University of Windsor, Ontario: Open Journal Systems
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Découvrir les mandats dans Argumentation politique
No full textPhilosophers deny a proposal for actions can be deduced from arguments for or against the proposal because they may be incompatible. Nevertheless, people in general, and politicians especially, make decisions and present arguments they believe are convincing. We studied politicians who made decisions in complex situations. They spoke about possible actions, their consequences, the probabilities of these consequences and their evaluations, but rarely indicated why their arguments led to their choice. We hypothesized implicit argumentation rules involved and checked whether they predicted those choices. We found seven implicit informal logic rules involved. We also found a random sample of people made the same choices based on the same arguments, suggesting basic warrants by which people argue about decisions.Les philosophes nient qu\u27une proposition d\u27action puisse être déduite d\u27arguments pour ou contre cette proposition car ils peuvent être incompatibles. Néanmoins, les gens en général, et les politiciens en particulier, prennent des décisions et présentent des arguments qu\u27ils jugent convaincants. Nous avons étudié des politiciens qui prenaient des décisions dans des situations complexes. Ils ont parlé des actions possibles, de leurs conséquences, les probabilités de ces conséquences et de leurs évaluations, mais ils ont rarement indiqué pourquoi leurs arguments avaient conduit à leur choix. Nous avons émis l\u27hypothèse que des règles d\u27argumentation implicites étaient impliquées et avons vérifié si elles prédisaient ces choix. Nous avons trouvé sept règles de logique non formelle implicites impliquées. Nous avons également trouvé que des personnes dans un échantillon aléatoire ont fait les mêmes choix en se basant sur les mêmes arguments, ce qui suggère des règles d’inférence de base par lesquels les gens discutent des décisions
Argumentation et Fiction: Types de chevauchements et leurs fonctions
No full textArgumentation and fiction are quite different types of communicative phenomena. However, overlaps between them happen to be very frequent. We can both fictionalize by means of argumentation and argue by means of fiction. The main goal of this paper is to analyse the different types of overlap that may arise between argumentation and fiction. In this paper, the defended hypothesis is that by considering who the “character” that is arguing is, we can get an exhaustive account of any possible overlap, as well as an explanation of the different functions that such overlaps can play
Les arguments et les fictions sont des types de phénomènes de communication assez différents. Cependant, les chevauchements entre eux sont très fréquents. On peut à la fois fictionnaliser au moyen d\u27argumentations, et argumenter au moyen de fictions. L\u27objectif principal de cet article est d\u27analyser les différents types de chevauchements qui peuvent survenir entre l\u27argumentation et la fiction. Dans cet article, l\u27hypothèse défendue est qu\u27en considérant qui est le «personnage» qui argumente, nous pouvons obtenir un compte rendu exhaustif de tout chevauchement possible, ainsi qu\u27une explication des différentes fonctions que de tels chevauchements peuvent jouer
Schooling, Interrupted: A Critical Account of Motivation and Education During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Quebec
No full textAmong the concerns about youth wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic, one well-documented impact is youth motivation, particularly in relation to schooling. Yet many questions remain: How are youth experiencing motivation? What factors affect their motivation? How are youth differentially experiencing motivation? This article addresses young people’s experiences of motivation during the first wave of the pandemic as explored through participatory visual research. In Spring 2020, the Quebec private and public secondary school systems responded very differently to school closures. Private schools pivoted to distance learning within about two weeks, whereas public schools took almost two months to provide formal instruction. Bringing youth’s accounts of motivation into conversation with youth’s concerns about the inequities across the private and public school systems offers a rich opportunity to revisit Self-Determination Theory as an established theory of motivation. Youth’s analyses urge us to revisit the conceptualization of “structure” within this theory and how structure might offer a junction for accounting for more macrostructural inequalities within motivation research
Argumentation Métaphorique
No full textIt is a fact that novel metaphorical utterances appear in natural language argumentation. It seems, moreover, that these put forward metaphorical propositions that can have different roles (data, warrants or claims) in argument structure. There can even be good argumentation which is indispensably metaphorical. However, not all metaphor theories provide an explanation of metaphorical meaning compatible with these claims. In this article, we explain the three main views on metaphorical meaning and show, analysing some examples, their consequences for metaphorical argumentation. Our analysis shows that only the cognitive view can explain that there are arguments which can only be generated using novel metaphors. C\u27est un fait que de nouveaux énoncés métaphoriques apparaissent dans l\u27argumentation en langage naturel. Il semble d\u27ailleurs que celles-ci mettent en avant des propositions métaphoriques qui peuvent avoir différents rôles (données, licence inférentielle ou énoncés) dans la structure argumentative. Il peut même y avoir une bonne argumentation qui est indispensablement métaphorique. Cependant, pas toutes les théories de la métaphore ne fournissent une explication du sens métaphorique compatible avec ces affirmations. Dans cet article, nous expliquons les trois principaux points de vue sur le sens métaphorique et montrons, en analysant quelques exemples, leurs conséquences pour l\u27argumentation métaphorique. Notre analyse montre que seule la vision cognitive peut expliquer qu\u27il existe des arguments qui ne peuvent être générés qu\u27à l\u27aide de nouvelles métaphores
Witness memory accessibility decline and false memories: Research on witness memory
No full textTransience is defined by the American Psychological Association3 as: the decreasing accessibility of memory over time. This applies to witnesses of crimes and the memories of those crimes fading as time passes. The Canadian Justice System and court proceedings at times can be very lengthy. According to the Canadian Department of Justice1 the median amount of time to complete an adult criminal court case is 117 days. Months or even years can pass between the time of the incident and/or arrest and a witness testimony in trial. The excruciatingly important details of these crimes given by witnesses can be influenced or lost entirely. This may not necessarily be due to the compartmentalization of the memories but may be due to the accessibility of the memory and being able to recall it. There have been few studies on witness memory and accuracy5,7, but witness testimony is beginning to be depended upon less and less in courtrooms.
The goal of this study is to establish empirical data as evidence in order to reduce the dependence on eyewitness testimony
Structural Violence Perpetrated Against Indigenous Peoples in Canadian Criminal Courts: Meta- Analytic Evidence of Longstanding Sentencing Inequities
No full textSocial justice entails opposing discrimination and working towards eliminating structuralviolence. The problem of overrepresentation of Indigenous peoples across Canada’s criminaljustice system, a site of structural violence, has persisted for decades. Most studies uncoveredthrough this review and meta-analysis indicated Indigenous disadvantage in criminal sentencing.Specifically, Indigenous peoples were at much greater risk of receiving punitive sentences thannon-Indigenous people. Additionally, the disparity was observed to be significantly greateramong women than men. This synthesis also elucidated the paucity of data and research relatedto Indigenous peoples’ involvement with the court system. Implications and future researchneeds are discussed
Protecting White Interests: A Case Example of Interest Convergence in Policymaking
No full textAlthough various policy analysis frameworks exist within the social work literature, fewspecifically address the racism inherent to policymaking processes. We propose interestconvergence as a conceptual lens for policy analysis to expose the racism inherent inpolicymaking. Transcripts from 19 public hearings of five bills sponsored during the 2017Nevada legislative session were included in the data analysis for this study. A thematic analysistook place at the latent level to identify underlying concepts, assumptions, and ideas within thedata (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Results indicate that the public testimony process and ultimateoutcomes of public policy making protect white interests which sustains structural racism. Inunderstanding the dynamics of interest convergence in policymaking, social work educators,policy advocates, and macro-practitioners would be better equipped to impact the policymakingprocesses focused on racial equity