University of Windsor, Ontario: Open Journal Systems
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Recovering Assets at an International Anti-Corruption Court: Cautionary Tales from Rome, The Hague, and the Field
No full textWriting in 2022, Mark Wolf, Richard Goldstone, and Robert Rotberg detail a proposal for the establishment of an International Anti-Corruption Court (IACC), a plan that has received some diplomatic support from Canada, Ecuador, and the Netherlands. The focus of this article rests on asset recovery in the context of the proposal. Among the questions that the article considers are: (i) What might the drafters of a statute for a prospective IACC learn from the experience of the International Criminal Court in relation to asset recovery? and (ii) How might an IACC’s focus on corruption serve to heighten the importance of asset recovery and/or create special challenges in this sphere of the proposed institution’s operations
The Proposal for an International Anti-Corruption Court: What Law Should the Court Apply?
No full textIn 2014, US federal judge Mark Wolf proposed the establishment of an International Anti-Corruption Court (IACC) to redress the impunity enjoyed by corrupt officials in some countries. An essential aspect of the IACC’s functioning, should the proposal ever take off, would concern the substantive law that it applies. Since no international court or tribunal has yet adjudicated the criminal offences of corruption, one cannot learn directly from current international experience, but must reason from first principles instead. In dealing with the overarching question of what law the IACC should apply, one needs to take into account various factors, which this article considers in turn, including: (a) the objectives of the IACC; (b) the (incomplete) international consensus on the definition of corruption; (c) the effect of prosecuting money laundering offences on the IACC’s jurisdictional reach; (d) the risks of deferring to domestic laws of the state where the alleged offence took place; and (e) the implications of the principle of legality, often expressed in the Latin maxims nullum crimen sine lege and nulla poena sine lege
Can Corporations Care?
No full textThis paper is part of a larger project of developing a new narrative for talking about business activity. Feminist approaches to social life have traditionally been explicitly about changing the narrative, and I believe that a feminist approach to ethics, namely the ethics of care, can help provide the foundation for a new narrative within business and business ethics
Exploitation as a Path to Development: Sweatshop Labour, Micro-Unfairness, and the Non-Worseness Claim
No full textSweatshop labour is sometimes defended from critics by arguments that stress the voluntariness of the worker’s choice, and the fact that sweatshops provide a source of income where no other similar source exists. The idea is if it’s exploitation—as their opponents charge—it’s mutually beneficial and consensual exploitation. This defence appeals to the non-worseness claim (NWC), which says that if exploitation is better for the exploited party than neglect, it cannot be seriously wrong. The NWC renders otherwise exploitative—and therefore morally wrong—transactions permissible, making the exploitation of the global poor a justifiable path to development. In this paper, I argue that the use of NWC for the case of sweatshops is misleading. After reviewing and strengthening the exploitation claims made concerning sweatshops, most importantly by refuting certain allegations that a micro-unfairness account of exploitation cannot evaluate sweatshop labour as exploitative, I then argue that even if this practice may be seen as permissible due to benefits otherwise unavailable to the global poor, there remains a duty to address the background conditions that make this form of wrong-doing possible. I argue that the NWC denies this by unreasonably limiting its scope and is therefore incomplete, and ultimately unconvincing
Aboriginal title or Legal Personhood for Land?
No full textIn 1983, British Columbia granted Carrier Lumber Ltd a license to engage in industrial logging within the territory of the Tsilhqot’in Nation. The Xeni Gwet’in First Nations government (part of Tsilhqot’in Nation) sought an injunction to halt Carrier. For the Xeni Gwent’in, the proposed logging would destroy the forest in which they lived and hunted. In order to gain the power to stop the proposed logging, the Xeni Gwet’in fought for a declaration of Aboriginal Title. After a lengthy trial, the Supreme Court granted their claim. This may sound like a story about victory for the Xeni Gwet’in people. After a long, and hard fought battle, they succeeded in gaining Aboriginal Title. What this characterization misses is that, in order to gain Title, the Xeni Gwet’in had to accept not only the process imposed on them by the Canadian government but also the implicit assumptions that the government relies on to justify its current (and, to a degree, past) relationship with Aboriginal peoples. Thus, Aboriginal Title requires that Aboriginal peoples choose between protecting the land by accepting these assumptions, or rejecting the assumptions but, in most cases, losing the land. In New Zealand as part of the process of deciding land claims, a new option has been added. Instead of granting Aboriginal Title to land, in some cases, the land itself is granted legal personhood. Such an approach de-couples the question of the political relationship between Aboriginal peoples and the government from the fight to protect the land. I argue that there is great value in separating these questions. By doing so, the government can better support the autonomy of Aboriginal peoples and be more inclusive of alternative perspectives This approach (often endorsed in environmental philosophy) will be beneficial to non-Aboriginal peoples as well
Bound by Blame: Sentencing, Colonialism, and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
No full textGladue and Ipeelee send important messages to judges, but messages that have tensions within them that reflect the broader tensions of using the criminal law system to acknowledge ongoing state involvement in discrimination against Indigenous Peoples. The heart of the tension is that the criminal law system is built around assigning individual blame. I look closely at examples of judges struggling with inadequate tools to follow the Supreme Court of Canada’s guidelines to acknowledge and redress the harmful impacts of colonialism within the constraints of their job of assigning individual blame. The result, unfortunately, is a consistent failure to recognize the Canadian state’s ongoing role in colonial oppression. This article explores these tensions in the context of a particular manifestation: the judicial practice of blaming Indigenous mothers for the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder affecting their accused sons. The analysis illuminates the depth of the tensions of a common law criminal justice system in a colonial state: in the process of sentencing Indigenous offenders living with FASD, judges both strongly contest, and subtly rely upon, harmful colonial logics. I propose that a standing to blame analysis could assist judges in identifying, and responding to, the state’s own role in causing, or being complicit in, an Indigenous individual’s experiences of injustice. When the state has played such a role, the state is not justified in blaming the individual through the criminal law. The benefit of this kind of approach is that it would highlight the inappropriateness of the state’s use of individual blame to respond to harms arising in the context of colonialism and inequality.Les arrêts Gladue et Ipeelee envoient des messages importants aux juges, mais ces messages sont empreints de tensions. En effet, ils traduisent les graves problèmes liés à l’utilisation du système de justice criminelle pour faire reconnaître le rôle continus de l’État dans la discrimination à l’encontre des peuples autochtones. Étant donné que ce système est articulé autour de l’attribution d’un blâme individuel, de graves tensions sont inévitables. Dans ce contexte, j’analyse des exemples de cas où des juges jonglent avec des outils mal adaptés pour mettre en œuvre les lignes directrices formulées par la Cour suprême du Canada afin de reconnaître et de corriger les conséquences désastreuses du colonialisme alors qu’ils sont sous l’emprise de leur rôle d’attribution de blâme individuel. Malheureusement, le rôle continu de l’État canadien dans l’oppression coloniale n’est tout simplement pas reconnu. Dans cet article, j’explore ces tensions dans le contexte d’une manifestation particulière : le blâme que font porter les juges aux mères autochtones dont les fils accusés souffrent du trouble du spectre de l’alcoolisation fœtale (TSAF). L’analyse met en lumière la profondeur des tensions qui déchirent un système de justice pénale de common law dans un État colonial : appelés à déterminer la peine à infliger aux contrevenants autochtones souffrant du TSAF, les juges réprouvent vivement les principes coloniaux pernicieux, tout en les invoquant subtilement. J’explique qu’une analyse de ce recours au blâme pourrait aider les juges à reconnaître le rôle que joue l’État dans les expériences d’injustice que vivent les Autochtones et à corriger le tir. Lorsque l’État joue un tel rôle, il ne saurait justifier sa conduite en jetant le blâme sur l’individu au moyen du système de justice criminelle. Ce type d’analyse permettrait de faire ressortir et de corriger les failles du recours au blâme par l’État pour réparer les préjudices causés dans des situations marquées par le colonialisme et l’inégalité
The Trailblazing Canadian Trio That Powered the Rockford Peaches Dynasty of 1948-50
No full textThe iconic Rockford Peaches were the most successful team in the history of the All-American GirlsProfessional Baseball League (AAGPBL). The Peaches won four playoff championships in the league’s 12-yearhistory − no other team won more than two titles. Sixty-eight Canadian women participated in the AAGPBL,and the Peaches benefited from a disproportionate share of players from north of the border. A talented trioof Canadians made pivotal contributions to Rockford’s three consecutive playoff championships from 1948 to1950: Left fielder Eleanor Callow, pitcher Helen Nicol Fox, and center fielder Dorothy “Dottie” Ferguson Key.Without these three exceptional athletes, Rockford’s dynasty would not have occurred
Effectiveness of Using NamePrism to Identify Ethnicities
No full textThe dependency on NamePrism as an algorithm to identify the ethnicity of individuals using their names has been increasing in research publications. Therefore, it is crucial to determine whether or not NamePrism is a reliable tool for determining ethnicities. Using a database of 335 Chief Executive Officers (CEOs), we used NamePrism to identify the ethnicity of each of those CEOs. The picture of each CEO was examined in addition to their biography to determine the ethnicity while relying on multiple entries given in the Excel database, such as the company name, start and end date of the CEO’s tenure, and the CEO’s full name. Lastly, statistical analysis of the collected results determined that NamePrism is not an accurate tool to determine the ethnic background of CEOs.  
