Journal of Phytopathology and Pest Management (Al-Azhar University)
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Induction of resistance in Safflower plant against root rot and wilt diseases by certain inducers
Get PDFThe ability of thiamine (vitamin B1) and ascorbic acid to induce resistance against root rot and wilt disease in safflower cultivar Giza1 infected with Fusarium verticillioides was studied under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Infection with F. verticillioides caused clear reduction in growth parameters (fresh and dry weight of plants, total photosynthetic pigments), soluble sugars and free amino acids comparing with healthy plants. In addition, it induced the highest accumulation of proline content. On the other side, soaking with two levels of thiamine and ascorbic acid caused reduction in the infected safflower plants and increased dry and fresh weight contents especially in shoots than roots comparing with the infected plants with F. verticillioides. Thiamine concentrations (1,3mM) induced the highest stimulating effect on total pigments. The induction of resistance by ascorbic acid and thiamine was associated with some biochemical changes in safflower cultivar by reduction of proline content, enhancement of soluble sugars and free amino acids, this may be relate to reduce the disease and increase plant growth. Â
Evaluation of certain mineral salts and microelements against mango powdery mildew under Egyptian conditions
Get PDFDuring the two successive seasons 2014 and 2015, three mineral salts used as commercial fertilizers (Potassium di-hydrogen orthophosphate, Potassium bicarbonate (85%), Calcium nitrate (17.1%)) and four microelements (Magnesium sulfate, Iron cheated (Fe-EDTA 6%), Zinc cheated (Zn-EDTA 12%), Manganese cheated (Mn-EDTA 12%)) were evaluated against powdery mildew of mango caused by Oidium mangiferea. Data obtained showed that all materials reduced significantly the disease severity percentage of mango powdery mildew disease comparing the control. Compared fungicides; Topsin M 70 (Thiophanate methyl) and Topas 10% (Penconazole) showed the most superior effect against the disease followed by potassium di-hydrogen orthophosphate. Tested microelements were arranged as zinc, iron and manganese, respectively due to their efficiency. Calcium nitrate and magnesium sulfate revealed the less effect. Evaluated microelements showed the higher efficacy than mineral fertilizers during the two experimental seasons except potassium monophosphate. While, two compared fungicides were the most efficiency to control the disease, tested materials reduced significantly the disease severity of mango powdery mildew disease and showed ability to reduce the number of required applications with conventional fungicides
Influence of post treatment temperature on the toxicity of four macrolacton insecticides against Spodoptera littoralis (BoisduVal) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)
Get PDFTemperature is a main ecological factor affect the bioinsecticides toxicity on the destructive larval stage of the cotton leafworm (CLW). The effect of post-exposure temperatures from 13 to 39 °C on the toxicities of two spinosyns (spinosad and spinetoram) and two avermectins (abamectin and emamectin benzoate) toward Spodoptera littoralis (BoisduVal) larvae was evaluated using topical and feeding bioassays. Spinosad and spinetoram showed negative temperature coefficient against CLW larvae. The LD50 values of spinosad and spinetoram increased by 70.21 and > 81.63 folds when temperature increased from 13 to 39 °C. These two compounds also showed negative temperature coefficient values (-1.71; - 9.92) in the feeding bioassay. On contrast, in feeding application abamectin and emamectin benzoate showed high positive temperature coefficient (27.79 and 194.50) when temperature increased from 19 to 39â—¦C. The present results ascertain the effect of temperature on the pesticides toxicity. So, spinosyins should be applied in cold weather, whereas, abamectin and emamectin benzoate performed well in relative high temperature.Â
Evaluation of seed coating with certain bio-agents against damping-off and root rot diseases of fennel under organic farming system
Get PDFNative isolates of certain antagonists i.e. Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens and bio-commercial preparations (Bio Zeid “T. album†and Bio ARC “B. megateriumâ€) were evaluated against fungi have been reported to attack fennel roots i.e. Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Sclerotium rolfsii and Pythium spp. causing root rot and damping off diseases. These diseases cause economic losses in fennel yield and a wide range of other cultivated plants. The most dangerous effects of R. solani occurred due to pre- and post- emergence damping-off and root rot diseases. All tested antagonists which coating fennel seeds at the rate of 5g/kg seeds reduced the incidence of pre-, post-emergence damping off and root rot diseases. Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride and Bio Zeid “T. album were the most effective antagonists as shown by the highest plants survival and the best fennel yield under field conditions. Moreover application of these antagonists recorded the highest increase in oil amount and oil components as compared with the control. On the other hand, P. fluorescens showed the lowest effect. This trend was true during the two successive growing seasons 2015 and 2016.Â
Incidence and damage assessment of rats (Mammalia: Rodentia) infesting poultry and animal farms and their stores in Upper Egypt
Get PDFSurvey of rodents, revealed the presence of the white bellied rat, Rattus rattus frugivorus (Rafinesque), the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout) and the Nile grass rat, Arvicanthus niloticus (Desmarest) in poultry and animal farms at Assiut Governorate, while R. r. frugivorus; the grey-bellied rat, Rattus rattus alexandrinus (Geoffray) and R. norvegicus were recorded in stores of poultry farm at Sohag Governorate. The white bellied rat was the most common species (1.4 rats/ day), followed by the Norway rat (0.7 rat/day) and the Nile grass rat (0.6 rat/day) at Assiut Governorate. At Sohag Governorate the grey-bellied rat was the most common species (4.9 rats/ day), followed by the white bellied rat (3.7 rats/ day) and the brown Norway rat (2.5 rats/day) at. The results of differences among rodent species in the droppings were recorded. The percentages of consumption at Assiut Governorate were significantly lower than that at Sohag Governorate. The percentages of poultry and animal feed and sacks contamination at Assiut Governorate were lower than that at Sohag Governorate. Â
Essential oil from the stem bark of Casuarina equisetifolia exhibits mosquitocidal potential
Get PDFMosquitoes are insects of medical importance. They are vectors of malarial parasites, arboviruses, filarial worms amongst others. Essential oils from some botanicals have been recognized with mosquitocidal potential. Various parts of the Casuarina equisetifolia plants have been reported to possess antihistaminic, antioxidant, antimicrobial properties but no study on the composition of the essential oil of its stem bark and its mosquitocidal potential. The chemical composition of the essential oil from the stem bark of Casuarina equisetifolia was obtained by hydrodistillation and determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The mosquitocidal potential of the essential oil against Anopheles gambiae  complex ( vectors of malarial parasites) and Aedes aegypti (vectors of arboviruses) mosquitoes was determined by bioassay using filter papers impregnated with the crude essential oil in World Health Organization exposure tubes. The KDT50 and KDT95 were calculated by means of log time-probit analysis. Nineteen compounds were identified with the major compounds being n-hexadecanoic acid (18.67%), cis-13-octadecanoic acid (17.83%), tridecane (11.84%), Undecane (10.45%), Hentriacontane (8.91%), Nonanal (8.62%) and Oxirane (2.43%). Fatty acids were observed to have the highest relative percentage (45.43%) followed by Aliphatic hydrocarbons (37.71%). The KdT50 of the essential oil against Anopheles gambiae complex and Aedes aegypti was 40 minutes and 61 minutes while the KdT95 was 129 minutes and 212minutes against Anopheles gambiae complex and Aedes aegypti respectively. This essential oil with high percentage of fatty acids has significant mosquitocidal potential. This suggests the use of this botanical to control malaria and the arboviruses. The mosquitocidal potential of each constituent of the essential oil should be further explored
Efficiency of selected post emergence herbicides against broadleaved weeds in wheat grown in the new reclaimed land and in the Nile valley land, Egypt
Get PDFField experiments were performed in 2014/2015 to evaluate the efficacy of certain post emergence herbicides [Rapido 25% EC and Bromoplus 24% EC at 1 L feddan-1 (bromoxynil octanoate), Broadystar 8.5% WG (florasulam 1.42% + pyroxsulam 7.08%) and Banvel 4S 48% EC (dicamba) at 250 ml feddan-1] and hand weeding compared with untreated control on various broadleaved weeds in wheat (cv. Sids 12) fields in Assiut Governorate, Egypt. The experiments were carried out in Plant Protection Farm, Assiut city, Assiut, Egypt (a Nile valley land) and in the El-Wady El-Assiuty Farm, Sahel-saliem city, Assiut, Egypt (a newly reclaimed land). The major broadleaved weed in Plant Protection Farm was Beta vulgaris L. whereas Malva parviflora L. and Melilotus polymorpha L. were the lowest ones. In El-Wady El-Assiuty Farm, M. polymorpha was the dominant weed species while Silybum marianum L. Gaertn recorded as the lowest one. All tested herbicides and hand weeding treatment performed a high efficiency and decreased the fresh weight of individual broadleaved weeds and total weeds in both locations compared to untreated control after 30 days of treatments. In this regard, Rapido and Bromoplus were the most potent ones against broadleaved weeds in both locations and caused the highest grain yield. Broadystar, Banvel 4S and hand weeding treatments also increased the wheat grain yield in both locations compared to untreated control. However, Banvel 4S caused injury symptoms on wheat plants which appeared in the deformations of leaved, stem and spike shape in both locations, as a first report in Egypt but other treatments did not cause any adverse effect on plants. In conclusion, the study confirmed that Rapido, Bromopuls and Broadystar herbicides as well as hand weeding have a great potency against various broadleaved weeds prevailed in wheat fields grown in the new reclaimed land and in the Nile valley land at Assiut Governorate, Upper Egypt, with safety and increase in wheat grain yield compared to untreated control
Survey and distribution of rodent inhabiting eight districts at Gharbia governorate, Egypt
Get PDFRodent individuals were noticed in buildings from eight districts viz., Samannoud, El-Mahala, Tanta, Elsanta, Zifta, Bassuon, Kotor and Kafr-El-Zayat districts during two years at Gharbia Governorate, Egypt. The residents noticed 193, 146, 112, 109, 102, 82, 77 and 34 rodent individuals in Samannoud, El-Mahala, Tanta, Elsanta, Zifta, Bassuon, Kotor and Kafr-El-Zayat districts respectively during from January 2014 to December 2016 at Gharbia Governorate. There was no significant difference between number of rodent during study period (years), but there was significant difference among places and months. Rodents recorded in Elsanta and Tanta distracts were Rattus rattus (Linn.), Rattus rattus frugivorous (Rafinesque) and Rattus rattus alexandrines (Geoffray) and Rattus norvegicus Berk., and Mus musculus Linn., belonging to two genera (Rattus and Mus) from family Muridae. There was no significant difference between number of rodent during (cities, years and species) but there was significant difference between number of rodent during months and locations. These results could be used in the Integrated Pest Management program to control the rodents.This work proved the presence of R. rattus (Linn.);(R.rattus frugivorous (Rafinesque) and R. rattus alexandrines (Geoffray)] followed by R. norvegicus Berk., and Mus musculus Linn., belonging to two genera (Rattus and Mus) from family Muridae, were recorded in Elsanta and Tanta distracts at Gharbia Governorate.  R. norvegicus Berk.; R. rattus frugivorous (Rafinesque) followed by. R. rattus alexandrines (Geoffray); were recorded in Elsanta and Tanta districts. The highest number of R. norvegicus Berk., were recorded 6 individuals during Summer and Winter seasons in 1st year while 8 individuals were recorded during Autumn in 2nd year from AL-Santa district. The highest number of R. norvegicus Berk., (8 individuals) were recorded during Spring season in 1st year while 5 individuals were recorded during Winter and Spring seasons in 2nd year from Tanta distract. The highest number of R.rattus frogivorus (Rafinesque) were recorded 5 individuals during Spring season in1st year while 6 individuals were recorded during Winter season in 2nd year from Al-Santa district. The highest number of R. rattus frogivorus (Rafinesque),(4 individuals) were recorded during Summer seasonin1st year while 4 individuals were recorded during Summer, Autumm and Winter seasons in 2nd year from Tanta district.The highest numbers of R. rattus alexandrines (Geoffray) were recorded 5 individuals during Spring season in1st year while 6 individuals were recorded during Spring in 2ndyear from Al-Santa district. The highest number of R. rattus alexandrines (Geoffray).,(4 individuals) were recorded during Summer season in 1st year while 4 individuals were recorded during Summer, Autumm and Winter seasons in 2nd year from Tanta district. There were no significant difference between number of rodent during (Cities, Years and Species) but there were significant difference between number of rodent during months and locations. Â
Plant-parasitic nematode communities associated with Moringa tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) in western Niger
Get PDFMoringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) is a crop that is becoming more and more important in Niger, but very little attention has been devoted to its pest problems. Nematode fauna survey was undertaken in three important Moringa producing sites in western Niger. Soil and roots samples were taken from the plant’s rhizosphere at 20-30-cm deep. Nematological analysis of these samples revealed the presence of 11 genera of plant-parasitic nematodes among which the most frequent and abundant were Meloidogyne spp., Helicotylenchus spp. and Hoplolaimus spp. The average prominence values of these three nematodes were 236.69, 105.25 and 97.93, respectively. In roots, Meloidogyne spp. alone represented up to 90% of the plant-parasitic nematode communities. Its average prominent value was 591.46.Â
Screening and pathogenicity of soil-borne fungal communities in relationship with organically amended soils cultivated by watermelon in Tunisia
Get PDFSoil mycoflora analysis from cucurbits showed remarkable diversity A total of 180 soil samples were collected from experimental field treated with four doses of organic amendments (0, 20, 40, 60 tons per hectare) and cultivated by five cucurbits (watermelon, grafted watermelon, muskmelon, grafted muskmelon and squash) to determining number of soil-borne fungi. This study aimed to isolate and identify the mesophilic and thermophilic fungi from soil and to evaluate their pathogenicity. The highest number of CFUs was recorded in the fertilized soil samples with 60 tons per hectare, compared with control and amended soil with 20 tons for mesophilic (30°C) or thermophilic (45°C) fungi. The CFUs values of soil samples fertilized with 60 tons/ ha of organic manure varied from 23.554 x 105 per gram of soil (melon seedlings) to 18.598 x 105 (grafted watermelon seedlings), for the total number of mesophilic fungi, and from 23.697 x 103 (melon seedlings) to 9.993 x 103 (grafted watermelon seedlings) for all the identified thermophilic fungi. The use of 60 tons per hectare of organic amendments was the most suppressive dose, with 0.34% of the total number of mesophilic pathogenic fungi.. Thirty-six species belonging to 17 genera were identified for the two fungi types. The genera with the highest number of species were Aspergillus sp. (9) and Penicillium sp. (4). According to pathogenicity test, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani are the most virulent on watermelon plants.Â