University of Windsor, Ontario: Open Journal Systems
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Can Critical-thinking Skills be Measured by Analyzing Metacognition?
No full textMetacognition refers to the capacity to comprehend and manage one\u27s own cognitive processes, enabling the recognition of biases and presumptions that might influence them. Numerous published studies indicate that through metacognition, enhancements in critical-thinking skills allow individuals to query information, assess data, and make more evidence-grounded decisions—a cornerstone of critical and analytical thinking. This study aims to delineate the association between metacognition and critical-thinking skills via a meta-analysis. The data sources encompass articles published on Scopus between 2013 and 2023, identified using the keywords "Metacogni*" AND "Critical Thinking". This meta-analysis included 60 studies from diverse global locations. Employing a random-effects model, the analysis evaluated both effect size and potential publication biases using Jamovi 2.2.5 and OpenMEE software. The outcomes affirm a significant correlation between metacognition and critical-thinking skills, highlighting a robust effect of metacognition on critical-thinking skills, reflected in a significant measure of r = 0.649. Thus, increasing metacognitive abilities will improve critical-thinking abilities
Probing The Data: Perspectives on Race Visibility in Canadian Sentencing Proceedings
No full textThis article analyzes interview data from nine Black criminalized individuals and nine defence lawyers (five white, three Black, and one Arab) about the utility of heightened race visibility in sentencing proceedings. The data reveals a schism between these groups, reflecting different responses to what I refer to as “the paradox of visibility.” For Black people, this paradox occurs when an emphasis on race may simultaneously have a deleterious and ameliorating impact on sentencing. Defence lawyers and judges laud the ameliorative potential of race visibility, which obscures the genuine concern shared by criminalized Black individuals about how they believe their Blackness betrays them in the criminal sentencing context. In this regard, the article explores ethical concerns arising from this paradox. It also argues that race-based strategies at sentencing are not a no-cost or low-cost proposition. Indeed, from the criminalized research participants’ point of view, the cost is not only the risk that an emphasis on race may result in a higher sentence, including longer and harsher custodial sentences, but also an affront to their dignity. In contrast, the defence lawyers strongly supported increased racial visibility to combat what they saw as judicial and prosecutorial intransigence to grapple with race in sentencing proceedings. These perspectives are critical for sentencing judges tasked with sentencing Black individuals and for lawyers who are developing and deploying legal strategies to assist their Black clients.Le présent article analyse des données provenant d’entrevues de neuf personnes noires criminalisées et de neuf avocats de la défense (cinq Blancs, trois Noirs, un Arabe) portant sur l’utilité d’une plus grande visibilité raciale dans les instances de détermination de la peine. Les données révèlent entre ces groupes un fossé qui provient de réponses différentes à ce que j’appelle « le paradoxe de la visibilité ». Pour les personnes noires, ce paradoxe se manifeste dans des situations dans lesquelles l’importance accordée à la race peut avoir à la fois des conséquences défavorables et favorables sur la détermination de la peine. Les avocats de la défense et les juges soulignent les possibilités d’amélioration qu’offre la visibilité de la race, qui occulte une préoccupation bien réelle des Noirs criminalisés, lesquels croient dans bien des cas que la couleur de leur peau joue contre eux dans la détermination d’une peine pénale.
L’article explore d’ailleurs les réserves d’ordre éthique qui découlent de ce paradoxe. Il fait également valoir que les stratégies de détermination de la peine fondées sur la race ne sont pas sans conséquence, ni même sans conséquence grave. Au contraire, du point de vue des personnes criminalisées qui ont participé à la recherche, la conséquence n’est pas uniquement le risque que l’attention portée à leur race donne lieu à une peine plus lourde (notamment une peine plus longue et purgée dans des conditions plus sévères), mais elle constitue aussi un affront à leur dignité. Malgré tout, les avocats de la défense ont milité ardemment en faveur d’une plus grande visibilité raciale pour lutter contre ce qu’ils jugent comme une intransigeance dans le domaine judiciaire et dans le domaine des poursuites au moment de composer avec les questions liées à la race lors de procédures de détermination de la peine. De telles perspectives revêtent une importance primordiale pour les juges qui imposent la peine à des personnes noires, ainsi que pour les avocats en ce qui concerne la conception et l’application de stratégies judiciaires au profit de leurs clients noirs
Multi-Functional Access to Justice Centres
No full textIn recent years, the integration of digital technology into the Canadian judicial system has accelerated, driven by both technological advancements and the urgent needs highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This article explores the transformative potential of digital justice within Canadian courts, focusing on a proposal to repurpose circuit court facilities as "Access to Justice Centres" [AJCs]. These centers aim to address existing access to justice issues by providing state-of-the-art digital interfaces and centralizing court functions while preserving the dignity and decorum of in-person proceedings. Our analysis evaluates the successes and challenges of digital technologies in judicial processes, informed by empirical research with Canadian judges. The findings suggest that while digital tools have enhanced judicial efficiency and access to justice, significant disparities remain, particularly for marginalized communities. By leveraging user-centric design principles and existing infrastructure, AJCs could offer innovative solutions to bridge these gaps, ensuring that digital justice benefits all sectors of society. This article contributes to the ongoing dialogue on judicial reform, emphasizing the need for a thoughtful and inclusive approach to integrating technology in the administration of justice.Ces dernières années, l’intégration de techniques numériques au sein du système judiciaire canadien s’est accélérée, mue à la fois par les progrès de la technologie et par les besoins urgents mis en lumière par la pandémie de COVID‑19. Cet article analyse le potentiel transformateur de la justice numérique au sein des tribunaux canadiens, en mettant l’accent sur une proposition visant à transformer les installations des tribunaux itinérants en « centres d’accès à la justice » [CAJ]. Ces centres visent à répondre aux problèmes actuels d’accès à la justice en offrant des interfaces numériques à la fine pointe de la technologie et en centralisant les fonctions judiciaires, tout en préservant la dignité et le décorum des instances tenues en personne. Notre analyse évalue les succès et les défis des techniques numériques au sein des processus judiciaires, à la lumière de recherches empiriques menées auprès de juges canadiens. Les conclusions donnent à penser que même si les outils numériques ont rehaussé l’efficacité du système judiciaire et l’accès à la justice, il subsiste d’importantes inégalités, notamment chez les collectivités marginalisées. En prenant appui sur des principes de conception axée sur les utilisateurs et sur l’infrastructure existante, les CAJ pourraient offrir des solutions innovatrices qui combleraient ces lacunes, garantissant ainsi que la justice numérique bénéficierait à tous les secteurs de la société. Cet article contribue au dialogue en cours sur la réforme judiciaire, en soulignant la nécessité d’intégrer la technologie de manière réfléchie et inclusive dans l’administration de la justice
The European Arrest Warrant: Two Decades of Visions and Legal Reality: Introduction to Symposium of EAW 20 Years On
No full textIA générative et créativité argumentaire
No full textGenerative AI appears to threaten argument creativity. Because of its capacity to generate coherent texts, individuals are likely to integrate its ideas, and not their own, into arguments, thereby reducing their creative contribution. This article argues that this view is mistaken—it rests on a misunderstanding of the nature of creativity. Within arguments, creative and critical thinking cannot be separated. Because creativity is enmeshed with skills such as analysis and evaluation, the use of generative AI in the construction of arguments, especially in the role as universal audience, has the potential to heighten, not diminish argument creativity.L’IA générative semble menacer la créativité argumentative. En raison de sa capacité à générer des textes cohérents, les individus sont susceptibles d’intégrer ses idées, et non les leurs, dans les arguments, réduisant ainsi leur contribution créative. Cet article soutient que cette vision est erronée. Cela repose sur une mauvaise compréhension de la nature de la créativité. Au sein des arguments, la pensée créative et la pensée critique ne peuvent être séparées. Puisque la créativité est étroitement liée à des compétences telles que l’analyse et l’évaluation, l’utilisation de l’IA générative dans la construction d’arguments, en particulier dans le rôle d’auditoire universel, a le potentiel d’augmenter, et non de diminuer, la créativité argumentative
Remembering Amy Rossiter: Introduction
No full textThis issue of Critical Social Work is devoted to recognizing and celebrating Professor Amy Rossiter, her critical scholarship, and its widespread influence across Canada and internationally. A revered social work theoretician, teacher, colleague and friend, Amy passed away on January 17, 2023. Amy left us too soon and we mourn her loss. She continues to enrich our lives with her timeless, incisive, and brilliant scholarship. Amy completed a Bachelor of Music, an MSW, and PhD from the Ontario Institute of Studies in Education (OISE) at the University of Toronto, in 1986. She joined the School of Social Work, at York University, as Associate Professor in 1992, acting as Director of the School from 1999-2002, and retiring in 2014. Amy shaped all aspects of our undergraduate and graduate programs. She developed and taught our foundational communication course, advanced practice, and our doctoral course on Social Justice. A devoted musician, her longtime membership in the Mendelssohn Choir afforded us opportunities to watch her perform outside of the classroom
Transnational Crime Without Transnational Prosecution: How Positive Obligations to Cooperate May Inspire National Judicial Authorities
No full textThe enforcement of transnational criminal law is left almost exclusively to national authorities. Public prosecutors and investigating judges play a key role in this field. This generates a seemingly dichotomous situation in which national bodies are faced with crime that is inherently transnational of nature. Each judge and each public prosecutor is expected to serve in the first place its own national legal order, bound to respect the limits of its jurisdiction set by national law, ultimately serving adjudication before a national court. This article reflects on the role of judicial authorities in the fight against transnational crime. Through various treaty obligations they are expected to coordinate with each other, and are obliged to reasonably use the instruments of international cooperation at their disposal. Over the last decade, a small body of caselaw from the European Court of Human Rights has emerged, setting a standard on how judicial authorities should deal with certain types of cross-border crime. Notwithstanding those obligations, a handful of empirical studies indicate that there is a lot of room for improvement of the performance of our national judicial bodies in this field
Drug Use Within the Confines of Prohibition: A Comparative Study of Law and Policy in the Netherlands and Brazil, and Their Adoption of Harm Reduction
No full textHarm reduction is a medical approach designed in the 20th century to circumvent the damages inherent to drug use, having been adopted in many countries as an alternative to prohibitionism. Nevertheless, after decades of development, there is scarce scientific knowledge about how law and policy implement the approach today. A documentary analysis of nine pieces of legislation of the Netherlands and Brazil was done, thus, to assess whether they incorporate harm reduction according to three premises: respect for the individual freedom of choice; reduction of health and social harms, embracing users’ human rights; and prevention, rehabilitation and low-threshold programmes as favoured instruments of drug-related interventions. The results show that none of the selected documents adopt all three premises, but those that better align with the fundamentals of harm reduction are passed by health ministries. The Netherlands are mostly silent regarding the mentality underlying their drug policy whilst Brazil offers contradictory stances. In that sense, the two countries seem to incorporate the approach in their medical domain but not in their judicial systems, which renders it a precarious legal support. The reticence of Dutch and Brazilian Legislatives in addressing users through the lens of harm reduction might stem from international pressure, therefore immediate change appears unlikely. Law and policy leave the responsibility, rather, to law enforcement. As such, future research should focus on the law-in-action, and the adoption of ‘on-the-ground’ practices, to uncover how harm reduction is currently implemented by the nations, and whether it still is an alternative to prohibitionism