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The Relationship Between Body Image and Sexual Orientation: A Comparison of Body Image Satisfaction in A Sexual Orientation Minority and Heterosexual Cisgender Sample
No full textAlthough there is not one singular cause for eating disorders, research has indicated that body image dissatisfaction is one of the most well-established contributing factors to the development of eating disorder symptomatology (National Eating Disorders Association [NEDA], 2018; Stice & Shaw, 2002). Risk factors for body image dissatisfaction can involve a range of biological, psychological, and sociocultural issues (NEDA, 2018). The majority of research on body image satisfaction levels has focused on females of the dominant culture (i.e., heterosexual, cisgender, Caucasian, etc.; Cash & Smolak, 2011). However, recognition of the importance of examining body image dissatisfaction among marginalized groups has increased in recent years (Yean et al., 2013). One of these marginalized groups that has been underrepresented in the literature on body image is the LGB population (Grogan, 2008). Research findings have demonstrated varying results regarding differences in prevalence rates of body image dissatisfaction between LGB and heterosexual individuals (Cochran, Sullivan, & Mays, 2014; Grogan, 2008; Morrison, Morrison, & Sager, 2004). This study sought to fill the gap of limited research on body image satisfaction among the LGB population by exploring differences between cisgender LGB and heterosexual populations. Although individuals who identify as transgender and non-binary were intended to be included in the current study, there was not a large enough sample size of transgender and non-binary participants at the time of analysis. Therefore, the current sample (N = 296) comprised of individuals who specifically identified as cisgender females and males. A unique quality of this study is that all participants identified as a cisgender female or male, which is not apparent in most established research on body image when comparing females and males. Primary hypotheses included: (1) lesbian and bisexual cisgender females would report significantly higher levels of body image satisfaction and body image-related quality of life than heterosexual cisgender females; (2) gay and bisexual cisgender males would endorse significantly lower levels of body image satisfaction and body image-related quality of life than heterosexual cisgender males; and (3) heterosexual, cisgender females would endorse significantly lower levels of body image satisfaction and body image-related quality of life compared to heterosexual cisgender males. All hypotheses also postulated that groups endorsing higher levels of body image satisfaction would endorse lower levels of depressive symptoms. Findings partially supported the hypotheses of this study in that gender moderated the results of the third hypothesis. Specifically, heterosexual cisgender females reported higher levels of body image dissatisfaction than heterosexual cisgender males, but not poorer body image-related quality of life. Depression was significantly correlated to body image-related quality of life for both heterosexual cisgender male and female participants, but it was not associated with specific levels of body image satisfaction, per se. Although sexual orientation did not appear to be significantly related to levels of body image satisfaction, medium to large effect sizes suggest that a larger sample size may have identified a more substantial difference in body image satisfaction between individuals who identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual as compared to heterosexual cisgender females and males. Additionally, opposing predictions from the first hypothesis, heterosexual cisgender females’ mean scores on body image questionnaires were higher (indicating greater body image satisfaction) than lesbian and bisexual cisgender females. Overall, greater depressive symptoms were generally correlated with lower levels of body image satisfaction and body image-related quality of life with all groups
Familial Ethnic Socialization within Majority, Minority, and Multiracial Groups
No full textAs racial and ethnic diversity grows within the United States, so too does the need for understanding ethnic identity (EI) within social psychology. People develop EI through a process known as ethnic socialization (ES). In a family context, this is known as Familial Ethnic Socialization (FES). Ethnically socializing one’s own offspring is known as Parental Ethnic Socialization (PES). The purpose of this study was to explore the relation between EI, FES, and PES for those who are part of an ethnic majority group (MA), an ethnic minority group (MI), and those who consider themselves multiracial (MU). A total of 377 adults completed our online survey. Individuals in the MI and MU groups scored significantly higher on EI, FES, and PES than those in the MA group. Those in the MI group also scored higher on FES than the MU group; however, there was no statistically significant difference between MI and MU on EI and PES scores. The findings in this study show differences between EI, FES, and PES between the different ethnic groupings, as well as Introduce PES as an emerging construct in EI research
Mass Distribution of Azithromycin Reduces Mortality in African Children
Full text linkBackground: Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region with the highest child mortality rate in the world. Most commonly, pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria rank among the leading causes of preventable deaths in this population. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends mass drug administration (MDA) of azithromycin, a broadspectrum macrolide antibiotic, for the treatment of trachoma. Some studies suggest that MDA of azithromycin for this purpose has the added benefit of protection against other illnesses including malaria, diarrheal episodes, and respiratory infections. The aim of this review is to investigate the effect of MDA of azithromycin on mortality rates in African children.
Methods: An exhaustive search of available medical literature was performed using MEDLINE-Ovid, CINHAL, and Web of Science databases. Relevant search terms included ‘azithromycin,’ ‘child*,’ ‘mortality,’ and ‘mass.’ The quality of relevant articles was assessed using the GRADE Working Group guidelines.
Results: A total of 3 studies, 2 randomized control trials (RCT) and 1 observational analysis, were included in this review. One RCT conducted in Malawi, Niger, and Tanzania showed that all-cause mortality rates declined in children ages 1-59 months after azithromycin administration, with the greatest benefit seen in children ages 1-5 months. Another RCT revealed similar findings, with decreased all-cause mortality rates in children ages 1-9 years in Ethiopia after MDA of azithromycin. A retrospective observational analysis also suggested reduced all-cause and infectious mortality rates in children ages 1-5 years in Ethiopia after azithromycin treatment.
Conclusion: MDA of azithromycin in African communities decreases all-cause mortality rates in children ages 1-5 years. Additional studies are needed to assess short and long-term adverse outcomes of MDA and the effect of MDA on antibiotic resistance
A Comparison of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy, Treatment as Usual, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Meta Analytic Comparison of Effect Sizes
No full textThe objective of this study is to analyze the research on the application of mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in the treatment of depression and/or anxiety using meta-analytic methods. Seventeen studies meeting inclusion criteria were identified. There was a significant effect of MBCT compared with both treatment as usual and waitlist control groups for symptoms of depression and anxiety. Thus, MBCT is an effective treatment for symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. Additional randomized controlled trials will increase the quality and breadth of the evidence for MBCT’s effectiveness
Cannabis use in the Immunocompromised increasing rates of Pulmonary Aspergillus
No full textCannabis use is an emerging remedy among immunocompromised patients. The lack of regulation surrounding marijuana treatment creates a culture of concern for patients. The act of inhalation further inhibits these patients’ immune response to pathogens. Additionally, marijuana cultures are heavily contaminated with Aspergillus fungus. This review assesses the evidence for a correlation between cannabis use in the immunocompromised and cases of pulmonary aspergillus
Resiliency Factors that Support Latino Immigrants’ Achievement of Positive Adaptation when Resettling in The United States: A Grounded Theory Study
No full textLatinos comprise the largest ethnic and racial minority group in the United States. Currently, 59 million Latinos live in the United States, constituting approximately 18% of the total U.S. population. Latinos account for 40% of all foreign-born immigrants in the United States. As the Latino population in the United States continues to grow, it is important to identify resiliency factors that support Latino immigrants’ achievement of positive adaptation when resettling in the United States. The purpose of this study was to discover the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental factors that support adult Latino immigrants’ positive adaptation in the United States. The goal of this study was accomplished via a qualitative grounded theory informed research design. Latino immigrants shared their experiences of resettling in the United States, including the adverse factors they encountered and the resiliency factors used during resettlement to achieve positive adaptation. Results based on individual interviews of 12 Latinos revealed that Latino immigrants experience adversities during resettlement including Language Barriers, Distance from Family, Discrimination, and Navigating an Unfamiliar Environment and Culture. In addition, results indicated that participants used resiliency factors from the following three categories: Intrapersonal factors, Interpersonal Relationships, and Environmental factors to achieve positive adaptation. Based on the findings, a theory of resiliency for positive adaptation was developed. The results can inform the development of strength-based programs and practices to support the needs of this community. The study concludes with recommendations for policy and practice
Ekphrasis in Ecocriticism: Auden’s “Musée des Beaux Arts” and Bruegel\u27s Landscape with the Fall of Icarus”
Full text linkIf ekphrasisis a literary description of a visual work of art, and ecocriticism uses literature to study nature and ecological concerns, how do the two mix? The ekphrastic poem “Musée des Beaux Arts” by W.H. Auden not only expands the understanding of the genre but also broadens the understanding of nature. Auden’s poem is quintessentially ekphrastic, yet it has never been examined in terms of how it is both informed by and informs an eco-critical reading. Auden and Pieter Bruegel, the painter of “Landscape with the Fall of Icarus” upon which Auden based his poem, express nature through the imagery of animals; however, Auden enriches his poem by synthesizing ecological nature, human nature, and inner nature, all of which not only help deepen understanding of Bruegel’s painting, but also create a more complex image of nature through the reader’s eyes. By combining Auden’s lyrical beauty, as he was heavily inspired by Freud in understanding suffering as exquisite, with Bruegel’s fantastical imagery, the viewer is able to understand the mythology of Icarus and how human nature, perhaps emphasized through ecological nature, has told the tale of Icarus many times over
Critical Remarks on an Interpretation of Reid on Perceptual Apprehension
No full textI argue that Thomas Reid’s theory of perception can be defended against the charges of inconsistency levied against it by Nicholas Wolterstorff. The challenge to be met is roughly that of showing how the Reidian account of perception can avoid being hampered by a descriptive theory of mental reference for perceptual states. First, I will review Reid’s theory of perception and Wolterstorff’s objections to it. Wolterstorff maintains that Reid is committed to an account of perceptual reference according to which mental representations are conceptual intermediaries between the perceiver and the objects of perception. I hope in section III to show that the theory attributed to Reid is unworkable. In the remainder of the paper I will argue that Reid need not be committed to any such view. In sections V through IX, I will sketch an alternative account of perceptual reference that is immediate in the required sense and that can be incorporated into a Reidian account of perception. My proposal will depend crucially on David Kaplan’s account of demonstratives and on mobilizing Kaplan’s semantics for application to the case of perceptual content