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Rural gentrification in the North Aegean Countryside (Turkey)
Get PDFThis article examines rural gentrification as experienced on the North Aegean coasts of Turkey. The study area chosen is the closest Aegean coast to İstanbul and it attracts attention because of its archeological and mythological values, as well as its natural beauty and vernacular landscape. The most important element determining the rural landscape of the region is olive production.Depopulation in rural areas since 1950s and development of tourism in coastal areas after 1980 has brought about the investment-disinvestment cycle which is in the rural gentrification theory. The migration from urban to rural and tourism activities, which began in the rural area studied in 1980s, gained momentum in 2000s, real estate prices rose. It has been observed that in the rural area where tourism facilities have been improved, gentrification occurs in parallel. It is possible to categorize the newcomers as summer house vacationists, retired people, national elite and entrepreneurs. The study is based principally on in-depth interviews with village mukhtars, local people, newcomers, tourism entrepreneurs, and professionals. Newcomers and new economies change the rural landscape. However, the real estate market did not yet play a significant role in the rural gentrification in this area, unlike in developed Western countries. On the other hand, replacement of the agricultural sector by the service sector and change in land use creates post-productive landscape in North Aegean Countryside
A Rank-Size Rule Analysis of The City System at The Country and Province Level in Turkey
Get PDFThe present study investigates the rank-size distribution of cities above 10,000 in Turkey for the years 2000 and 2012, and the results are compared with the findings related to 1945 and 1975. The results show that despite the political and economic transformations of the last decade, there is a perfect adjustment of the city size distribution to the rank-size rule at the country level due to existence of a well-established urban system. A regression analysis is employed to reveal the relationships between the slopes of city size distribution and the characteristics of provinces
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Based Accessibility Modeling Approach in Micro Scale Considering Physically Disabled Users: Case Study of Mimar Muzaffer Campus, Selcuk University
No full textThe concept of physical accessibility refers to the availability, capability, comfort, convenience of transportation processes considering different urban obstacles / barriers and costs. In this context, there are many approaches for the measurement and evaluation of physical accessibility in the literature which are used extensively as a decision support especially in transportation, geography and city and regional planning related disciplines.Although there are large number of modeling approaches on physical accessibility modeling in macro scales (such as national, regional, city and town scales), the research on physical accessibility modeling, in micro scales (such as street, human, neighborhood scales), which could consider all the details of the perceived space seem to be extremely limited.This study, which emerged from this lack of accessibility modeling literature, proposes a GIS-supported methodology to demonstrate how physical obstacles / barriers such as “buildings, landscape areas, walls, steps, stairs, pits, unfitted street furniture, other (garbage, rubbles, trees etc. that prevent access) etc.” and transitions such as “ramps with appropriate slope, elevators and/or “removing walls / steps” could be defined in GIS environment and how access and circulation in (outdoor) urban space could be modeled considering these physical obstacles / barriers and transitions especially taking physically disabled users (users using wheelchair, bicycle, baby\u27s car, market car etc.) into consideration in the micro scale.The proposed accessibility modeling methodology is conducted at Selçuk University, Faculty of Architecture, Mimar Muzaffer Campus Area. A polyline-based spatial GIS database has been developed to demonstrate how physical barriers and transitions could be modeled in micro scale in GIS environment in order to evaluate physical accessibility. The results of the study could provide an accessibility based decision support environment by visualizing and presenting how physical obstacles in urban space prevent physically disabled users from access and circulation and how the elimination or removal of these physical obstacles and creation of transitions will create a difference in access and circulation for the users in a comparable manner especially in micro scale.This study is thought to make a significant contribution to increase accessibility levels of physically disabled users (users using wheelchair, bicycle, baby\u27s car, market car etc.) in the outdoor urban areas in terms of demonstrating their accessibility and circulation capabilities.The first primitive experimental model related with this research was carried out with the participants of the accessibility measurement and modeling session at the 3rd National Disability Workshop which is held in Selcuk University, Mimar Muzaffer Campus dated 2-3 May 2018
A Slow City Movement: The Case of Halfeti in Turkey
Get PDFIn today\u27s world where globalization is increasing, many cities cannot ada pt to rapid changes. The changing lifestyles of the inhabitants of the city cause a rapid loss of urban differences and originalities. Several movements have emerged to solve these problems. One of these movements is the slow city movement proposed for a better environment and social life. The slow city movement sets out the parameters that ensure the viability of cities, which give importance to the continuity of the improvement of social, economic, cultural and environmental qualities. This movement, which strives for the preservation of originality against the impact of globalization, has a great importance in order to increase the quality of urban life.The aim of this work is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of sustainable development of the slow city declared places, and to identify the threats and opportunities that can be faced. In this way, targets and strategies for the sustainability of the desired criteria for cities declared as slow cities can be determined. In the study, environmental analysis and situation analysis were carried out by observation and inventory collection method in Halfeti province of Urfa declared as slow city. The local people and tourists who visited the area were interviewed and SWOT analysis was conducted by brainstorming method. The district of Halfeti consists of two regions. The old Halfeti area is a very old settlement; some of the buildings it contains are under the waters of the Euphrates, in the appearance of an open-air museum. The new Halfeti is a region formed with non-specific regulations and illegal and distorted building is seen intensively. With the declaration of Halfeti as a slow city, the tourism movements have begun to accelerate. As a result of this study, it has been determined that this region with historical and natural beauty has been caught unprepared for tourism development. For this reason, it is necessary to prioritize rehabilitation efforts in the region and prepare action plans for the new Halfeti settlement. The conclusion is that Halfeti\u27s unique identity values should be promoted on a global scale and protected as cultural heritage. It is expected that the results obtained in the study will also be a road map for other slow cities similar to Halfeti
Revitalization of Cultural and Aesthetical Assets of Iranian Traditional Bazaar
Get PDFIn recent decades, modernization is extensively changing the face of Iranian cities. Besides, urban places are losing their traditional features, identity and cultural characteristics. Conservation of cultural heritage resources rescued historical parts of the cities; hence, other traditional urban spaces do not receive enough attention and protection due to economic concerns. Mashhad, as one of the main religious touristic destinations in Iran, is unfortunately losing its traditional features due to extensive attractions of physical transformations. Economic profits fascinating constructions into the city center of Mashhad, specially surrounding areas of the holly shrine. This issue has been led to demolishment of the old texture of the city center. Sarshoor bazaar is one of rescued traditional urban public spaces in city center of Mashhad with characteristics of an Iranian ancient bazaar. This study mainly focuses on cultural and aesthetical patterns of traditional Iranian bazaars in order to provide a conceptual strategy for revitalization of Sarshoor bazaar. To this aim, a theoretical review is provided through main representative factors of cultural landscape to decide about a proper strategy for improving cultural quality of the selected case study. We also provide a practical analysis through social and behavioral patterns of the citizens and pilgrims in public spaces to realize material and immaterial features of Sarshoor bazaar, and consequently, find out any possible opportunity of improving tangible and intangible characteristics of this case study area.To capture cultural landscape qualities of Sarshoor bazaar, a final design is provided to envelope a light traditional surface representing the visual landscape of the bazaar. Main passage and piazzas are also equipped for the movements of pilgrims and setting up annual traditional and social events
An Essay in Adaptive Reuse The Case of Bergama Küplü Hammam
Get PDFBergama is an important settlement center which have different civilizations. Today, it comes forward with especially the cultural heritage of Antiquity but there is an important heritage which has Ottoman period’s impress too. The works which reflect to aqua culture effectuate a part of that heritage. Especially Turkish bath buildings have an important place to remind and sustain that culture.The aim of this study is making an essay in adaptive reuse via Küplü Hammam which is an important representative of Ottoman aqua culture in the urban memory. In this sense, Küplü Hammam will be examined in the context of its characteristic properties and it will be evaluated as spatial and volumetric flow to provide its characteristic properties’ sustainability. In this context, it is intended to develop some acceptable strategies for the building’s adaptive reuse. Thus, this study will contribute for the characteristic properties of the building to keeping alive them with protection and sustain their place in urban memory
Temporality and Memory in Architecture: Hagia Sophia
Get PDFIstanbul, having hosted many civilizations and cultures, has a long and important past. Due to its geopolitical locations, the city has been the capital of two civilizations—Ottoman and Byzantine Empires—which left its traces in the history of the world. Architectural and symbolic monuments built by these civilizations made an impression in all communities making the city a center of attraction. After each and every damage caused by wars, civil strifes, and natural disasters, maximum effort has been made to restore these symbolic buildings.Attitude of a society to a piece of art or an architectural construction defined as historical artifact is shown in interventions, architectural supplementations and restorations to buildings to keep them alive. As a result of this attitude, it is accepted that buildings are perceived as a place of memory and symbolized with the city.The most important symbolic monument of the city, Ayasofya (Hagia Sophia), was found as the Church of the Byzantine Emperor in the year 360, then converted into the Mosque of the Ottoman Sultan, and now serves as one of the best-known museums of Turkey. With architectural additions requested by Byzantine emperors and Ottoman sultans, restorations and other functional changes; Hagia Sophia had become a monument witnessing its own changes as well as its surroundings while collecting memories. Accordingly, Hagia Sophia can be described as an immortal building. Immortality is out of time notion, however it is a reflection of time effects as well. Immortality is about resisting to time. A construction from the past which appreciates as time passes will also exist in the future preserving its value. The building has been strengthened with the memory phenomenon formed during construction, incidents that the building witnessed in its location, restorations, architectural supplementations and the perception of the world heritage.The main purpose of this presentation is to show how an intangible concept as memory concretizes in an architectural structure within the frames of immortality and time concepts by examining Hagia Sophia.
Re-Defining Traditional Bazaar Areas and Shade Structures Via Parametric Design Methods
Get PDFFor the continuation of life, people created various equipment and goods. To create mutual benefits, they’ve exchanged the overpruduced items with different products. This has begun the shopping act. By the increased amount of transactions, a need of defined area for shopping have arisen. For a temporary time, trading areas have been developed at different locations at a certain period. In the course of time, beside trading, these areas served as socio-cultural spaces where the human relations were established. Moreover, demand of being able to immediately access to needed goods have emerged. This situation made having a permanent trading area essential. Therefore, enclosed and permanent trade areas from bazaar, inn, bedesten, arasta to shopping malls have emerged. Next to all these trading areas, traditional bazaar areas keep being established.Nowadays, there is a need of providing some determined comfort conditions to the users for these street alley bazaars. Decreasing the effect of unfavorable weather conditions and providing supportive certain services and units (like WCs, security, cleanliness, etc.) are some of them. As a fundamental solution, without disengaging the user relations with the outside, shade structures are generally provided. Shade structures can support cleaning and similar jobs by gathering and using rainwater besides its purpose of protecting the user from bad weather conditions. Application examples of these systems are gradually increasing. However, it is necessary to develop new approaches, in order to stop these proposed shade structures, become prototypes and to adapt the proposal to its environment and to increase diversity.In this study, a convenient shade structure and its alternatives, which are adapted to environmental conditions, were designed to create a sample model for other bazaar areas. In models, basically, folding design approaches were pursued. For production of these shade structure models, parametric modelling technics (Grasshoppers and Rhinoceros software) were used and different variations of model were generated. Chosen examples of models were evaluated in the aspect of feasibility. A comparison was made between the existing examples and our designed models. Ecological contributions of these models were also taken into consideration and harvestable rainwater amount by this system was calculated. Accordingly, advantages of the system to the bazaar area and to its environment were studied
Cities Hosting Holy Shrines: the Impact of Pilgrimage on Urban Form
Get PDFThis paper explores pilgrimage in the context of historic holy cities which contain at least one religious complex through which the ritual of pilgrimage takes place. One controversial tension in urban development process of holy cities is the tension between urban growth, on the one hand, and adapting city structure to the needs of pilgrims on the other hand. This paper investigates this issue by referring to experiences of two major holy cities in of Mecca and Mashhad. Both cities are spiritual centers which host millions of pilgrims throughout year. The aim of this paper is to analyze the process of city center transformation in both cities and monitor different policies and interventions that shaped their morphologies up to now. Through historical analysis of urban form, flow of pilgrims has affected the morphology of both cities in similar ways. Accordingly policies and interventions by local officials have shaped the urban center in three similar ways: enlargement and expansion of shrine, vehicular access to shrine, and real-estate speculation. İn the absence of protective and preventive codes and policies both Mecca and Mashhad have lost their historical urban fabric and their cultural patrimonies. Their traditional urban scape and prominence of shrine has been substituted by high rise mega projects. İn a similar way their local crafts and small-scale retails have been replaced by global retail chain
Neighbourhood Patterns in Istanbul: From Historical Form to Manhattanization
Get PDFDuring the last century, the transformation of Istanbul’s urban structure from monocentric to multi-centric and its rapid population growth resulted in neighborhood patterns which are spread across a large spectrum according to their location and their cultural, socio-economic and historical backgrounds. In urban settings, the potential environment is reinterpreted by its users, and is realized through the application of the space and time-specific societal norms within the context of technological advances. The present study investigates the selected neighborhood patterns from historical to westernized, modern, post-modern (gated) and Manhattanized forms.According to the results of the study, although some of the historical, westernized and modern neighborhoods have been preserved to a large extent, the haphazard development of high-rise residential buildings has caused traffic congestion, pollution, an increased income gap and changes in land values, and has thus produced functional transformations in their immediate surroundings. In addition, this unnecessary increase in housing density is not only harmful for the city’s famous silhouette but also for its traditional neighborhood relationships. In order to allow a physically, economically and socially more balanced development of the city, it is necessary to control its growth and follow a system of planned development which is not solely for the benefit of real estate investors. It is hoped that the results of the study will be useful for the urban and regional planners, policy makers and investors.