IR@CIMFR - Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CSIR)
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An Investigation to Assess the Cause of Accident due to Flyrockin an Opencast Coal Mine: A Case Study
No full textAbstract The paper deals with the investigation carried out to find out the possible reason of the fly rock incident causing fatality of one person at Bhurkunda ‘A´’ Colliery of Central Coalfields Limited (CCL). The flying fragment travelled up to 280 m from the blasting source causing the accidental death. The blasts were conducted in over burden rock strata consisting of medium grained sandstone and shale. The blast hole diameter used in the blast was160 mm, and the average hole depth was 6.0 m. Site mixed emulsion (SME) explosive was used in the blast, and explosive charge per hole was 50.00 kg. Non-electric initiation systems were used for in-hole explosive and surface hole-to-hole initiations. The design parameters used in the blast were thoroughly analyzed using blast simulation software to check any anomaly in the blast design viz. sequence of hole firing, success rate of burden movement, maximum charge per delay fired within 8ms windows, etc. The different fly rock fragments prediction models were used to assess the maximum possible travel distance of the flying in the blast. A synonymous blast was also conducted in the mines to replicate the blast where fly rock accident occurred. All the blasting events were recorded and monitored using a digital video camera. The simulation results of the blast showed the success rate of burden relief more than 80% with sufficient delay intervals for the rock movement during the blast. The maximum possible travel distance of flying fragments based on different fly rock prediction models was 227 m. In the synonymous blast only vertical throws of the flying fragments up to 70 m(approximate) height were observed. It was difficult to find out the exact cause of fly rock incident. However, based on the detailed investigation, it was concluded that the possible cause of flying fragments travelling up to a distance of280 m could be due to the presence of a weak zone in the rock strat
Comparative study of 36 mm-diameter rope in five aerial ropeway installations using a non-destructive method
No full textVisual inspection of wire rope is the most conventional method but it can be inadequate, especially for long rope. Non-destructive evaluation using magnetic methods is an important means for monitoring the performance of haulage rope. A rope tester, used to scan ropes, identifies the loss of metallic area (LMA) and discontinuities such as broken wires or localised faults (LFs). Performing non-destructive evaluation on a regular basis acts as a useful tool for recording the degradation of rope in the installation. In this paper, an attempt has been made to compare the conditions of 36 mm-diameter rope in five aerial ropeway installations using a non-destructive method
Design of a low cost, smart and stand-alone PV cold storage system using a domestic split air conditioner
No full textTo reduce post-harvest losses of food produce and ensure a better return to marginal farmers, a small cold storage has been developed using a domestic split air conditioner. The developed solar-powered cold storage is a low cost, simple and energy-efficient unit. Installation, operation and maintenance costs of the cold storage are also less. The cold storage is integrated with IoT-based sensors for remote monitoring and controlling of temperature and humidity as well as tracking of the stored items. It uses multiple sensors and a microcontroller to maintain and monitor the desired temperature and relative humidity. Average recorded temperature and relative humidity of the cold storage chamber is found to be 6.88 (±0.7) °C and 95 (±1) % respectively. Total cost of the designed 10 t capacity cold storage is around 7449 per year. Farmers or traders can save around $ 20.46 in storage rent per tonne per week considering an average 70% utilization of 10 t capacity of the cold storage throughout the year. Further, the cost of cold storage can be recouped from the rent benefits within the first 2.1 year period
Effective scrap iron particles (SIP) pre-treatment for complete mineralization of benzidine based azo dye effluent
No full textThis study proposed that hybrid scrap cast iron particles (SIP)-aerobic biodegradation technology could enhance the biodegradability of toxic wastewater. SIP cleaved the azo linkages of Direct Green1 dye to form benzidine, 4-aminophenol, aniline and 1,2,7-triamino-8-hydroxynapthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid. SIP-mediated dye reduction was effective at wide pH range; however, kinetic analysis revealed fastest pseudo-first order dye reduction rate at acidic pH 3 (kd = 0.549 min−1) followed by pH 9 (kd = 0.383 min−1) and pH 7 (kd = 0.318 min−1). The daughter aromatic amines produced were partially adsorbed onto the SIP surface and maximally at neutral pH. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second order adsorption kinetics and Langmuir isotherm. Benzidine was adsorbed more than 4-aminophenol and aniline. BOD5 of the SIP-treated effluent increased from 0.93 to 12 mg/L showing improved biodegradability. The daughter amines were rapidly mineralized in the aerobic bioreactor within 6 h. Cost-effective SIP pre-treatment could accelerate mineralization and detoxification of recalcitrant wastewater
Recent Advances in Fluorescent Probes for Detection of HOCl and HNO
No full textIt is known that reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species play a diverse role in various biological processes, such as inflammation, signal transduction, and neurodegenerative injury, apart from causing various diseases caused by oxidative and nitrosative stresses, respectively, by ROS and RNS. Thus, it is very important to quantify the concentration level of ROS and RNS in live cells, tissues, and organisms. Various small-molecule-based fluorescent/chemodosimetric probes are reported to quantify and map the effective distribution of ROS/RNS under in vitro/in vivo conditions with a great spatial and temporal resolution. Such reagents are now appreciated as an excellent tool for aiding breakthroughs in modern redox biology. This mini-review is a brief, but all-inclusive, account of such molecular probes that have been developed recently
A composite microstructural and geochemical approach to quench the quest for hydrocarbon from Barren Measures shales of Jharia Basin, India
No full textThe present study portraits the organic petrological, geochemical and microstructural characters of twenty borehole shale samples for assessing the hydrocarbon generation proficiency of the shales from the Barren Measures Formation (a stratigraphic unit of the Gondwana that is devoid of any workable coal seam) of the Jharia Basin, India, which was underinvestigated until now. The samples consist of vitrinite grains ranging from 5.41 to 20.57 vol%, the dominance of which compared to the inertinite and liptinites may reflect the lignocellulosic organic matter (type-III kerogen) input from the terrestrial plants. The range of the mean random vitrinite reflectance values (0.93–1.27%) may suggest the gas generation potential of the shale samples. The peak palaeotemperature values, may, in addition, suggest wet gas generation from these shales in complementary to some shale samples having efficiency to generate dry gas. The total organic carbon in these samples ranging between 3.87 and 15.99 wt% may imply good to excellent hydrocarbon generation capability. Rock Eval pyrolysis suggests the input of type-III kerogen within the mire and the correlations of the pyrolysis parameters exhibit that the shale samples possess significant potential to generate gaseous hydrocarbons (shale gas). The factor of kerogen conversion (f) of many shales suggests almost 20–30% transformation of kerogen to hydrocarbons. On attaining sufficient thermal maturity, the remaining large amount of labile chemical moieties may convert to hydrocarbons. The positive relation of the present-day hydrogen index (HIpd) with the A-factor would suggest the depletion of hydrogen containing functional groups for generating the gaseous hydrocarbons (shale gas). The Raman spectra of the samples reveal poorly organized microstructure, possibly, due to the presence of labile aliphatic compounds that would yet to generate hydrocarbons on attaining relevant thermal maturity as well as because of partially condensed aromatic system containing heteroatoms. The correlations of the Raman data with the mean random vitrinite reflectance data reveal generation of wet and dry gas from these shale samples based on the maturity level. The scientific content of this present study lies in suggesting a set of new equations from the relations obtained between of the Raman spectral parameters and the Rock Eval data in order to suggest the applicability of the Raman spectroscopy in elucidating the shale gas potential. These may be considered as the addendum to the applications of the existing techniques to elucidate the hydrocarbon potential of the organic-rich source rocks, which also add the novelty of this investigation. The new equations and the relations may be tested in the samples of different thermal maturity from other basins for substantiating their world-wide applications
Optimum Chain Pillar Design at the Deepest Multi-Seam Longwall Workings in India
No full textHigh-production methods like longwall mining with hydraulic powered supports are necessary to increase underground coal production in India. Longwall mining had a mixed success record for Indian geo-mining conditions. In this paper, an analysis is presented to optimally design an array of chain pillars in multi-seam longwall mining panels in the deepest coal mine in India. The study found that a chain pillar of 80-m width and 195-m length is necessary for long-term stability without any reinforcement. It was also observed that an optimum chain pillar can be designed by providing suitable side reinforcement (side bolting) which will reduce the chain pillar dimensions to 55-m width and 160-m length. Optimum design of chain pillars will reduce the coal locked up in these chain pillars by ~ 77%. This will also reduce the gestation period of longwall mining panel development. This paper also evaluates the maximum tensile subsidence strain induced at the surface and finds that the values are within the safe working limit of 3 mm/m. Thus, this paper finds direct application in the design of future multi-seam retreating longwall mining panels in Indian geo-mining condition
Color slices analysis of land use changes due to urbanization in a city environment of Miami Area, South Florida, USA
No full textLand use maps are widely using all over the world for monitoring the usage of lands over a while when urbanization booms. The urban development of the city environment parallelly involves the quick change of landcover in a short time. This work aims to review the land cover changes in Miami which areone of a highly urbanized county in the USA in the twentieth century. The color patterns of land use maps were reviewed with a uniform temporal rate (5 years once) from 2001 to 2016. Based on the color code of the image, land use maps were visually interpreted and it was extended to the Statistical analysis. Unique formulas are derived from the linear statistical model for the changing rate of the land use type in 15 years. Urban built-up gave expeditious increment in land use (9.5%). In the meantime, agricultural land (5.97%) and water (4.21%) decreased at a rapid rate. At the end of the study, the regression model projects the land use change in the year 2021 in Miami Dade County. This study distinctly exhibits how urbanization affects the vegetation cover, water areas, and wetlands, in which land use classes playing a vital role in the ecosystem. This experiment gives a basic understanding of Miami Dade county development and its environmental impact
Development of Diesel Engine Operated Forklift Truck for Explosive Gas Atmospheres
No full textFor the present study, a prototype diesel engine operated Forklift truck of 2 t capacity is developed for explosive gas atmosphere. The parts of the Forklift truck are assessed against risk of ignition of the explosive gases, vapors or mist grouped in Gr. IIA and having ignition temperature more than 200°C. Identification of possible sources of ignition and their control or prevention is the main objective of this work. The design transformation of a standard Forklift truck into a special Forklift truck is made on prototype basis. The safety parameters of the improved Forklift truck are discussed in this paper. The specially designed Forklift truck is useful in industries where explosive atmospheres may present during normal working conditions and risk of explosion is a concern during handling or transportation of materials. This indigenous diesel engine based Forklift truck for explosive gas atmosphere classified as Zone 1 and Zone 2 area and gas group IIA is developed first time in India in association with the Industry
Air Quality modelling for prediction of dust concentrations in iron ore mines of Saranda region, Jharkhand, India
No full textAir quality monitoring was conducted in 12 working, 29 closed and 18 proposed ion ore mines to assess the existing baseline air quality status in Saranda region of West Singhbhum district in the Jharkhand state of India. Air quality modelling was carried out to predict the dust concentrations that likely to arise as a result of the several mine operations. This modelling analysis enabled the effective mitigating measures to control mining related air pollution. It was observed that the main cause of particulate matter generation in the region is due to the road transportation of ore. Transportation of iron ore by conveyor belts from the pit head to the bunkers at the nearest railway siding, and thereafter from the bunkers to the user site by covered railway wagons demonstrated the best possible alternative mechanism for reducing particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations in the region. It was predicted that concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5would be below or slightly higher than the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) in most of the surroundings and higher within mine leasehold areas. Air pollution levels can be minimized by implementing effective control measures. Consequently, it was suggested that all the existing working mines as well as proposed operative mines in the region should use the transpotation from mine to the nearest railway siding by covered conveyor belts and bunker loading systems with the use of scientific dust suppression systems at transfer points