African Population Studies (UAPS) / Etude de la Population Africaine (UEPA)
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A human security analysis of the situation of girls and young women in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
No full textBackground: This paper is a product of a study which emanated from the need to get a nuanced understanding of the situation of young women in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) in South Africa to inform evidence-based planning and programming. It aimed to analyse the lived experiences of girls and young women in the province focusing on broad questions around the challenges they face daily and interventions required to change their life circumstances in light of the socio-economic profile of the province. Conceptual themes were developed around the Human Security framework to contextualise the analysis.Data and Methods: The study adopted a mixed methods approach in which qualitative and quantitative methods were combined for data collection and analysis. Quantitative data was collected from a randomly selected sample of 229 girls (aged 9-17 years) and young women (aged 18 – 35) from four District Municipalities in KZN. The dataset was statistically analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Qualitative data was generated through in-depth interviews, involvng key stakeholders (16); and focus group discussions (nine sessions). The qualitative dataset was thematically and hermeneutically analysed to generate insights into the lived experiences of the target population and policy implementation and outcomes.Results and conclusion: The findings show that majority of the respondents have difficulty accessing reproductive health services available in the province. Also, they did not feel safe in their communities; there was also evidence in support of the abolition of harmful cultural practices such as Ukuthwala (forced marriage) and Ukuphelwa (female circumcision) which affect them. The paper concludes that it will be self-destructive for the provincial government to ignore the lived experiences of the respondents, which other studies show are not different from the lived experiences of girls and young women in the province who, alongside boys and young men of similar age cohort, constitute over 70% of the provincial population.
Demand for heterosexual commercial sex services in Ibadan, Nigeria
No full textContext/Backgroud: This paper examines the demand for heterosexual commercial sex services in Ibadan, Nigeria with specific focus on the sub-markets where different commercial sex activities are usually traded. Identified players include commercial sex workers (females), clients (males) and intermediaries (exploiters).Data Sources & Method: This study employed multi-stage sampling procedure. At the first stage, the most populous local government area in Ibadan was purposively selected; for the second stage, ten locations where commercial sex work exists were purposively selected while eighteen (18) clients were randomly and discretely selected from each of the sites at the last stage. The eventual sample size was one hundred and sixty-eight (168) clients. The empirical model derived from the rational addiction theory and it was estimated using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique.Results: The results show that the demand is highly responsive to age, marital status, income, tastes and preferences and the price (with respect to condom usage). Clubs/bars, streets and houses were the highly patronised sub-markets, though the demand was increasing with short time and per night services in some sub-markets, it was decreasing in others. The nature of risk became more pronounced with clubs/bar clients being more risk loving while others were risk averse in other sub-markets based on their respective significant condom usage.
Ethnic, Religious and Educational Homogamy in Nigeria
No full textThe study examines the extent to which Nigerians marry within circumscribed social groups, or choose marital partners who are similar to them in status, a phenomenon termed homogamy. Ethnicity, religious affiliation and educational attainment are three important variables in mate selection in Nigeria. To what extent is Nigerian marriage ethnically, religiously and educationally homogenous? This question is addressed with the use of couples’ data derived from the 2003, 2008 and 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), from which information on marital union and patterns was analyzed. The large sample size of the NDHS data, their periodicity and national representativeness justify their appropriateness for this study. The analysis involved computation of gross measure of homogamy by ethnicity, education and religion; also the odds of homogamy were examined based on selected characteristics of husbands and wives using logistic regression. The results indicate a very high level of homogamy; about 9 of 10 couples in Nigeria are married within their ethnic and religious groups. The level of educational homogamy is much lower (about 60 percent). Factors that give rise to the different patterns evident in the study are discussed and suggestions proferred for a more exogamous spousal selection in the country
Migrant remittance behavior in Uganda: A household analysis
No full textBackground: World over, development of nations is directly linked to migration since one in seven people in the world is a migrant and a quarter of them, international migrants (Ratha, 2005). The economic importance of international migrants has been demonstrated by international remittances that are sent to families in the migrants’ home countries. According to World Bank, 2015, remittance flows to developing countries were expected to reach 540 billion by 2016. Worldwide, remittance flows may reach 700 billion by 2016. Despite an increased interest in the role of international remittances at the international level, sparse information that exists in Uganda reveals that little or no attention has been put on examining whether remittances are invested in development or non- development ventures at household level (Wamala, 2010). This research gap warrants a need for studies on understanding the role of international remittances. Exploring the role of remittances and how it offers ingredients to enhance the development potential for citizens is important. This will be a contribution to the development in Uganda given that during the global financial crisis remittances proved resilient by falling with a minimal margin compared to the foreign direct investment; private debt and portfolio equity flows. Data Sources: Data from the survey on personal transfers by Ugandans living abroad during the year 2010 is used. This survey was the fourth in a series of annual surveys jointly conducted by Bank of Uganda and the Uganda Bureau of Statistics.Methods: Complementary log-log regression model was used because of the small numbers of households in the categories of interest (asymmetrically distributed). Survey weights were applied to data in order to account for the complex survey design including clustering and stratification. Results: Remittance receipt status was determined by region of the household, number of rooms in the house, household main source of lighting fuel. Using remittances for development was determined by sex of the household head, household regional location, house ownership status sex, marital status and senders’ residence. Conclusion: Results show that a household that had a member abroad also had higher chances of receiving remittances compared to the household with no member abroad. Results on the contrary found household and household head characteristics significantly associated with remittance receipt status of a household. Use of international remittances for development of households was significantly determined by sex of the household head, regional location of the household, house ownership status and number of rooms in the house. It is therefore recommended that government should leverage migration opportunities for women and also expand migration opportunities across all regions of the country since it augments development for households with migrant
Level and determinants of high fertility in two contrasting populations in Nigeria
No full textThis study examined levels and determinants of high fertility in the north-west and south-west zones in Nigeria. The study utilized 2013 nation-wide survey data on women aged 15-49 years (n=11,300). Data were analysed using ANOVA, logistic-regression, Brass P/F-ratio, Brass-relational Gompertz fertility and survival analysis models. About 44.4% of women in the north-west had high fertility (CEB≥5) compared to 26.9% in the south-west. The refined TFR, childbearing transition probabilities and progression rate were higher in the north-west (prr=0.2686) than south-west (prr=0.1709). The extent at which the age location of childbearing in the north-west (α=-0.003, StdE=0.083) differs from the standard was higher than south-west (α=-0.032, SE=0.95), but the fertility distribution across ages in the south-west was narrower. The odds of high fertility was higher in the north-west (OR= 2.18, C.I=1.99-2.37, p<0.001) than south-west. This odds barely changed when other factors such as age, age at first-sex, age at first-birth, modern contraceptive use, wealth quintile, education, religion, ethnicity, sex preference and ideal family size were controlled for. Fertility level was higher in the north-west than south-west. Improving women’s education in the north-west may facilitate low fertility in the region.
Maternal health care utilization and neonatal mortality in Nigeria: looking beyond the micro-level pathway of influence
No full textNeonatal mortality is a neglected but largely preventable public health challenge in Nigeria. The country contributes the largest number of neonatal deaths in Africa, and this is an important reason for the failure of the country to meet Millennium Development Goal (MDG4) of reducing child mortality. Maternal health services provide the platform for delivering cost-effective interventions that reduce maternal and child mortality. Thus, we examined the relationship between the utilization of maternal health services and neonatal mortality in Nigeria by carrying out a multilevel Cox proportional regression analysis of the most recent Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (2013 NDHS) in order to decompose the micro and macro level factors on the pathway of influence for neonatal mortality. Hazards of neonatal death were significantly lower for children whose mothers had 4 or more antenatal visits by skilled providers (HR: 0.78, CI: 0.61-0.98, p<0.05) and whose mothers received postnatal care from skilled provider (HR: 0.41, CI: 0.30-0.56, p<0.05) even after adjusting for other control variables. There was also a significantly elevated hazards of neonatal mortality for mothers in rural areas (HR: 1.44, CI: 1.09-1.90). Our findings highlight the importance of maternal health care services for neonatal mortality reduction especially in the rural areas
De l’émigration interne à l’émigration internationale : Impact d’une stratégie de survie sur la pauvreté et les inégalités de revenu au Sénégal
No full textCet article mesure l’impact des envois de fonds des migrants internes et internationaux sur la pauvreté et les inégalités de revenu, à l’aide des données de l’« Enquête migration et transferts de fonds au Sénégal » réalisée par le Consortium pour la Recherche Economique et Sociale avec le soutien de la Banque mondiale. En considérant les envois de fonds comme étant des substituts potentiels des gains produits localement par le ménage en absence de migration, il ressort des analyses que ces fonds améliorent significativement le bien-être des bénéficiaires, grâce notamment aux gains de consommation qu’ils génèrent. Cependant, seuls les transferts internationaux permettent une baisse significative du taux de pauvreté, au contraire des transferts internes qui eux n’ont pas d’impact. En outre, comme seuls les ménages les plus aisés bénéficient le plus de ces deux types de transferts, cela a pour conséquence un renforcement des inégalités
FERTILITY, ETHNICITY, AND EDUCATION IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO
No full textIn the mid-1950s, a massive survey in the present Democratic Republic of the Congo revealed sharp ethnic fertility differentials. With the vast majority of women never having been to school, women’s education was not, then, pertinent to fertility. Over the succeeding decades, women increasingly went to school, especially in Kinshasa. This led to lower fertility in the capital, particularly for women with secondary schooling. At the same time, fertility differences by ethnic group diminished in the city. This paper examines fertility differences by education and by ethnicity in the entire country, distinguishing Kinshasa, other urban places, and rural areas. We find that, over all, the increased importance for fertility of education and reduced importance of ethnicity witnessed in Kinshasa is also apparent for the entire country. Regarding the sources of ethnic differences in fertility, the findings support the social characteristics hypothesis in cosmopolitan Kinshasa and the cultural hypothesis elsewhere.
Remittances and Household Welfare in Nigeria
No full textRemittances remain among the most researched issues in contemporary international migrations, poverty alleviation, welfare dynamics and development financing in developing countries. This is particularly so as remittances continue to rival Official Development Assistance (ODA) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and it is being argued to be more effective in driving development than aid. While studies exist on influences of remittances on household welfare in developing countries, many more are needed to sufficiently understand the actual roles of remittances in households’ welfare in Sub-Saharan Africa- one of the poorest regions in the world. The relationship between remittances and household welfare has particularly not been sufficiently empirically tested in Nigeria- the most populous nation in Africa, among the poorest countries in the world and the highest remittances receiving nation in Africa. This article therefore examined the influence of remittances on households’ welfare in Nigeria. This is a very important article considering the increasing trend of migration and efforts to reduce poverty and inequality. Secondary and primary data were gathered for this article. Secondary data were gathered through documents, journal articles and newspapers, among others, while primary data were gathered through quantitative and qualitative methods between 2015 and 2016, Appreciable positive relationships were found between remittances and household welfare. Unlike many previous studies which claimed remittances receiving households mostly spend remittances on consumptions, more robust expenditure patterns were found. Expression of welfare was also found to be beyond the commonly noted to include important intangible welfare credits like community respect for remittances receiving households. It is concuded that development experts, partners, governments, groups and individuals should therefore better appreciate and appropriate both the financial and non-material effects of remittances on inequality and poverty in developing countries especially of Africa.
THE POST-APARTHEID XENOPHOBIC ATTACKS IN SOUTH AFRICA: A REFLECTION ON GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCES
No full textSouth Africa has witnessed series of xenophobic violence since the end of apartheid in 1994. The reoccurrence of these attacks has raised concerns in many quarters as to whether the Government has done enough to stop the attacks. Using a desktop methodology, the study unpacked Government response to the xenophobic attacks and tried to establish the various factors that may have contributed to xenophobic sentiments. The paper argues that the initiatives implemented by the Government not be effective in curbing the attack. It further argues that the South African Government may have indirectly contributed to the reoccurrence of these attacks on foreigners. The paper asserts that combatting xenophobic violence is more than merely altering or implementing a policy but requires addressing the fundamental basis that triggers conflict on which citizens lay their clai