IR@CIMFR - Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CSIR)
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Surface Functionalized Ammonium Nitrate Prills with Enhanced Water Resistance Property: Characterizations and its Application as Commercial Explosives"
No full textIncreasing the hydrophobicity of ammonium nitrate is of great significance for its application as commercial explosives. In this article, a surface functionalized ammonium nitrate with enhanced water‐resistance property was demonstrated using a new hydrophobic coating agent. Structural properties and thermal stability of the prepared samples were investigated by powder X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetric analysis. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopic results show that a uniform hydrophobic layer is successfully coated on the surface of ammonium nitrate prills. Surface coated ammonium nitrate shows excellent stability in aqueous environment with effective detonation property compared to commonly used ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) explosives. Thus, our surface modified ammonium nitrate could serve as a potential explosive for watery hole blasting operations
Performance Evaluation of 42 mm Diameter Stranded Ungalvanised Haulage Rope in a Mono-Cable Passenger Ropeway
No full textMost common conventional method of rope condition evaluation is visual method i.e. watching the exterior strand and outer surface only. Core damage cannot be detected. To assess the rope condition, magnetic nondestructive method is the most suitable method. Periodic rope assessment is necessary to prevent rope failures and extension of rope life. Flaw detectors in the Magnetic Rope Tester detect LMA (loss in metallic area) and LF (localized faults) [1, 2]. This paper describes the performance of a haulage rope in two years
Development of microwave radar based periphery surveillance system in a selected mining area
No full textThis paper deals with a periphery surveillance system, which has been developed and deployed by CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, India as an aid for keeping constant vigilance on a selected area even in adverse weather conditions like foggy weather, rainy weather, dusty environment, etc. The developed system consists of a frequency modulated continuous wave radar with 400 m range, a pan-tilt-camera, a wireless sensor network, a fast dedicated graphics processing unit, and a display unit. It is capable of controlling illegal mining, theft of minerals, and ensuring safety and security of the mine to a great extent. When an intrusion is detected, the system automatically gives audio-visual warning at the intrusion site where the radar is installed as well as in the control room. The system has the facility to record the intrusion data and video footage with timestamp events in the form of log
Spatio-temporal estimation of rainfall patterns in north and northwestern states of India between 1901 and 2015: change point detections and trend assessments
No full textChange point detection and trend analysis are the adopted techniques of time series analysis. We have applied non-parametric methods on the temporal and spatial-scale data of 115 years between 1901 and 2015 from ten different federal states in the north and the northwestern India to examine the change points as well as to estimate the future scenarios by examining the past trends. The change points were examined by Pettitt’s test, Standard Normal Homogeneity (SNH) test, and Buishand’s test, whereas the trend analyses of monthly, annual, and seasonal rainfall data were carried out using Sen’s slope estimator after assessing their statistical significance by Mann–Kendall (M-K) test. The trend analyses showed non-zero slope values and a few among them were of statistical significance. The results of our statistical experiment concluded that the trends of reduction in winter, pre-monsoon, and post-monsoon rainfalls would have notable effects on the rain-fed agricultural production in the near future, particularly in the areas without proper irrigation facility (e.g., parts of Uttar Pradesh). More extreme events of higher rainfall in some states (e.g., Goa, Maharashtra, and Jammu and Kashmir), however might cause disasters like landslide and flooding
Development of a petrographic technique to assess the spontaneous combustion susceptibility of Indian coals
No full textPetrographic studies are commonly used to categorize the potential utilization of coals. Eleven coal samples from the Jharia coalfield (JCF), India, were studied using petrographic techniques to investigate maceral content, reflectance, and textural characteristics. Multiple test samples of each coal were slowly oxidized under controlled laboratory conditions from an ambient temperature of 30°c to 300°c to investigate the morphology of oxidized coals. The petrographic characterization of coals before and after oxidation showed significant changes in both morphology and vitrinite reflectance. The oxidation of coal particles produced three predominant textural changes: particles with homogeneous change of reflectance (HCv), particles with oxidation rims (ORv), and particles with no changes were observed (Uv), respectively. These textural characteristics were used to indicate how particles had interacted with oxygen at low temperatures during the early stages of oxidation. The morphological classification developed provides an alternative method to confirm the susceptibility of a coal to spontaneous combustion. Conventional thermal parameters such as crossing point temperature (CPT) were unable to identify the coals prone to spontaneous combustion. However, certain petrographic parameters could be combined with CPT values to provide a much more accurate measure for susceptibility to spontaneous combustion
Pollution evaluation, spatial distribution, and source apportionment of trace metals around coal mines soil: the case study of eastern India
No full textThe degradation of land by trace metals contamination around coal mining areas is a serious environmental issue, and therefore, it is necessary to have detailed information about the pollution caused by them and their sources. The objective of the work was to study the impact of trace metals (e.g., Cd, Co, Ni, Cr, Zn, Pb, and Cu) on the soil of Jharia coalfield to analyze their sources, contamination level, and their spatial distribution. The present values of the trace metals were compared by their natural background values which were then analyzed on the scale of the Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) and by Improved Nemerow Index (Lnm). The results of spatial distribution revealed that the majority of the soil in Jharia coalfield is moderately contaminated, a small portion of it is slightly contaminated, and altogether at moderate ecological risk due to trace metals. Multivariate statistical techniques including Principal component analysis, Cluster analysis, and Pearson’s correlation evaluated that Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, and Cr in the soil samples had the same source which is coal mining; Pb and Cd were from multiple sources. The spatial distribution maps of trace metals present in the soil of Jharia coalfield were generated using Radial basis function an interpolation method
Nonlinear regression analysis and response surface modeling of Cr (VI) removal from synthetic wastewater by an agro-waste Cocos Nucifera: Box-Behnken Design(BBD)
No full textIn this study mixture of coconut shell and coir was used for Cr (VI) removal from synthetic wastewater and statistical tool Response Surface Modeling (RSM) was applied to optimize process parameters. The solution pH (2–6), reaction time (20–100 minutes) and adsorbent quantity (0.03–0.2 g)
was optimized to find the maximum response of Cr (VI) removal using statistical Box-Behnken
design (BBD) software. The equilibrium data obtained by the batch experiment were analyzed by
ANOVA and found fitted in a second-order polynomial equation through multiple regression analysis. The optimum value of pH, adsorbent quantity and reaction time for 99% of Cr(VI) was found
as 2, 0.1 g and 100 minutes, respectively. By using non-linear regression method it was found that
Freundlich isotherm and Pseudo-second-order kinetic with high correlation coefficient (R2
), low Chisquare (v2
) and root mean squares errors (RMSE), best describe the adsorption of Cr (VI) on mixture
of coconut shell and coir (MCSC) surface. Positive enthalpy (DH�) and negative Gibbs free energy
(DGo
) values confirm the endothermic and spontaneous nature of adsorption process. Pre and post
adsorption phenomenon was confirmed by characterization of adsorbent using AFM, FTIR, SEM,
and EDX analysis. The adsorbent MCSC has regenerative property and can be reused 3–4 times
after treating with alkaline medium (0.2 N NaOH) and offered more than 60% removal of Cr (VI) at
the fourth cycle. It can be inferred based on this study that MCSC is an effective adsorbent for Cr
(VI) removal and can be used on an industrial scale for social and environmental benefi
Protecting structural damage and human annoyance during blasting in sensitive hilly terrain
No full textThe Paper describes the controlled blasting operations in close-proximity of residential houses on hill slopes at the road construction site of kaladan multi-modal Transit Transport Project of Mizoram state of India. Human response and sensitivity were predominantly considered while fixing the sfe level of ground vibration in contrary to the prescribed level suggested by the regulatory agency in India i.e. Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS ). Experimental blast were conducted using jackhammer drill hole (32 mm diameter) of 1.5 m (5 ft) depth and 25mm diameter cartridge explosive combined with short-delay electric detonators. Ground vibration level of 1.85mm/s. was even found to be very unpleasant and non-acceptable to the inhabitants. To avoid complaints and inconvenience, controlled blast design parameters were established with limited number of holes and maximum charge per delay in each blasting round so as to confine the ground vibration level within 1mm/s. which was acceptable to the residents
Renewable fuels from different carbonaceous feedstocks: A sustainable route through Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis
No full textThe Fischer–Tropsch (FT) process is an alternative route to produce petroleum crude equivalent, as this process converts carbonaceous feedstock‐derived (e.g. coal, biomass, natural gas) syngas to synthetic liquid fuels and chemicals. The technology also is known as gas‐to‐liquid (GTL), coal‐to‐liquid (CTL) and biomass‐to‐liquid (BTL) depending on the source of the syngas. Global demand for clean transportation fuels, volatile oil prices, unstable market scenarios and dwindling reserves of petroleum crude are the major drivers for fostering the FT process. FT‐derived synthetic liquid fuel has enormous potential to replace petroleum crude‐based transportation fuels. There is a possibility that individual countries can produce significant shares of their fuel using CTL, GTL and BTL technologies which help during shortages/peak oil circumstances. The present article summarizes the development of conversion of the different carbonaceous feedstock to liquid fuel including syngas generation, as well as catalytic conversion to liquid fuel via the FT route. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industr
Mapping of ferric (Fe3+) and ferrous (Fe2+) iron oxides distribution using band ratio techniques with ASTER data and geochemistry of Kanjamalai and Godumalai, Tamil Nadu, south India
Get PDFThe iron ores found in Tamil Nadu State, South India, are major varieties that have been confined with banded magnetite quartzite. The occurrence, distribution, and grade of these deposits significantly vary according to their geological structure and geomorphologic control. In this article, presents a novel approach, based on spectral remote sensing and digital processing of ASTER data, to identify and characterize the iron ores of Kanjamalai and Godumalai areas located in Tamil Nadu, India. By analyzing the ASTER images, the abundance of iron oxides including ferric (Fe3+) and ferrous (Fe2+) components was determined. The band ratioing technique, a multiband analysis was used to generate the abundance of iron oxide content in various parts of the study area using different band combinations such as band 2/band 1 (for Fe3+) and band 5/band 3 + band 1/band 2 (for Fe2+). The geochemical analysis is an important part of this work to arrive with the outcome of band ratio techniques to decipher the relationship of the band ratio to the chemical composition of the ore samples. Accordingly, the correlation between the results of the geochemical analysis of the samples collected from the random locations was determined by Pearson's coefficient of correlation (ρ) and compared with the corresponding locations in the abundance image. In addition to ρ, various factors such as mean (μ), variance (σ2) and corresponding standard deviations (σ) were also analyzed for a comparative analysis. This comparative analysis indicated that most of the samples have considerably high iron oxide content in the locations. Thus, this study shows the possibility of detecting iron oxide content and its spatial distribution by using ASTER satellite images analysis. Hence, from the mapping results, it is evident that the band ratio technique of ASTER images can be used to map and characterize with limited fieldwork and geochemistr