University of Windsor, Ontario: Open Journal Systems
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The Importance of Effective Access to Justice for Charter Violations and the Role of the Court Challenges Program
No full textThis paper argues that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms can only deliver on its promises when those who benefit from its guarantees are able to challenge government action in courts. This is true both in considering the Charter as a constitutional document and as a human rights instrument. As such, we must be concerned about whether rightsholders have effective access to the courts to bring such cases, particularly given the long-term crisis in access to justice in Canada. Finding that access is often out of reach, the paper then considers the role that the Court Challenges Program, a publicly funded not-for-profit organization that provides funding to groups and individuals seeking to bring Charter challenges, can and does play in creating pathways for accessing Charter justice.L’autrice soutient que la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés ne saura remplir ses promesses que lorsque ceux et celles à qui elle garantit des droits sont en mesure de contester l’action gouvernementale devant les tribunaux. Cela est également vrai pour la Charte en tant que document constitutionnel et comme instrument de défense des droits de la personne. En conséquence, nous devons nous préoccuper de savoir si les titulaires de ces droits peuvent effectivement les faire valoir devant les tribunaux, d’autant plus qu’une crise de l’accès à la justice sévit depuis longtemps au Canada. Partant du constat que cet accès est souvent hors de portée, l’autrice se penche sur le rôle que le Programme de contestation judiciaire (un organisme à but non lucratif financé par des fonds publics et qui fournit un appui financier à des groupes et personnes désireuses de mener une contestation fondée sur la Charte) peut jouer et joue actuellement dans la réalisation de voies d’accès à la justice liée à la Charte
Section 15: How Indigenous Use of the Charter Tool is About Returning to Respect Not Creating Equity
No full textSome Canadians view the concept of freedom in relation to government involvement differently, particularly when government presence is seen as oppressive or colonizing. While Indigenous communities in Canada may not always view the current governance structure as reflective of their own traditions, they recognize the necessity of using it to navigate challenges. Indigenous groups utilize section 15 to address inequalities that stem from historical colonialism, seeking to restore balance in a manner consistent with pre-colonial ideals. Prior to the repatriation of the constitution, attempts to address equity issues through the legal system were often met with limited success, prompting Indigenous women in Canada to take their gender equity concerns to the United Nations with respect to the Indian Act. Following the repatriation, section 15 has provided a platform for Indigenous peoples to address policies and laws that unfairly disadvantage certain groups in comparison to others, thereby promoting fair treatment from the government. This discussion aims to explore how Indigenous communities utilize Section 15 as a tool to address issues of unequal treatment and advocate for equity that aligns with traditional pre-colonial values.Une certaine conception de la notion de liberté dans son rapport avec le rôle de l’État, surtout lorsque ce dernier est perçu comme l’oppresseur ou le colonisateur a gagné la faveur d’une partie de la population canadienne. Bien que les communautés autochtones du Canada ne jugent pas forcément la structure de gouvernance actuelle représentative de leurs traditions, elles reconnaissent la nécessité d’y avoir recours pour faire valoir leurs contestations. Les groupes autochtones s’appuient sur l’article 15 pour remédier aux inégalités qui découlent du passé colonial, en vue de rétablir l’équilibre d’une manière compatible avec leurs idéaux précoloniaux. Avant le rapatriement de la Constitution, ces tentatives de s’attaquer aux inégalités par la voie judiciaire l’ont bien souvent emporté dans une mesure restreinte, de sorte que les femmes autochtones se sont tournées vers les Nations Unies pour obtenir réponse aux problèmes d’équité entre les genres que pose la Loi sur les Indiens. Depuis le rapatriement, l’article 15 a servi de fondement aux contestations des peuples autochtones à l’encontre de politiques et de lois qui désavantagent injustement certains groupes par rapport à d’autres. Ces démarches s’inscrivent ainsi dans la poursuite d’un traitement équitable de la part du gouvernement. Nous souhaitons explorer, dans cet exposé, la façon dont les communautés autochtones recourent à l’article 15 comme outil pour contester les inégalités de traitement et pour défendre un droit à l’égalité qui concorde avec leurs valeurs traditionnelles précoloniales
La participation citoyenne des enfants qui défendent leurs droits devant les tribunaux : regard sur le contentieux des changements climatiques
No full textChildren are increasingly involved in citizen participation activities on various issues that concern them, such as those related to environmental protection, yet their citizenship often remains unrecognized. This article focuses on children exercising their rights and asserting them through involvement in legal proceedings before courts. While researchers and those who work with children have paid attention to children’s participation for at least three decades, opportunities for citizen participation for them are still limited and modes of participation are lacking. These weaknesses are particularly evident in the area of justice.In considering climate change litigation in which children are increasingly involved, we examine the extent to which, if at all, Canadian courts are adhering to the principles of participation and child-friendly justice. Have the courts been able to be true laboratories of citizen participation for children in their efforts to protect their rights? The findings, though preliminary for now given the limited number of decisions, are mixed and demonstrate the importance of the work of organizations that support children and the need for our courts to adapt to young petitioners in order to respect their rights.Les enfants s’impliquent de plus en plus dans des activités de participation citoyenne sur diverses questions qui les concernent, comme celles ayant trait à la protection de l’environnement, et pourtant, leur citoyenneté demeure souvent non reconnue. Cet article s’intéresse aux enfants qui exercent leurs droits et les font valoir en s’impliquant dans des recours en justice devant les tribunaux. Alors que les chercheurs et ceux qui travaillent avec les enfants portent attention à la participation des enfants depuis au moins trois décennies, leurs opportunités de participation citoyenne sont encore limitées et les modes de participation lacunaires. Ces faiblesses se présentent particulièrement dans les recours en justice.En examinant les recours en justice en matière de lutte contre les changements climatiques dans lesquels les enfants s’impliquent de plus en plus, nous examinons dans quelle mesure, le cas échéant, les tribunaux canadiens respectent les principes de la participation et de la justice adaptée aux enfants. Les tribunaux peuvent -ils être de véritables laboratoires de la participation citoyenne pour les enfants dans leurs efforts de protection de leurs droits? S’il est encore tôt pour arriver à des conclusions générales étant donné qu’il y a encore peu de décisions, le constat provisoire jusqu’à présent est mitigé et démontre l’importance de l’action des organismes qui soutiennent les enfants et la nécessité pour nos tribunaux de s’adapter aux jeunes requérants afin de respecter leurs droits
Inclusive Language and Culturally Responsive Formal Mentorship:: A Conceptual Framework for Marginalized Faculty
No full textDespite the numerous benefits of formal faculty mentorship, it remains underutilized within the academy. While there is substantial literature on formal faculty mentorship, there is limited research on the use, and importance, of recognizing culture and utilizing inclusive language within these relationships. The current models of formal faculty mentorship do not include inclusive language as part of their relationally based practices. It is critical to evaluate the role language plays in creating and enhancing these relationships. The use of inclusive language in formal mentoring relationships is important when exploring ways institutions can recruit, retain, and support faculty, specifically historically marginalized groups. To bring attention to this topic, this article presents a conceptual framework integrating components of Relational Cultural Theory (RCT), the ecological perspective, and general systems theory as a mechanism to support faculty through mentorship practices focused on being culturally responsive and using inclusive language. Implications for faculty, institutions, higher education, and the social work profession are discussed
Are the Principles of Mutual Trust and Recognition in Danger of Being Eroded by the Recent Jurisprudence of the ECJ Concerning the EAW?
No full textThis piece examines how the Court of the European Union, through well intended judgments concerning the European Arrest Warrant, aimed at strengthening the rule of law within the EU, might have triggered unintended secondary effects possibly eroding mutual trust and recognition and redefining certain aspects of the ne bis in idem principle. It looks at two issues from a Hungarian perspective: a line of cases which for human rights and rule of law reasons expand the grounds for refusing an EAW and another strain of cases, which concern aspects of ne bis in idem. On 25 July 2018 these two lines of jurisprudence crossed, one represented by the AY verdict (ne bis in idem) and the other materialising in the LM judgment (EAW). Whilst the so called Sanader and H case culminated in the AY judgment, it was the LM decision which had an adverse effect on the adjudication of a Croatian EAW in Sanader and H before a Hungarian court. It is argued that both the AY and the LM judgments are partially inconsistent and although motivated by best intentions violated the integrity of law. It is hinted that it might be time to ask ourselves, whether the modus in which the enforcement of EU law is left mainly to national courts is the right way when the rule of law is questioned by some Member States, or similarly to the European Public Prosecutor regional EU courts should be established having final jurisdiction on matters involving EU law
Expanding Harm Reduction to Treat Severe and Enduring Anorexia Nervosa
No full textThis paper advocates for expanding harm reduction (HR) concepts to treat Severe and Enduring Anorexia Nervosa (SE-AN). It argues that HR, traditionally applied in drug use contexts, can be adapted for SE-AN. Drawing on Stoljar’s work (2020), It shows that a deontological foundation for HR can promote dignity and autonomy in SE-AN treatment by providing a safe space and allowing individuals to choose their treatment. To understand HR’s application to SE-AN, it examines analogies and potential disanalogies with drug use. Finally, it suggests that using HR in SE-AN justifies treatments based on dignity and autonomy which are essential for ethical care
Arguments tirés de l’équité et interprétation approfondie de la rhétorique judiciaire grecque
No full textArguments from fairness as described in Aristotle’s Rhetoric are usually taken to aim at mitigating the strictness of the law or, in terms of procedure, to favour the defendant. This paper considers a more inclusive interpretation, that is, that arguments from fairness can work both ways. In the example given in the Rhetoric, arguments from fairness are directed at a restrictive interpretation of the text. That may not be necessary however. Likewise, fairness may speak for the claimant. Two examples may support this conclusion: a judicial speech by Hyperides, and the doctrine of issues appearing in Hellenistic school rhetoric.Les arguments construits à partir du principe d’équité tels que décrits dans la Rhétorique d’Aristote sont généralement considérés comme visant à atténuer la rigueur de la loi ou, en termes de procédure, à favoriser le défendeur. Cet article adopte une interprétation plus inclusive, à savoir que les arguments fondés sur l’équité peuvent fonctionner dans les deux sens. Dans l’exemple donné dans la Rhétorique, les arguments d’équité visent une interprétation restrictive du texte. Cela n’est peut-être cependant pas nécessaire. De même, l’équité peut parler en faveur du demandeur. Deux exemples peuvent étayer cette conclusion : un discours judiciaire d’Hypéride et la doctrine des enjeux apparaissant dans la rhétorique scolaire hellénistique.
Equal Access? Comparing Accommodation and Treatment Experiences of Racialized University Students with Attention Problems and Their White Peers
No full textUniversity students who have difficulty with attention problems, including but not limited to those with ADHD, may struggle to focus, organize, and manage their education independently at the postsecondary level. This study examined the intersectional experience of racialized students with attention problems and their access to academic support services at two Canadian universities. Racialized participants (n=198) were compared with White participants (n=120). The goal was to investigate the relations between ADHD symptoms/probable diagnoses, academic difficulties, and access to medication and accommodation supports. Although the results revealed a similar occurrence of ADHD symptoms, previous diagnoses of ADHD, and academic difficulties across the groups, treatment and accommodation were not equal. Specifically, racialized students reported fewer prescriptions for stimulants and fewer academic accommodations through the universities’ disability services offices. Overall, these findings suggest that although there are not substantial differences in need, racialized students are not receiving the same level of support as their White peers. Further research is recommended as well as changes to practice guidelines such that more support and better access to services for individuals from historically underserved groups will be provided
