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentin