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Thyroid Ectopia Revealed in the Adulthood: About One Case
No full textThyroid ectopia is defined as the presence of thyroid tissue outside its normal pre-tracheal location. It’s may be discovered at any age. It’s clinical impacts are highly variable, precocious or late, depending on whether the thyroid is functional or not. We describe from this case an ectopic thyroid revealed in the adulthood. It is about a 44 years old woman with a medical history of goiter under supervision in her sister also followed for a chronic nasolacrimal duct obstruction. She benefitted from orbital and sinus computer tomography that showed a tongue’s base lesion process of with a strong contrast. Tongue MRI objectified a tongue base process measuring 43x37 mm with heterogeneous enhancement after gadolinium injection with total thyroid atrophy. Thyroid scintigraphy 131 confirmed the diagnosis of an ectopic thyroid: There was a rounded hyperfixation, a retro-mandibular median projecting as sub-lingual, without visualing uptake tracer on the thyroid lodge level. Physical examination and hormonal exploration were without abnormalities. In front of the uncomplicated asymptomatic sub-lingual thyroid, regular supervision was recommended based on thyroid hormones dosage and a scintigraphy or MRI
Indenopyrazole as a Privileged Structure in the Development of Anticancer Agents
No full textA Privileged structureis a molecular scaffold that can provide potent and selective ligands for a range of different biological targets through modification of functional groups. Indenopyrazole is a three ringed heterocyclic structure consisting of a benzene ring, a central 5-membered ring and a pyrazole ring. As a privileged structure, indenopyrazole has been extensively used in recent years in the design of anticancer agents with versatile targets. A number of indenopyrazole derivatives displayed potent anticancer activities as checkpoint kinase 1, epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, cyclin-dependent kinases, and tubulin polymerization inhibitors, among many others. This review will summarize the recent development of indenopyrazoles as anticancer agents, discuss their SARs.Keywords: Checkpoint kinase 1, cyclin-dependent kinases, epidermal growth factor receptor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1, indenopyrazoles, inhibitors, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, privileged structures, tubulin polymerization, vascular endothelial growth factor
Bitter Taste Receptors in Innate Immunity: T2R38 and Chronic Rhinosinusitis
No full textBitter taste receptors (T2Rs) serve a purpose far beyond taste sensation in the tongue; they have emerged as significant components of respiratory innate immune defense. T2R38, a specific T2R expressed in the airway, is activated by secreted products from gram-negative bacteria, and triggers nitric oxide (NO) production as a response. NO is directly bactericidal and also acts as a second messenger to increase ciliary beating and mucociliary clearance. T2R38 has common genetic polymorphisms that can render the receptor non-functional, and variations in functionality have demonstrated clinical impacts. Homozygotes for the non-functional form of the receptor have increased gram-negative bacterial proliferation in vivo, and these patients also are at a higher risk for chronic rhinosinusitis requiring functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Further studies have shown increased in vitro potential for biofilm formation in airway epithelial cells obtained from homozygote “non-taster†patients. Ongoing research into the clinical impact of T2R38 and other bitter taste receptors may yield novel therapeutics that leverage innate immune defense mechanisms and offer alternatives to conventional antibiotic treatment
A Dangerous Adenoidectomy
No full textChordomas are rare, slow-growing tumors, resulting from the notochord (an embryonic mesodermal structure that gives rise to the axial skeleton). They comprise less than 1 % of CNS tumors. Although chordomas predominantly affect middle-aged or elderly adults, they are also seen in the pediatric population. It rarely affects children and adolescents (<5 % of all chordomas cases). The Authors present a case of skull base chordoma invading the nasopharynx and pushing the adenoids in nasal choana thus simulating an adenoidal hypertrophy
Assessing Human Health-Correlation of Autoimmune Diseases with Chemically Suppressed Acute Infections of Patient’s Past Medical History
No full textThis is an effort to present to the medical profession, a new concept for evaluating the level of health of an individual, through the theory of Professor George Vithoulkas.The theory of Levels of Health has proven to be a valuable aid to clinicians as it enables them not only to evaluate the patient’s health status, but also to adapt the course of individual treatment. This is achieved by assessing the body's response, to therapy of any kind. When coupled with the ‘Continuum of unified theory of diseases’, disease and treatment are better understood and provide a reference standard for clinicians.The application of the concepts of Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) and those correlating the suppression of acute diseases with simultaneous emergence of chronic conditions opens up new horizons in understanding the human body's nature in this respect. The treatment of acute diseases can lead in two opposite directions: it can either bring about a cure or, on the contrary, cause a gradual degeneration of the body's PNI defense.With regard to ‘symptoms,’ their reduction or the disappearance following a treatment, is either because the body does not need them anymore, having reached a higher level of health or, that it cannot maintain them anymore, as its health has been degraded due to the treatment.The ideal treatment should not simply eliminate the symptoms while the overall health deteriorates. Instead, it must aim at enhancing the action of the immune system in its own direction by strengthening the symptoms generated by it. This way the immune system becomes stronger after getting rid of the disease and the overall health becomes better
Speech-Language Pathologists’ Perceptions of Persons Who Stutter Before and After Speech Therapy
No full textBackground and Aim: It has been well established that the general public and speech-language pathologists (SLPs) perceive persons who stutter (PWS) in a negative manner. SLPs’ perceptions of PWS, before and after the completion of speech therapy, were examined. Their perceptions were contrasted with those of persons with aphasia (PWA) and a typical normal speaker.Methods: SLP participants (N = 188) completed bipolar adjectives/semantic differential test scales. Each participant completed three scales (i.e., one for the normal speaker, PWS, and PWA).Results: SLPs perceived PWS and PWA significantly more negatively (e.g., more guarded, nervous, shy, tense, anxious, withdrawn, reticent, avoiding, introverted, and self-derogatory) than a normal speaker (p < .002). PWS were perceived more negatively (e.g., uncooperative, shy, self-conscious, tense, anxious, avoiding, emotional, and careless) than PWA before therapy (p < .002). There were no significant differences in perceptions between PWA and PWS after therapy (p > .002). While the perception of numerous scale items improved for PWS and PWA after therapy, many were still significantly different than the normal speaker (p < .002).Conclusions: The findings of the present study suggest SLPs perceive PWS and PWA in a negative light. While perceptions of clients improve following therapy, some negative stereotypes remain relative to a typical normal speaker
A Retrospective Hospital Record Based Analysis on Demographic Profile and Associated Complications/Comorbidities in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Attending a Clinic of Punjab, India
No full textBackground: India is home to the second largest number of adults living with type 2 diabetes (T2D) worldwide. Comorbidities like obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia have also increased dramatically with rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes and are known to affect both the course and outcome of the disease. The large proportion of patients presenting with T2D in our clinic prompted us to do this study because there is need to increase awareness of metabolic risk factors and how to prevent them. Furthermore, for the prevention and better management of diabetes, it is also vital to know the profile of these patients.Methods: This was a retrospective clinic-record based study involving a total of 760 type 2 diabetic patients visiting our diabetes clinic from 2011 to 2015 to assess demographic profile and co-morbidities/complications associated with T2D patients.Results: Among the 760 study participants, we found that 303 were males and 457 were females. T2D was most common (72.37%) among those between age group of 41-60 years. Almost 75.13% had uncontrolled diabetes. Dyslipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia) was the most common comorbidity seen in nearly 95.92% T2D patients in this study. Nearly 65.53% of the diabetic patients were hypertensive and 59.87% were either overweight or obese. Macrovascular complications were also seen in a significant 24.74% of the T2D patients and amongst microvascular complications neuropathy and retinopathy (20.13% and 19.34% respectively) were common.Conclusion: In this study most of the type 2 diabetic patients were between 41-60 years of age group with females being the majority of them. Neuropathy and retinopathy were most common diabetes related complications. There was high proportion of dyslipidemia, hypertension and obesity among these T2D patients
Stability of Bullying and Victimization from Childhood through Adolescence in a General Population Sample
No full textLittle is known about the persistence of bullying and victimization from childhood through adolescence and the emergence of new cases, which we investigated in a general population sample. Mothers rated the degree to which their child was a bully and a victim on the Pediatric Behavior Scale in a population-based sample of 376 children. The children were rated at 6-12 years of age (M 9) and again an average of 8 years later (M 16). Bullying was a problem for 14% at baseline, 9% at follow-up, and 4% at both baseline and follow-up. Victimization was a problem for 28% at baseline, 14% at follow-up, and 7% at both baseline and follow-up. Child victims were three times more likely to be adolescent victims than children who were not victims in childhood, and child bullies were five times more likely to be adolescent bullies. Only 26% of children who were victims at baseline continued to be victims at follow-up, and 30% who were bullies at baseline continued to be a bully at follow-up. For children who were neither a bully nor a victim at baseline, 87% remained neither at follow-up. Approximately half of adolescents who were bullies and half who were victims at follow-up were new cases. Although bullying and victimization decreased with time overall, the findings that 30% and 26% were still bullies and still victims and that half were new cases support the need for intervention to eliminate bullying, relieve current suffering, reduce chronicity, and prevent bullying from developing
Serum TNF Alpha as a Non-Invasive Marker for Diagnosing Biliary Atresia
No full textBackground: Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive disease of infancy. Early diagnosis is particularly essential because prognosis is closely related with timing of Kasai portoenterostomy. There is no non-invasive method that clearly identifies the diagnosis. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a cytokine which is mainly produced by activated macrophages and monocytes.Aim: We aimed to study the performance of serum TNF-α in BA and other neonatal cholestatic disorders.Materials and Methods: The study included 80 infants with neonatal cholestasis divided in two groups; BA group (n=40), non-BA group (n=40) with cholestatic disorders other than BA. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and histopathological parameters were collected. Serum TNF-α level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results: The mean value of TNF-α level was significantly higher in BA group (260.61+155.74 pg/ml) compared to non-BA (126.26+ 64.23 pg/ml) and a cutoff level of 124.4 pg/ml can diagnose BA with 95 % sensitivity and specificity 75 %. TNF-α is correlated with alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyle transferase and grade of liver fibrosis (P value 0.019, 0.004 and < 0.0001 respectively).In Conclusion: Serum TNF-α can be used as a non-invasive and sensitive marker for confirming the diagnosis of BA in in suspicious cases
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome with Residual Facial Palsy: Facial Nerve Decompression is an Innovative Option
No full textRamsay Hunt Syndrome (RHS) is a rare, severe complication of varicella zoster virus (VZV) reactivation in the geniculate ganglion. Facial paralysis is one of the features and without treatment, it fully recovers in as little as 20% of cases; this is much improved if treatment is started within 72 hours. In this prospective study, we present 5 cases of RHS and the surgical outcome in these cases