International Journal of Global Community (Riksawan Institute - IJGC-RI)
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    Cohort-specific trends in stroke mortality in seven European countries were related to infant mortality rates

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    Objectives: To assess, in a population-based study, whether secular trends in cardiovascular disease mortality in seven European countries were correlated with past trends in infant mortality rate (IMR) in these countries.Study Design and Setting: Data on ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke mortality in 1950-1999 in the Netherlands, England &amp; Wales, France, and four Nordic countries were analyzed. We used Poisson regression to describe trends in mortality according to birth cohort, for the cohorts born between 1860 and 1939. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to determine associations between IMR and IHD, or stroke mortality.Results: IHD mortality increased for successive cohorts up to 1900, and then started to decline. Stroke mortality levels were virtually stable among birth cohorts up to 1880, but declined rapidly among later cohorts. A strong positive association was found between cohort-specific IMR levels and stroke mortality rates. There were no strong cohort-wise associations between IMR and IHD mortality.Conclusion: These results support other studies in suggesting that living conditions in early childhood may influence population levels of stroke mortality. Future studies should determine the contribution of specific early life factors to the mortality decline in IHD and especially stroke. (C) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p

    The Hague School and the national landscape

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    From the 1870s onward, the so-called ‘Hague School’ was credited with the invention of a type of landscape painting which was felt to be truly national, in the sense that it realistically depicted the atmospheric qualities of the Dutch countryside. This connection between painting and national identity retained its influence until far into the twentieth century. The main characteristics of the new landscape painting were said to be ‘simplicity and veracity’. These ideals, however, had already been propagated in Dutch art criticism for a very long time. Wessel Krul examines the relationship between the changing concept of national identity in the Netherlands and the evolution of landscape painting from the Biedermeier style of B.C. Koekkoek and his followers to the new ‘realism’ of the Hague School. The identification of the new landscape painting with modern national sentiments was closely connected with the rise of the progressive liberal movement in the 1870s. Although the idea seemed convincing to several generations, the conception of the Hague School as the ‘true expression’ of the Dutch nation was as much a myth as the attempts at nationalism in painting that preceded it

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    International Journal of Global Community (Riksawan Institute - IJGC-RI)
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