International Journal of Global Community (Riksawan Institute - IJGC-RI)
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Imam al-Qaradawi’s Moderate Approach on Non-Legislative Sunnah: Scholarly Debate and Contemporary Relevance.
Full text linkThis article explores Imam al-Qaradawi’s moderate hermeneutical interpretation of Non-Legislative Sunnah, as it has become the most contested issue in modern Islamic thought. After tracing the textual foundations and classical roots of the discussion, the paper surveys the voices of both modernists and traditionalists, along with their theological, methodological, and functional grounds. The study argues that Imam al-Qaradawi proposed a balanced methodology to reconcile the conflicting positions between excessive rationalism, which relativizes the legal bindingness of the Sunnah, and literal traditionalism, which absolutizes its authority. To clarify the position, it explains his epistemological foundation, core principles for distinguishing between the prophet’s multiple roles, and a mediating framework that harmonizes the sanctity of revelation with the flexibility and dynamism of Islamic law. The analysis demonstrates that his moderate framework aligns the Sunnah with the higher objectives of Islamic law- wisdom, justice, compassion, and public welfare- thereby enhancing its applicability in the modern era. The research further highlights his address to counter secular claims of the Sunnah’s obsolescence, clarifying its context-sensitive components that enhance its adaptability. Overall, the findings suggest that al-Qaradawi’s model lays the groundwork for a dynamic form of modern ijtihad, facilitating constructive Muslim engagement with contemporary legal, scientific, ethical, and governance challenges
Navigating Fragmentation: Community Health Interventions For Street-Connected Children Within Health Systems
Full text linkStreet-connected children live at the edges of urban health systems, where poverty, mobility, and stigma quietly shape who receives care and who is left behind. In Tanzania, community-based welfare interventions are often the first, and sometimes only, point of contact with health services for these children. However, how these interventions function in everyday practice remains underexplored. This study examined how community-based welfare initiatives support access to healthcare among street-connected children in Dodoma City, while also tracing the barriers that continue to limit service use. Using a qualitative case study design, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with street-connected children and key stakeholders, including community health volunteers, NGO coordinators, and district health and social welfare officers. Thematic analysis revealed that outreach, referral support, case management, and accompaniment to health facilities play a critical bridging role between the street and formal care. Community actors frequently navigate health systems on behalf of children who lack identification, financial means, or adult advocates. Even so, access remains fragile. Direct and indirect costs, provider stigma, loss of insurance cards, and institutional practices that overlook street-connected children repeatedly interrupt care pathways. Many children depend on peer networks or NGO escorts to be acknowledged in clinical spaces. Community-based interventions ease immediate barriers but cannot compensate for fragmented health systems. Strengthening equitable access requires child-sensitive service pathways, reduced administrative obstacles, and integrated medical–social responses grounded in rights-based approaches. Without these shifts, street-connected children will continue to navigate care through improvisation rather than inclusion
The Transforming Matrilineal Land Inheritance Practice
No full textThe study examines the transformation of matrilineal land inheritance practice and women’s land rights in the context of intermarriage among the Luguru ethnic group. Data were collected through document review, interviews, and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The result identified several cases of intermarriage between matrilineal and patrilineal groups. Women married to men from other ethnic groups lose their rights to inherit land from their natal families. Marriages are increasingly becoming patriarchal, and men have changed their practices of moving to their wives’ households and passing land to their sisters’ children. However, the study also noted other barriers to women’s rights, such as increased land sales. Addressing women’s access to land requires policy frameworks that promote cultural practices of both matrilineal and patrilineal groups to reduce the impact of intermarriages on women’s rights. Policies should monitor and regulate land sales, which disadvantage weaker groups, especially women. 
Exploring School Management Strategies on Alternatives to Corporal Punishment for Managing Student Aggression in Arusha, Tanzania
Full text linkIn many African countries, including Tanzania, children often experience immediate physical punishment from parents or caregivers after misbehaving, a practice that extends into schools where students can be caned with permission from the educational authorities. The reliance on corporal punishment, highlights the urgent need for effective, non-violent strategies to manage student misbehaviour, particularly aggression, thus fostering a safer and more supportive educational environment. This qualitative study, aimed at exploring alternative strategies employed by school managements in order to handle students’ aggression. It was grounded on the Social Learning Theory and Attachment Theory. Besides, the study employed the multiple-embedded case study design coupled with purposive sampling technique and snowball sampling technique along with the semi-structured interview, focus group discussion and documentary review as data collection methods. Subsequently, the study identified five key strategies namely creating conducive environments that foster security and support, establishing mentorship programmes that provide behavioural models and emotional support, changing teachers' mind-sets so as to promote non-violent conflict resolution, making sure issues concerning student behaviours are discussed during parent-teacher meetings in order to make students align with behavioural expectations and enhancing religious teachings which will provide ethical frameworks and emotional guidance. These strategies align with both Social Learning Theory and Attachment Theory which encourage positive behaviour modelling and establishing secure emotional bonds respectively. The research underscores the necessity for comprehensive support systems which address both behavioural and emotional needs of students to effectively reduce aggression. Furthermore, it is recommended that, school managements should adopt these strategies as a framework for managing students’ aggression, moving away from reliance on corporal punishment
The Gender-Conversion-Identity Nexus: A Synthesizing Framework for the Study of Islam in Latin America
Full text linkThe study of Islam in the Western hemisphere has largely overlooked Latin America, a region experiencing a quiet but significant religious transformation through the conversion of native-born individuals to Islam. This review article synthesizes the emerging scholarship on this phenomenon, arguing that while gender, conversion, and identity have been studied in isolation, they are in fact inextricably linked. By proposing the "gender-conversion-identity nexus" as a synthesizing framework, this review demonstrates how their integration is essential for a holistic understanding of how Islam is being indigenized in Latin America. This approach reveals conversion as a fundamentally gendered process, which in turn catalyzes the construction of uniquely hybrid identities—a dynamic that constitutes the defining characteristic of contemporary Latino Islam. Drawing primarily on qualitative and ethnographic evidence from key countries like Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico, the review analyzes gendered conversion narratives, the subsequent "double translation" of identity, and the significant challenges converts face. The article concludes by outlining critical gaps in the literature and proposing future research directions. Ultimately, this review contends that the gender-conversion-identity nexus provides an indispensable analytical tool for understanding Latin American converts not as passive recipients of a foreign faith, but as active agents in a profound socio-religious process
The Factors Influencing the Social Development Perception of Religious Leaders in the Zanzibar Urban Municipality
No full textThe study used an exploratory qualitative research design for participant selection and data collection. An interview method was applied to 42 religious leaders, comprising 22 Muslims, 14 Christians, 4 Buddhists, and 2 Hindus. This variation was based on the level of participants' involvement in the research process; the sample size of 42 was determined by data saturation, a commonly used approach in qualitative research. Thematic analysis was employed to identify core themes and sub-themes, facilitating the interpretation of the study's main ideas. The study's findings show that the religious leaders’ perceptions of social development are shaped by their religious teachings and economy. The study concludes that religious leaders in urban Zanzibar perceive social development as a multifaceted interplay of religious, economic, and social factors. The study suggests that policy dynamics are crucial in fostering ethical and inclusive social change in Zanzibar
Philippine University Students’ Exposure To Political Promotion On Tiktok and Their Political Participation
Full text linkThe use of the Internet has become the main source of political efficacy and participation, enhancing awareness about voting and campaigning. With Media Dependency and Social Cognitive Theories as frameworks, this study intended to know the relationship between Filipino university students’ exposure to political promotion on TikTok, and their political participation during the 2022 Philippine National Election. This study considered the self-report of a total of 300 respondents with a quantitative research design, specifically correlational research method, to analyze the data. The findings show that the respondents had a moderate amount of exposure to political promotion content on TikTok. The study puts forward that TikTok is influential in affecting respondents’ understanding and awareness of political information because exposure showed a significant positive relationship with knowledge of politics. Additionally, this study observed a significant positive correlation between respondents’ exposure and their attitude towards politics-related activities. Similarly, exposure and behavior established a positive and significant relationship. The respondents’ amount of exposure was enough to create subsequent media effects on the cognitive, attitude, and behavior of the respondents towards political-related information and activities, despite only registering at a moderate level. Because knowledge and exposure had a positive relationship, it resulted in a subsequent positive effect. According to the knowledge-attitude-behavior model, knowledge is essential for effecting changes in behavior and attitude. This study highlights the significance of new media, particularly TikTok, on Filipino university students’ political engagement. It also draws attention to other aspects, like culture, that may have an impact on their political participation
Cross-Cultural Analysis of Socioeconomic Inequalities in Education
Full text linkThis study explores educational and social inequality factors through socioeconomic status variables, revealing the complex nature of income, education, and employment. It highlights the impact of socioeconomic status on students' academic trajectories and prospects. Students from affluent backgrounds often achieve better outcomes and social mobility. In contrast, less privileged children face challenges such as limited access to quality institutions, limited learning resources, and high levels of stress. The study uses conflict theory to examine how educational systems may perpetuate social disparities, revealing systemic challenges students from disadvantaged backgrounds face. The research also explores future employment prospects in education-related social sciences, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions, strategic resource allocation, and policy reforms to foster educational equity and enhance social mobility. This research contributes significantly to understanding educational and social inequalities, offering valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and researchers working to create more equitable and inclusive educational systems.
Keywords: socioeconomic status, educational and social inequality, income, education, employment
 
Teachers' Perceptions on Fostering Inclusive School Culture for Students with Disabilities
Full text linkDespite ongoing efforts to promote inclusive education in Ethiopia, fostering a culture of inclusivity for students with disabilities (SWDs) in primary schools remains a significant challenge. This study examined the level of inclusivity of school culture for SWDs in Addis Ababa, as perceived by teachers. Utilizing a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design, data were collected through a survey questionnaire and focus group discussions (FGD). A proportional sample of 324 teachers from primary schools participated in the survey, while 72 teachers were purposefully selected for the FGDs. Results indicated a significant gap in the sense of school community-building efforts to support the inclusion of SWDs (M = 2.889, SD = 0.3099, t = -6.437, p <.050), despite an encouraging foundation in establishing inclusive values (M = 3.065, SD =.2685, t = 4.386, p <.050). Overall, teachers’ perception of fostering inclusive school culture (ISC) for students with mild impairments was moderate (M = 2.977, SD = 0.2298, t = -1.777, p =.077). However, a significant challenge persists in fostering ISC for all students, particularly those with moderate and severe impairments. The results of the FGDs corroborated this finding. These findings underscore the critical role of school community engagement in fostering ISC for all students, particularly those with moderate and severe impairments. Policymakers and stakeholders must prioritize initiatives that strengthen the creation of inclusive school cultures that support inclusive practices for all students
Exploring Responsibility for Space Launches by Stateless Vessels from the High Seas: Bridging the Law of the Sea and Space Law
Full text linkThis study aims to critically examine the responsibility gaps in international space law and law of the sea arising from space launches conducted by stateless vessels on the high seas, and to propose actionable reforms to ensure accountability, sustainability, and international cooperation. Employing a qualitative doctrinal methodology, the research analyzes primary legal sources—including the Outer Space Treaty, Liability Convention, Registration Convention, and UNCLOS—alongside secondary scholarly literature and comparative evaluation of state responsibility principles across space and maritime regimes. The analysis reveals that state-centric responsibility frameworks fail when stateless vessels operate beyond national jurisdiction, creating an unaddressed responsibility vacuum with economic, environmental, and strategic implications; practical solutions include amending existing treaties or adopting a new instrument to prohibit such launches, establishing an international regulatory entity for monitoring and coordination, and deploying AI-driven predictive technologies and strict export controls on launch-related equipment to prevent unauthorized activities