African Population Studies (UAPS) / Etude de la Population Africaine (UEPA)
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Effect of mother’s migration on under-two mortality in Kenya
Get PDFThis study examines the effect of mothers’ migration status controlling for other proximate factors (socio-economic, environmental and bio-demographic characteristics) on under two mortality in Kenya. Data used were drawn from 2003 Kenya Demographic Health Survey with focus on infants and children below two years in age. A total of 5949 infants and children born five years before the survey are used in the analysis. Cox proportional hazard model is used to assess the relative effect of the migration status (migrant or non-migrant) of the mother on survival rates controlling for other explanatory variables. The general results shows that children of migrant mothers especially those of urban-rural migrants face a higher mortality risk compared to those of non-migrant mothers. The results show that failure to account for migration may alter the estimation of urban-rural differentials in childhood mortality
Missing safer sex strategies in HIV Prevention: A call for further research
Get PDFDespite the efforts of educators, public health officials, and HIV/AIDS prevention experts, condom promotion has failed to stop the HIV epidemic in most of sub- Saharan Africa and most researchers and policy makers have focused on risk reductions for interventions for penetrative sex. We consider another HIV prevention option: female-to-male oral sex (fellatio). Extensive medical evidence indicates that fellatio is roughly as protective against HIV transmission as vaginal sex with a condom, and much safer than unprotected sex, but it is rarely emphasized in HIV prevention curricula. Moreover, available data on the practice of oral sex in Africa suggests that the practice is very rare compared to the practice in the United States. This paper reviews some of the existing evidence on the efficacy and prevalence of oral sex, discusses the potential of this safer sex strategy for mitigating the spread of HIV in Africa, and stresses the need for further research
The uniqueness of the Ethiopian demographic transition within sub-Saharan Africa: multiple responses to population pressure, and preconditions for rural fertility decline and capturing the demographic dividend
Get PDFThe findings of our new book on population and development in the second largest country, Ethiopia, are presented. We highlight its uniqueness in demographic transitions among countries in sub-Saharan African. Ethiopia has the largest rural-urban fertility gap (with below replacement fertility for Addis Ababa), the lowest maternal health service coverage by far, the highest percentage of illiterate mothers, the largest number of food insecure people, and 83% of the population concentrated mainly in densely populated rural areas. We present a new framework for the study of both poverty and development-driven causes and demographic responses to frequent hazards common in the fragile Horn of Africa. Multiple vulnerabilities and responses are rigorously documented, with migration and off-farm labor mobility, female education, delayed marriage, and lower family size norms predisposing a predicted acceleration of the rural fertility decline. We propose numerous policy and research implications to evaluate progress on what may now be reachable 2015 population policy targets in TFR and CPR, and to prepare for a potential demographic dividend
Consumption and income over the lifecycle in Nigeria
Get PDFThis paper utilises National Transfer Accounts framework to estimate age profiles of consumption and income over the lifecycle in order to determine actual period of dependency in Nigeria. The paper quantifies inter-age monetary flows of consumption and labour income and subsequent economic lifecycle deficit and the implications this will have for social policy and human capital development. The results indicate that given the profiles of consumption and income over the lifecycle in Nigeria, child dependency is for the first 33 years of life while old-age dependency occurs from 63 years upwards. The period of lifecycle surplus span 30 years from 33-63 years. The structure of consumption and income flows reveals that Nigeria has a lifecycle deficit of N3.5 trillion in 2004. Since the population is highly skewed towards children, inter-generational flows are heavily skewed downwards. The deficits must then be covered through age reallocations of transfers and asset income. Résumé: Cet article utilise la méthodologie des comptes de transferts pour estimer le profil de consommation et de revenu par âge à travers le cycle de vie afin de déterminer la période réelle de la dépendance au Nigéria. Le papier mesure les flux monétaires de consommation, de revenu du travail entre les âges et le déficit du cycle de vie dérivé et analyse les implications que ceci aura pour le développement de la politique sociale et de capital humain. Les résultats indiquent que compte tenu des profils de la consommation et du revenu au cours du cycle de vie au Nigéria, la dépendance des enfants a lieu pendant les 33 premières années de la vie tandis que la dépendance des personnes âgées se produit au-delà de 63 ans. La période de surplus de cycle de vie se situe entre 30 ans de 33-63 ans. La structure des flux de consommation et de revenu indique que le Nigéria a un déficit de cycle de vie de N3.5 trillion en 2004. Compte tenu du fait que la population est à forte asymétrie vers des enfants, les flux inter générationnels sont fortement biaisés. Les déficits doivent alors être couverts par des redistributions entre les âge des transferts et du revenu de capitaux.Mots-clés: Comptes de transfert nationaux (NTA), cycle de vie économique, transfert entre générations, profil d'âge de revenu, profil d'âge de consommatio
The influence of gender role attitudes on risky sexual behaviour: Evidence from the 2008 Botswana AIDS impact survey III
Get PDFAbstract Previous studies have posed seemingly contradictory arguments that either traditional attitudes or egalitarian attitudes are associated with riskier behaviour. Little research has been conducted to document how gender role attitudes influence sexual behaviour in Botswana. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between gender role attitudes and risky sexual behaviour. Data used in this study are from the 2008 Botswana AIDS Impact Survey which was a nationally representative, population-based survey. Cross-tabulations and logistic regression analysis were used to assess the influence of gender role attitudes on risky sexual behaviour such non-use of condom and multiple sexual partners. The cross-tabulated results of the study showed that generally women had egalitarian gender role attitudes towards sexual behaviours compared to the men. Bivariate analysis showed that about 47% of the respondents believed men can have more than one sexual partner at a time while 42% indicated that women can have more than one sexual partner at a time. Over one in ten reported that it is a wife’s duty to have sex with her husband even if she does not want to and about 24% of the respondents reported that it is not a woman’s right to decide if she will have safe sex. The logistic regression results showed that the selected gender role attitude variables were not significantly associated with risky sexual behaviour except the belief that it is acceptable for a partner to be in possession of a female condom. In short, after controlling for important socio-demographic variables, the analysis showed that traditional gender role attitudes were not significantly associated with risky sexual behaviour of non-use of condoms and engagement in multiple sexual relationships. The relationship between gender role attitudes and sexual behaviour is very complex and detailed qualitative research may provide more answers to the research questions than a cross-sectional study design. Additional research is required to understand this complex relationship. Keywords: Gender role attitudes; risky sexual behaviour; BotswanaRésumé Les études précédentes ont posé les arguments apparemment contradictoires que des attitudes traditionnelles ou les attitudes égalitaires sont associé au comportement riskier. Peu de recherche a été conduite au document comment les attitudes de rôle de genre influencent le comportement sexuel au Botswana. Le but de cette étude est d'examiner l'association entre les attitudes de rôle de genre et le comportement sexuel risqué. Les données utilisées dans cette étude sont de l'enquête 2008 d'impact de SIDA du Botswana qui était un aperçu nationalement représentatif et basé sur la population. des Croix-tabulations et l'analyse logistique de régression ont été employées pour évaluer l'influence des attitudes de rôle de genre sur le comportement sexuel risqué tel sur-emploient du condom et des associés sexuels multiples. Les résultats croix-sous forme de tableaux de l'étude ont prouvé que généralement les femmes ont eu des attitudes égalitaires de rôle de genre envers des comportements sexuels comparés aux hommes. L'analyse Bivariate a prouvé qu'environ 47% des répondants a cru que les hommes peuvent avoir plus d'un associé sexuel à la fois tandis que 42% indiquait que les femmes peuvent avoir plus d'un associé sexuel à la fois. Plus d'un dans dix a rapporté que c'est le devoir d'une épouse pour avoir le sexe avec son mari même si elle ne veut pas à et environ 24% des répondants signalait qu'il n'est pas le droit d'une femme de décider si elle aura le sexe sûr. Les résultats logistiques de régression ont prouvé que les variables choisies d'attitude de rôle de genre n'ont pas été sensiblement associées au comportement sexuel risqué excepté la croyance qu'il est acceptable que un associé soit en possession d'un condom femelle. En bref, après contrôle pour des variables socio-démographiques importantes, l'analyse a prouvé que des attitudes traditionnelles de rôle de genre n'ont pas été sensiblement associées au comportement sexuel risqué du non-usage des condoms et à l'enclenchement dans des rapports sexuels multiples. Le rapport entre les attitudes de rôle de genre et le comportement sexuel est très complexe et la recherche qualitative détaillée peut fournir des réponses aux questions de recherches et à une conception d'étude transversale. La recherche additionnelle est exigée pour comprendre ce rapport complexe.Mots-clés: Attitudes de rôle de genre; comportement sexuel risqué ; Le Botswan
Has high knowledge of HIV/AIDS among the youth translated into positive sexual behavior in Northern Uganda?
Get PDFUganda has been hailed for combating the HIV/AIDS epidemic from an 18% prevalence in 1992 to only 6.1% . However, it rose to 6.4% in 2004/5. Northern Uganda, which faced political turmoil and insurgency for 20 years, presents a mixed picture, with the highest prevalence, 9.4% , in the country. The main objective of the research was to investigate the relationship between socio-economic characteristics, knowledge and practices towards HIV/AIDS among youth in Northern Uganda Region. Data on 910 youth from Northern Uganda was extracted from the national Uganda demographic and health survey of 2006. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were applied. Results from multivariate analysis show that age, residence, education, occupation, knowledge of one who has died from or is sick with AIDS and risk perceptions were significant predictors of condom use at last sex. Only sex was observed to be significantly related to willingness to be tested for HIV. In conclusion, although knowledge about HIV is important, translating it into behavior or practices to prevent or protect individuals from contracting HIV is essential. There is a need for sensitizing youth on the need to adopt safe sexual behavior. A comprehensive school sex education programme that scales up the understanding of safe behavior and enables girls to negotiate for safe sex will be required. The findings have important implications for the development of primary HIV/AIDS prevention programs for youth in war-torn areas.Résumé: L'Ouganda abstrait a été grêlé pour combattre l'épidémie de HIV/SIDA de la prédominance de 18% en 1992 à 6.1% . Cependant il a maintenant atteint 6.4% dans 2004/5. L'Ouganda nordique qui a fait face à l'agitation et à l'insurrection politiques pendant les 20 dernières années de présents une image mélangée avec la plus forte présence de 9.4% dans le pays. L'objectif principal de la recherche était d'étudier le rapport entre les caractéristiques, la connaissance et les pratiques socio-économiques vers le HIV/SIDA parmi la jeunesse dans la région nordique de l'Ouganda. Des données sur la jeunesse 910 d'Ouganda nordique ont été extraites à partir de l'Ouganda national démographique et de l'enquête de santé de 2006. Des analyses univariables, bivariate et multivariables ont été appliquées. Les résultats de l'analyse multivariable prouvent que l'âge, la résidence, l'éducation, le métier, la connaissance d'un mort ou le malade du SIDA et des perceptions de risque étaient les facteurs prédictifs significatifs de sexe d'utilisation de condom enfin. On a observé seulement le sexe pour être sensiblement relié avec la volonté de déterminer HIV. En conclusion bien que la connaissance au sujet d'HIV soit importante, la traduction de lui dans le comportement ou les pratiques d'empêcher ou protéger des individus contre contracter HIV est essentielle. Il y a besoin de sensibiliser la jeunesse sur la nécessité d'adopter le comportement sexuel sûr. Un programme d'éducation de sexe d'école d'enseignement secondaire qui mesure vers le haut de l'arrangement du comportement sûr et permet à des filles de négocier pour le sexe sûr sera exigé. Les résultats ont des implications importantes pour le développement des programmes primaires de prévention du SIDA d'HIV pour la jeunesse dans des secteurs déchirés par guerre.Mots clés: La connaissance, HIV/SIDA, jeunesse, positif, comportement sexue
Magnitudes and trends in orphanhood among younger persons in the era of HIV/AIDS in South Africa, 2001-2015
Get PDFInformation on the magnitude of orphanhood is important from various perspectives. Though not designed for that purpose, orphanhood questions have been used by some studies to infer the magnitude of orphans due to AIDS among younger persons. This study provides an historical overview of the orphanhood questions and estimates the magnitude of orphans in the era of HIV/AIDS in South Africa using an epidemiologic and demographic model. The results suggest that the number of orphans in South Africa may increase to about 1.9 million by 2015 if current trends continue. These figures are lower than estimated by some previous studies.
Ascertaining the level of fertility preference implementation in Nigeria
Get PDFAbstract Using the 1990 and 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) data, the study examines the levels of, trend and differentials in fertility preference implementation in Nigeria and how this has contributed to observed fertility changes in the country. Results show that the extent to which women implement their fertility preference is high and increased by about 4% over the period. Its contribution to observed fertility decline of 0.5 births was however small (6%). The index also increased over the period by the various characteristics of women examined except among respondents with tertiary level of education and women from the South West. Percentage change is high among women from rural areas, the North-East and women with no formal education. The pattern among different categories of couples shows that preference implementation is higher among cohabiting, monogamously married and concordant couples. The paper concludes with program and research recommendations.Keywords: Fertility; preference; implementation; index; NigeriaResume Utilisant les données de L’Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Nigeria pour les années 1990 et 2003, l'étude examine les niveaux, tendances et différences dans la mise en oeuvre des préférences de fécondité au Nigeria et comment cela a contribué aux changements observés dans la fécondité. Les résultats montrent que le degré auquel les femmes adhèrent à leurs préférences de fécondité est élevé et a augmenté d'environs 4 % sur cette période. La contribution de celui-ci à la baisse en fécondité de 0.5 naissances était cependant petite (6 %). L'index a également augmenté pendant cette période par les diverses caractéristiques des femmes examinées, sauf parmi les répondants de niveau universitaire et les femmes du Sud-ouest. Le changement en pourcentage est élevé chez les femmes en milieu rural, au Nord-est et les femmes illettrées. La constante parmi les différentes catégories de couples montre que l’adhérence à ces préférences est plus élevée chez les couples qui cohabitent, mariés monogames et les couples concordants. Le document se conclut par des recommandations de programme et recherche
Malthus, the 18th Century European explorers andthe principle of population in Africa
Get PDFIn the second edition of his Essay on the Principle of Population, Malthus included twelve chapters that offer a remarkable description of population dynamics from all corners of the world. His discussion of (sub-Saharan) Africa was almost entirely based on the travel accounts of James Bruce and Mungo Park, two late Eighteenth Century British explorers. In this essay, I introduce these sources and discuss the insights that Malthus did, or perhaps should have, derived from both
Adolescents’ exposure to mass media campaign messages on HIV/AIDS in Ghana
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Using rich data collected from adolescents in Ghana by the Guttmacher Institute
in collaboration with partners including the University of Cape Coast, this paper
attempts to examine how exposure to specific messages designed for a media
campaign dubbed “Stop AIDS-Love Life’ affected adolescents’ behaviour towards
HIV/AIDS. Two logistic regression models are used to examine the effects of exposure
to messages on HIV/AIDS on adolescents’ behavior towards HIV/AIDS. The
study observed a direct and significant relationship between exposure to some of
the messages and HIV/AIDS behavioural outcomes. It was established that adolescents
who were exposed to the message titled “Think before you play” were
about 1.3 times more likely to consider themselves at risk of HIV infection in both
models. At