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Resource Efficacy in Helping Victims to Exit Sex Trafficking
No full textSex trafficking is a significant problem across the United States. In Portland, Oregon there were 469 commercially exploited children between 2009 and 2013 (Carey & Teplitsky, 2013). Previous research on sex trafficking has focused on demographic information of people who have been trafficked and on methodology to identify victims of sex trafficking. However, there is a lack of research on the resources offered to victims of sex trafficking, specifically when considering which resources are considered most valuable to victims. The purpose of this study was to identify the resources that are offered and to evaluate which types are the most efficacious to the exiting process from the perspective of victims of sex trafficking. This knowledge allows those who advocate for victims of sex trafficking to know how to best provide support and allocate resources
A Meta-Analysis Examining Attention Bias Modification Treatment and the Reduction of Psychological Distress
No full textThe goal of the present meta-analysis was to ascertain the average effect size of Attention Bias Modification as a treatment for anxiety and depression, as well as to examine the effect of moderators on the intervention (i.e., clinical vs subclinical samples, computer vs. internet training, location of training, and age of sample). Measures of anxiety and depression were analyzed combined and independently, and for each outcome both between- and within-group effect sizes were addressed. Analyzes demonstrated that compared to no-treatment control groups, samples that received the intervention had significantly reduced symptom scores on measures of anxiety and depression when measures were considered together (d = .18). When considered independently, only reduction in anxiety scores remained significant (d = .24), though reduction in depression scores trended toward significance (d = .18, p = .05). The results were similar for within-group comparisons. All three outcome analyses (combined, anxiety, and depression) showed significant reduction in symptom scores from pre- to post-test (d = 1.00, d = 1.15, d = 1.05 respectively). Age, method of training (computer vs internet), and location of training were not shown to be a significant moderators of the effect. Samples using participants with clinical symptoms did not differ significantly from those with subclinical symptoms for between-group analyses, however, for within-group comparisons, samples using participants with clinical symptoms had significantly larger effects than those with subclinical symptoms when considering measures together (d = 1.34 vs d = .60) or measures of anxiety (d = 1.47 vs d = .64). The results indicate Attention Bias Modification shows promise as an intervention, though future research ought to investigate effects when compared to other forms of treatment (e.g., CBT), or as an adjunct to current treatments
The Roles of Behavioral Intent and Health Self-Efficacy in Promoting and Sustaining Health Behavior Change in Adolescents
No full textHealth behavior change is a fundamental component in the prevention and maintenance of chronic diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate predictive factors of health behavior change in adolescents following a health promotion program. Sixty-six youth were evaluated at the beginning, end, and 6 months following participation in Multicultural Integrated Kidney Education Program (MIKE). Given its malleability and role as a determinant of health behavior, health self-efficacy was a major construct of this study, and it was hypothesized that changes in health self-efficacy would be predictive of changes in health behaviors. Behavioral intent was also a variable of interest, and it was hypothesized that behavioral intent at the beginning of intervention would be predictive of changes in health behaviors over time. Initial analyses did not reveal significant relations between changes in self-efficacy and changes in health behaviors, nor behavioral intent and changes in health behaviors. Post-hoc analyses revealed significant relations between changes in health self-efficacy and changes in water, fruit, and vegetable consumption. This study highlights a crucial need to assess effective methods and contributors to health behaviors in adolescents and provides suggestions for program development and outcome measures. Additionally, post-hoc findings provide a framework to support future in-depth investigation of health behaviors in adolescents
Internal Working Model Revision by Marriage: A Single Subject Design with a Latter-Day Saint Couple
No full textAccording to Bowlby’s attachment theory, an individual develops an internal working model (IWM) during early childhood. Intra- and interpersonal interactions are interpreted by one’s IWM across the lifespan. Although one’s IWM is mostly enduring, it is thought to change across one’s lifespan. Bowlby described the event of marriage as capable of instigating more dramatic revision to an IWM. In the United States, views on marriage and patriarchy held by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) are unique from views held by dominant culture. This study uses a single-subject experimental design to track IWM changes among an LDS couple entering marriage. Attachment security was measured for individuals in a dyad relative to their attachment security to their partner, mother, father, and God. Baseline measurement was taken for 3 months previous to marriage and post-marriage measurement was taken for 10 months following marriage. The study assessed for stressful life events, other than marriage, which could account for IWM revision. Attachment to partners and God showed variation and no demonstrable trajectories of change. Attachment to parents showed a high degree of stability. Other patterns of attachment security variation are discussed
Progressive Counting with Children and Adolescents
No full textTrauma impacts thousands of children every year. Trauma can lead to severe symptoms in some cases. There are several interventions that exist to help children process their trauma. Progressive Counting is a newly developed trauma intervention designed to be easily administered by a therapist and help children process their trauma without having to write or explicitly tell the full narrative of what occurred during the traumatic event. The current study utilized a single subject AB design to further examine the effectiveness of Progressive Counting. Visual analysis was conducted with the participant’s SUDS scores and the participant and her mother’s scores on the Youth Outcome Questionnaire 30.1. Results indicated that, while the participant’s self-report scores on the Y-OQ 30.1 did decrease, it could not be fully attributed to the intervention due to decreasing scores during the baseline (A) phase. Future research is needed to fully determine the effectiveness of the Progressive Counting Intervention
Implementation and Evaluation of a new School-Based Vision Therapy Program
No full textThe objective of this program evaluation study was to explore the efficacy, feasibility, and potential for a new school-based vision therapy (VT) program and community partnership between Pacific University College of Optometry and Tom McCall Upper Elementary School. This investigation utilized an explanatory sequential mixed methods design, involving the collection and analysis of both qualitative and quantitative data. The project and its analysis were informed by a transformative worldview.
The program efficacy was defined by pre- and post-VT symptomatology, visual skills, and academic performance. These measures showed stability or improvement following 20 hours of school-based VT over 12 weeks (n=6) with 76.5% participant compliance. Qualitative survey and interview data demonstrated widespread support for the continuation of this program from both program volunteers and the Tom McCall school liaison.
Due to the small sample size (n=6), statistical significance cannot be drawn from these findings. Trends seen in quantitative data, and additional support from qualitative feedback, sufficiently demonstrate enthusiasm for, and potential visual and academic benefit of, continuation of this new school-based VT program. My hope is that this project will provide a strong basis for a continuing partnership between Tom McCall Upper Elementary School and Pacific University College of Optometry to provide school-based vision therapy