International Journal of Global Community (Riksawan Institute - IJGC-RI)
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'So fresh, so new and so perfectly healthy': The literature of Finland in the Netherlands 1875-1925
No full textArt, ideology and Americanization in post-war Dutch Mandril. Journalistic innovation of a conservative kind
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Effects of sleep deprivation on cardiac autonomic and pituitary-adrenocortical stress reactivity in rats
No full textA demanding life style, often associated with restricted time for sleep, is a growing problem in our society and may become a major health issue in the near future. Since the physiological stress system plays a critical role in coping with a challenge, it is important to know whether this system is affected by sleep loss. Although some information is available concerning the effect of steep loss on the basal activity of the two main limbs of the stress system, the sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axes, little is known about the effect of sleep loss on the subsequent response to a stressor. This study investigated the effects of steep deprivation on cardiac autonomic and HPA axis (re)activity, under baseline conditions and in response to an acute emotional stressor (15-min of restraint). Rats were subjected to 48 h of steep deprivation by placing them in slowly rotating wheels. Electrocardiographic recordings were performed via radiotelemetry and autonomic balance was quantified via time-domain indexes of heart rate variability. HPA axis activity was examined by collecting blood samples which were analyzed for plasma ACTH and corticosterone concentrations. The results show that steep deprivation produced a tonic increase of heart rate and HPA axis activity. When the animals in a state of steep debt were exposed to an acute restraint stress, a blunted parasympathetic antagonism was observed following sympathetic activation, together with an increased susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmias. The HPA axis response to restraint stress was also altered, but white pituitary ACTH response was attenuated, adrenal corticosterone release was unchanged, indicating an increased adrenocortical sensitivity to ACTH. The data show that steep deprivation not only affects the baseline activity of the stress system, but it also alters its response to a subsequent stressor. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p
Mapping the spatial distribution of global anthropogenic mercury atmospheric emission inventories
No full textThis paper describes the procedures employed to spatially distribute global inventories of anthropogenic emissions of mercury to the atmosphere, prepared by Pacyna, E.G., Pacyna, J.M., Steenhuisen, F., Wilson, S. [2006. Global anthropogenic mercury emission inventory for 2000. Atmospheric Environment, this issue, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv. 2006.03.041], and briefly discusses the results of this work. A new spatially distributed global emission inventory for the (nominal) year 2000, and a revised version of the 1995 inventory are presented. Emissions estimates for total mercury and major species groups are distributed within latitude/longitude-based grids with a resolution of 1 x 1 and 0.5 x 0.5 degrees. A key component in the spatial distribution procedure is the use of population distribution as a surrogate parameter to distribute emissions from sources that cannot be accurately geographically located. In this connection, new gridded population datasets were prepared, based on the CEISIN GPW3 datasets (CIESIN, 2004. Gridded Population of the World (GPW), Version 3. Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT). GPW3 data are available at http://beta.sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw/ index.jsp). The spatially distributed emissions inventories and population datasets prepared in the course of this work are available on the Internet at www.amap.no/Resources/HgEmissions/ (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p
