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Architectural Distinctiveness of the 15th Century Ottoman Tombs in Skopje: Learning from the Recent Archeological Excavation
Get PDFGrave structures are architectural works reflecting the cultural accumulation, continuity and political power of societies. In addition, graveyards or necropolises and grave structures themselves, have an important contribution in shaping urban forms of cities. This article aims to evaluate the impact of crypted tombs (mezar odalı türbe), originating from the Kurgan culture of the Turks, in shaping the urban morphology of Skopje, as a Turkish city during the 15th century.
Crypted tombs, which are very few in the Balkan geography, are a type of tombs mostly built during the Seljuk and Early Ottoman periods. The rich architectural forms and local aesthetic qualities of tombs have attracted a lot of research attention. As a result, tomb typology was defined by classifying the tombs according to the architectural peculiarities such as plan, volume shape, roofing system and applied materials. For the purpose of this paper, available sources were examined and the typology for six crypted tombs of Skopje was prepared. In addition, the archive documents describing the immediate surroundings of the tombs were examined, and the confusion of information about the tombs was clarified.
After the definitions and typology of the tombs were determined, the locations of these tombs in the city of Skopje were defined, confirming the urban development approach applied since the Early Ottoman period.
This paper relies on the results of Archaeological Excavation and Research Project of the Pasha Yiğit Bey Tomb, which was done under the auspices of the Şarık TARA, in Skopje, during which three crypted tombs were found beside the previously known ones.
In this study, the tombs unearthed as a result of archaeological excavations are defined in the context of the 15th century Early Ottoman city structure. The crypted tombs found in Skopje are discussed for the first time in this study
Ecological Memory and Socio-Ecological Resilience Approach Within the Scope of Muğla Wildfires
Get PDFThe climate change crisis stemming from anthropogenic reasons has triggered severe weather events and disasters all over the world in recent years. In this context, the main purpose of the paper is to reveal the importance of ecological memory in the face of the wildfires threatening our living spaces and taking place between 29 July-12 August 2021 throughout Muğla Province, and to divulge basic strategies for the future of the region by questioning the resilience of ecosystem. The damage caused by wildfires are determined by using satellite images and remote sensing methods in GIS. Accordingly, the borders of burned areas were determined by using mainly remote sensing data according to the degree of burn severity on the basis of NBR. In turn, these borders were overlapped with CLC data and administrative borders at different scales for determination of the land cover types of the burned areas and the urban areas affected. Subsequently, the actual surface areas of the burned regions were calculated by using SRTM GL1 satellite images. The results show that not only forest assets, but also agricultural areas, production areas, mining areas, urban transportation network and residential areas were damaged by the wildfires. Although burned areas can be calculated by using remote sensing methods as done in this study, exact delimitation of fire zones and precise distribution of the burned areas according to land cover types also require in-situ work. Hence, the scope of the paper doesn’t cover these issues that can only be addressed by future studies. Overall, the paper proposes a framework for questioning the socio-ecological resilience of the ecosystem in the upcoming period of the disasters that threaten our living spaces, and formulates a set of strategies for spatial planning by employing a socio-ecological approach for increasing the resilience of habitats by revealing ecological memory
Sustainable Schoolyards as Learning Landscapes
Get PDFLearning for sustainability encourages informal learning, embeds daily usages and observations into the learning process, and has the potential to cultivate ecological-based habits for a sustainable future. We cannot separate the learning process and everyday life from each other. Therefore, the present research focuses on sustainable learning programs and designs in schoolyards within the framework of “learning landscapes,” which is an emerging topic that requires interdisciplinary approaches. This article aims to combine curriculum design, spatial design, informal learning, and ecological design themes and explain the practice-based processes in “Design Your Schoolyard” workshops. This participatory and hands-on project involves multiple stakeholders and unfolds this multilayered structure within its process. Nature-child connections are insufficient in most cities, and the cultivation of sustainable practices only happens with nature and the practicing of sustainable behaviors in daily life. Therefore, school gardens are emerging with a new approach that interprets these areas as learning landscapes, not just as spatial designs but as an approach that creates connections with the curriculum and ecology to help children learn about sustainability and builds bonds between nature and children in daily life.
This study aims to launch a new discussion about schoolyard designs that support children in learning about sustainability and to highlight the principles of these learning landscapes. Secondly, the research offers various suggestions about handling these sites, the importance of the design of multi-stakeholder processes, and the inclusion of various disciplines into the process from a participatory and experiential project experience
What Fundamental Indicators Should Be Used to Measure the Change in the Historic Urban Landscape Approach?
Get PDFHistoric Urban Landscape (HUL) identifies an urban area due to its cultural and natural values and the qualities of its historical plane. Within this context, this article aims to determine and categorize these values used in the HUL approach as indicators. The research question focuses on finding specific indicators used in the HUL approach to measuring change beyond considering natural and cultural heritage values in the landscape context. These indicators in 228 peer-reviewed publications implementing the HUL from 2008 to 2021 are assessed. The six-step inclusive and exclusive theoretical framework is established as a method in this article to detect the inadequate implementations of HUL in case studies. The initial finding of this article is that the adequacy of using the HUL approach in publications is questionable as the implementation of the HUL approach processes was incomplete or misunderstood in most of them. Only 29 articles of the 228 publications implemented the HUL approach in its entirety. The other finding is that when the change measurement indicators in the HUL approach are examined, it is evident that natural indicators were the least used group compared to cultural and identity indicators. Each cultural, natural, and identity indicator group should be utilized evenly to implement the HUL approach adequately. This article presents a fundamental indicator list that includes cultural, natural, and identity groups for correctly using the HUL approach.
Why Is There a Need for a Value-Based Zoning Application Method in Urban Areas in Turkey?
Get PDFIn addition to the economic and social problems experienced due to migration from rural to urban areas in developing communities, there are also problems of \u27physical settlement and use of property\u27 in urban areas. After determining the needs for the solution of urban problems, it is necessary to "manage urban settlements and existing resources" in a fast, effective, accurate and sustainable approach. In this regard, the approaches implemented by central and local governments within the scope of the ‘11th Development Plan of the Republic of Turkey’, titled "Free Individual, Strong Society, More Democratic Turkey" published by the Ministry of Justice in 2021 are based on the perspective of \u27individual rights and social reconciliation\u27. In addition, the importance of real estate property right, its strengthening and the need to use it without any problems were mentioned. In the process of ensuring the development of the \u27zoning plan implementation in the Land Readjustment method\u27 model including the sustainable, innovative and applicable qualifications for Turkey; Institutional level projects are produced by practitioners, users and academics. In this method/model development process, in the Land Readjustment (LR) method, it is important to \u27pre-regulation and post-regulation equality of land value and protection of property rights\u27 in the process of allocating zoning parcels to the property owner. In the phenomenon of sustainable urbanization, real estate is also the determinant of the social life of living in urban sociology in terms of \u27problem-free use of property\u27. For this reason, innovative solution proposals are needed in cities where \u27zoning planning and plan implementation processes will be carried out in a sustainable land management approach and interactively\u27.
In this study, the deficiencies and negativities encountered both in the legislation and during the implementation of the LR method currently applied in Turkey will be revealed; in this regard, the methods applied in the world and the \u27appliance based on value equality\u27 models will be examined. Taking into account the social habits regarding the use of property, an answer will be sought to the question of why it is necessary to switch from the area-based application (equiproportion) principle to the value-based application (equivalence) model in the LR method in Turkey
An Application of Consistency Testing for Spatial Plans: Case of Trabzon, Türkiye
Get PDFThe starting point of this study is the problematic perspective of focusing only on the final product in spatial planning, while ignoring the planning process, and a lack of certain standards/criteria of the evaluation stage for the internal and external consistencies of spatial plans. Although it has recently attracted significant interest in the field, the methodological use of evaluation is not widespread in planning practice. Evaluation, which is considered to be a simple checking duty in the Turkish planning system (TPS), is not considered in the related literature and legislation. Focusing on the “evaluation stage” of spatial planning, this paper aims to demonstrate the contribution of the previously developed Guideline for Evaluation of Spatial Plans (GESP) in testing and ensuring the consistency of different scale and types of plans prior to their approval. The first phase of the study focuses on the concept of evaluation, reviews a series of related literature for the evaluation of plans, and discusses the evaluation stage in the TPS. In the second phase, the consistency of the selected case area plansafter addition of new resources that comply with the input of the previously developed evaluation framework GESPis examined. This guideline, which is an analytical method proposal, is applied over the selected cases, involving the upper-scale plans that cover Trabzon province and lower-scale plans for some settlements that were selected from within this province. Consistencies of all the plan components (plan sheets, plan report, plan notes, plan legend) of plans with different scales for the case area were tested in terms of the criteria of the developed guideline. Most of these plans were found to be inconsistent, both internally and externally. In the study, it was determined that the plans in fact contained many inconsistencies on their approval without being subjected to such evaluation. Although the study did not focus on the frequency of evaluation of spatial plans, the parties that will make those evaluations, and how to use their output, it provides basis for future studies. The “evaluation stage”, an important theoretical issue in the international literature, is exemplified for both how it would be handled and tested in practice. Identifying the needs, processes, and problems related to the evaluation stage, mainly for its ex-ante stage, will allow the TPS to intervene in the preparation of plans before their approval. This may have a positive impact on the production of final plans that are more comprehensive, and do not require continuous changes during the planning process. The introduced use of the guideline will contribute to the limited number of studies, concerning the evaluation stage of the spatial plans in Türkiye, besides guiding the related possible legal regulations regarding the TP
How Does “Stay Home” Transform a House? The Route Map of a Research
Get PDFCOVID-19 pandemic caused transformation by influencing the physical and psycho-social status of houses, and by introducing different functions and needs which led to or will lead to changes in individuals’ expectations from their houses. Drawing on this idea, this study allows for the detection of such changes through examination and for the consideration of future house arrangements, housing designs and their production by identifying the usage possibilities of existing houses. The research design is structured in three main steps. First step is the literature part that draws the conceptual framework of the study. Second step includes survey technique with use of panel design as a quantitative research method. In the research, third step has built with semi-structured interview to be deepen analyzing of the results of the quantitative part. The findings reached through this study have the potential to lead future house arrangements as well as housing production and design which are also significant in terms of innovative and creative housing designs studied within disciplines such as interior architecture and architecture. Sample of the research is the city of Istanbul which is first of the most affected cities from COVID-19 pandemic. Selecting a big and multi-component metropolis like Istanbul as research area for residential spaces brought different difficulties in the application processes of research methods while allowing the multidimensional examination of the subject. The research design proposed by this study possess the quality of a guiding sample for future scientific studies
Objective Exploration of the Effects of Architectural Components on Users’ Spatial Evaluation: A Neuroimaging Approach
Get PDFA review of the studies that have been conducted in the field of architectural evaluation reveals that there is insufficient evidence on objective understanding of how architectural components psychologically affect users. This study draws on advances in neuroscience and aims to objectively examine the neurological process of spatial evaluation to create a pleasant environment for users. Research has used quantitative and experimental methods such as surveys and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). To observe the brain’s neural responses and to understand how it works when users evaluate architectural spaces, 36 participants’ brains were scanned with an MRI scanner. In addition, 250 volunteers were asked to participate in a survey experiment to determine the contribution of each sensational and perceptional component to the users’ spatial evaluation. The results showed that the spatial experience of architecture is involved in the brain’s regional, emotional, perceptual, beauty judgment, and evaluation system. Also, the results revealed that pleasant spaces contribute much better to architectural design than unpleasant spaces due to higher attention and memory effects. Furthermore, the results showed that the texture and geometry have a greater ability to produce a pleasant and unpleasant sensation and perception. The high number of patients referred to the radiology polyclinic during the week posed serious problems for the researcher in renting an fMRI scanner and performing the imaging. It is expected that incorporating neuroscience findings into an architectural experience in the form of data can create new perspectives and solutions for qualified architectural design that addresses users’ psychological responses and considers their environmental behavior and satisfaction
Determining Female Housing Users’ Housing Needs and Satisfaction Levels During the Pandemic
Get PDFThis study hypothesizes that the COVID-19 pandemic has changed housing users’ physical and psychosocial needs, and thus, their expectations of their residences. The study aims to determine what new needs housing users have and how satisfied they are with their residences. First, a literature search was conducted on residences and user needs and satisfaction. Second, surveys were conducted to identify the residential problems and needs of female users from Rize during the pandemic when people have been spending more time indoors since the preventive measures. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences and the results were expressed in figures and tables. The questionnaires were administered to female users, who are believed to be more responsible for household tasks than male users. Findings on users\u27 residential use and satisfaction levels before and during the pandemic are presented in detail. In the last stage, the study made recommendations regarding the design of current residences and future ones based on the results. The survey results showed that participants had spent more time in their residences, used the rooms more often, performed different activities in the rooms, attached different meanings to their residences, and changed the norms regarding the use of the rooms since the pandemic. Depending on these changes, participants had new needs, made or considered making modifications, and encountered some problems during the process. The study aimed to develop design proposals for future residences by determining how the pandemic had affected current users and what new residential needs they had had since the pandemic began. In this study, the effects of this newly encountered process on residential spaces are revealed. In addition the results will contribute to the plans of new projects or existing residences
KENT İMAJINI GÜÇLENDİRMEK İÇİN BİR ARAÇ OLARAK YAVAŞ KENT HAREKETİ: OSMANELİ (BİLECİK) ÖRNEĞİ
No full textIntense urbanization movements, unconscious usage of energy sources, along with rural-urban migration based on various reasons and rapid population growth are the common problems of today’s cities. The natural results of such problems can be summarized as the emergence of environments that are naked of aesthetics, changes in the habits of urban-dwellers with regards to their life styles and cultures, along with the negative impacts on the life quality of people. With this study, it is aimed to analyze the suitability of Osmaneli town to be a part of the Cittaslow Movement through the questionnaires to be conducted, along with identifying the physical effects of participating in this movement on the development of Osmaneli’s urban image, and developing planning & design suggestions. The historical and natural landscape elements of Osmaneli surviving to date, along with its characteristics that strengthen the city image, are analyzed within the scope of the study. Field surveys have been carried out within the scope of the study method. In this direction, questionnaire study was carried out in order to detect the elements that bear the city image characteristics and brand value, while also measuring the participation and compliance rate of the public in case of becoming a part of Cittaslow Movement. A city that wants to join the Slow City Movement must meet certain conditions and undertake to provide others. Osmaneli settlement is in a lucky position in this context. Since it is a small settlement in Bilecik, it was not affected much by urban interventions and preserved its original texture. In addition, strengthening the city image of Osmaneli and increasing its tourism potential will provide economic development to the city. In this context, various determinations and suggestions have been developed and a tourism route has been created for the identity elements of the city