Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis
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Serum Gel Formulation of Mundu Fruit Extract (Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz) as Antioxidant and Anti-elastase
Full text linkUV radiation can generate ROS, thereby damaging neutrophils, leading to the uncontrolled release of elastase, and causing aging. This study intends to examine the antioxidants and anti-elastase activity of the skin of Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz fruit in serum gel extract preparation. The methods used in this research are microwave-assisted extraction and antioxidants using the ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) method. Three formulas were made with 100 x IC50, 200 x IC50, and 300 x IC50. The test results for the three formulas showed the best antioxidant and anti-elastase activity values in formula 3, with IC50 values of 66.26 ppm and 111.48 ppm. This indicates that the higher the extract concentration in the formulation provides better activity in the serum gel preparation. In the third formulation, evaluation observations were made on the preparation, and a pH value close to the skin’s pH was produced, namely in formula 3. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Mundu fruit peel extract has antioxidant and anti-elastase activity. The extract is applied to cosmetic preparations and still provides good antioxidant and anti-elastase activity results.UV radiation can generate ROS, thereby damaging neutrophils, leading to the uncontrolled release of elastase, and causing aging. This study intends to examine the antioxidants and anti-elastase activity of the skin of Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz fruit in serum gel extract preparation. The methods used in this research are microwave-assisted extraction and antioxidants using the ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) method. Three formulas were made with 100 x IC50, 200 x IC50, and 300 x IC50. The test results for the three formulas showed the best antioxidant and anti-elastase activity values in formula 3, with IC50 values of 66.26 ppm and 111.48 ppm. This indicates that the higher the extract concentration in the formulation provides better activity in the serum gel preparation. In the third formulation, evaluation observations were made on the preparation, and a pH value close to the skin’s pH was produced, namely in formula 3. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Mundu fruit peel extract has antioxidant and anti-elastase activity. The extract is applied to cosmetic preparations and still provides good antioxidant and anti-elastase activity results
Formulation and Antioxidant Activity Test of Gel from Fermented Red Pomegranate Peel Juice (Punica Granatum L)
Full text linkRed pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel has secondary metabolites such as phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins which are known to have antioxidant potential. The purpose of this study was to see the comparison of antioxidant activity of juice before and after fermentation and then formulated into a gel preparation that is physically and chemically stable. Red pomegranate peel juice was dried by freeze drying method and then fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 bacteria and measured OD600, pH, and antioxidant activity using DPPH reagent. The results showed that pomegranate peel juice before fermentation had strong antioxidant activity with a value (of IC50 35.64 ± 0.68 ppm) and after fermentation, it was in the very strong category (IC50 8.00 ± 0.01 to 8.11 ± 0.06 ppm); pH before and after (3.96 ± 0.02 and 3.33 ± 0.01). Formula II with juice concentration of 300 x IC50 has the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 values (64.37 ± 1.13 ppm); pH (6.33); spreadability (6.20 ± 0.07); and viscosity (31333.3 ± 577.35 dPas).
There was an increase in antioxidant activity of red pomegranate peel juice after fermentation, the resulting gel is physically and chemically stable based on the results of accelerated stability tests for 4 weeks
Synthesis and In Vitro Antimalarial Activity of Amino Chalcone Derivatives Compounds Through Inhibition of Heme Polymerization
Full text linkThis study aims to investigate the potential of chalcone derivatives as antimalarial agents. The structure of the chalcone derivatives was designed by inserting amino substituents on acetophenone and methoxy variants on benzaldehyde to produce three amino chalcone derivatives (C1, C2, and C3). The synthesis was carried out by carrying out the Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction with NaOH 40% as catalyst, resulting in compound yields ranging from 66% - 83%. The structure of the three compounds was determined by FTIR, MS, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy techniques, which confirmed that the compounds had structures that were in line with the desired molecular structure. The antimalarial activity test was carried out by inhibiting the heme polymerization process into hemozoin (β-hematin) using hydroxychloroquine sulfate as a positive control. Absorption measurements were carried out at two different wavelengths, namely 415 nm and 630 nm. The results of the IC50 antimalarial activity of the three compounds (C1, C2, C3) were obtained respectively at 227.61; 115.18; 260.01 µg/mL and positive control of 184.98 µg/mL. From these results, it was found that compound C2 showed better antimalarial activity compared to the other two compounds and positive control
Formulation and Activity of Sunscreen Cream from Ethanol Extract of Calendula officinalis L Flowers
Full text linkSunscreen made of natural ingredients is an alternative to protect the skin from excess UV radiation and a substitute for chemical products that have side effects. It was reported that Calendula officinalis L. has flavonoid and saponin metabolite compounds which function as photoprotective agents. This research aims to formulate sunscreen cream and examine the effect of variations in Calendula officinalis L flower extract (5%;7%;10% w/v) on physicochemical properties, stability, and values of the Sun Protecting Factor (SPF) in vitro using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and in vivo using wistar line rat test animals to see the time of formation of Minimum Erythema Dose (MED). It has been proven that variations in the concentration of Calendula officinalis L. extract affected the physicochemical properties, such as pH value, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion strength. However, the overall results of the physicochemical properties still met the requirements. Variations in extract concentration affected the SPF value. In vitro SPF test showed the minimum protection category for F1, extra protection for F2, maximum protection for F3, and no protection for F0. Meanwhile, the in vivo SPF test showed the minimal protection category for F1, medium protection for F2, extra protection for F3, and no protection for F0
Integrating Computational Methods into Antibacterial Drug Discovery and Development from Natural Products
Full text linkNatural products have long been pivotal in sustaining civilizations due to their medicinal properties and have served as a rich source of bioactive compounds for drug discovery. With the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, there is an urgent need for new antibacterial agents. Natural products, with their diverse chemical structures, provide a promising reservoir for identifying new lead compounds. Historically, the discovery of bioactive natural products often relied on serendipity, but modern advancements in computational approaches, particularly computer-aided drug design (CADD), have revolutionized this process. In the modern era, vast data from advanced technologies can provide valuable insights through computational methods. These approaches enable the structural analysis of molecules and the prediction of their biological activities, accelerating drug discovery. Advances in molecular sciences have identified more antibacterial targets, further facilitating this process. Integrating computational drug design with the study of natural products allows for the efficient identification and optimization of potential antibacterial agents. Moreover, many medicinal plants harbor mechanisms of action that remain unexplored by conventional methods. By employing computational techniques, researchers can uncover these mechanisms and develop novel antibacterial drugs. This combined approach not only enhances our understanding of natural products but also addresses the critical need for new treatments in the fight against bacterial infections
Total Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Properties of Different Extraction Methods of Red Spinach Leaf (Amaranthus tricolor L.)
Full text linkRed spinach leaf (Amaranthus tricolor L.) has been well-proven to contain flavonoids that exhibit antioxidant activities. In this study, a comparison between maceration and ultrasonic methods has been carried out to evaluate the effect of these two methods on the level of red spinach leaf flavonoid. In this study, for maceration 1, 2, and 3 days while for the ultrasonic method 10-, 20-, and 30-minutes time duration have been used. The ratios of material and solvent were 1:5 and 1:10. The flavonoid content was determined with the help of a spectrophotometer at a maximum wavelength of 436.80 nm. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH method to obtain the IC50. The result of the study revealed that the highest flavonoid content of 4.27 mgQE/g and antioxidant activity (IC50) of 110.47 ppm were obtained by an ultrasonic under conditions of 1:10 ratio and 30-minute extraction time. Results of the study suggested a significant difference (p<0,05) in the isolation of total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities in the maceration and ultrasonic. In these two methods, ultrasonic was found to be more efficient than maceration because of minimum time, the highest flavonoid content and antioxidant activity could be obtained
Pharmacological Activity of Plant Extracts in Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System Dosage Form: Narrative Review
Full text linkThe utilization of medicinal plants as therapeutic agents has obstacles to achieving the target action due to their low solubility. Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) is a method developed to increase the solubility of poorly water-soluble substances, such as medicinal plant extracts. This review aims to present a narrative overview of the potential utilization of SNEDDS in enhancing the pharmacological activity of plant extracts. Article searches were conducted on several websites, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Literature studies showed that the use of SNEDDS formulations in several medicinal plants such as dayak onion, soursop leaf, papaya leaf, bay leaf, kale, sidaguri, black cumin, mangosteen peel, harendong, pineapple peel, and cocoa is more effective than the administration of extracts alone because it can increase the solubility and bioavailability of a compound. Pharmacologically, SNEDDS shows its success in enhancing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic, antimalarial, immunostimulant, antimicrobial, anticancer, wound healing, and hepatoprotective activities in various plant extracts. The utilization of SNEDDS formulations in plant-based drugs has a positive impact on the advancement of drug therapy, especially for compounds that have low solubility
Development of Oil Vehicle Screening Method for Bromo Acid Dye-Based Color-Changing Cosmetic Formulation
Full text linkBromo acid dye (Red 21) recently gained attention in the production of color-changing cosmetics. The critical aspect in the development of cosmetic products using this dye group is the compatibility of its oil vehicles. The compatibility of bromo acid dyes with oil vehicles is determined by several parameters such as the dye solubility in the oils, clarity of the mixture, and the ability to change color when the pH of the solution is adjusted to match the skin’s pH. Therefore, this study conducted the compatibility study by examining the ability of 27 oil samples to dissolve Red 21. The ability of a vehicle to dissolve a compound is influenced by the polarity of the vehicle. Hence, a correlation was established between the relative polarity of oils and their ability to dissolve Red 21. The results showed that the water-oil interfacial tension was negatively correlated (r = -0.64) with Red 21 solubility in the oil. From this research, the water-oil interfacial tension represented the relative polarity of the oil and was considered sufficient to predict the compatibility of the oil with Red 21. In addition, hydrocarbon and silicone oils are not compatible with Red 21
Green Synthesis of Antimicrobial Silver Nanoparticles using Green Tea Extract: The Role of Concentration and pH
Full text linkSilver nanoparticles (AgNP) have been proven effective against many microbial strains with their superior antibacterial properties, due to their nano size and large surface area that can interact directly with the bacterial structure. Green synthesis for silver nanoparticles is the process of reducing Ag+ ions to Ag0 using plant bioactive compounds. Green synthesis is safer, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective. Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) containing polyphenols that can be used as a bioreductant in the formation of silver nanoparticles. This study aims to determine the effect of various concentration of AgNO3, green tea extract, and pH on the physical characteristics and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles. The AgNPs were evaluated by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The result demonstrated that the optimal AgNP was obtained from the AgNO3 concentration of 1.5 mM with 0.003% green tea extract at pH 10 which showed the highest absorbance value of 4.420 at λ 435.3 nm, with a particle size of 47.1 nm and a PDI of 0.243. The AgNPs showed growth inhibition on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and the antibacterial activity enhance compare to AgNO3.Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have been proven effective against many microbial strains with their superior antibacterial properties, due to their nano size and large surface area that can interact directly with the bacterial structure. Green synthesis for silver nanoparticles is the process of reducing Ag+ ions to Ag0 using plant bioactive compounds. Green synthesis is safer, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective. Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) containing polyphenols that can be used as a bioreductant in the formation of silver nanoparticles. This study aims to determine the effect of various concentration of AgNO3, green tea extract, and pH on the physical characteristics and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles. The AgNPs were evaluated by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The result demonstrated that the optimal AgNP was obtained from the AgNO3 concentration of 1.5 mM with 0.003% green tea extract at pH 10 which showed the highest absorbance value of 4.420 at λ 435.3 nm, with a particle size of 47.1 nm and a PDI of 0.243. The AgNPs showed growth inhibition on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and the antibacterial activity enhance compare to AgNO3
Investigating the Impact of Surfactant and Cosolvent on the Polyphenolic Content in Arumanis Mango Leaf Extract (Mangifera indica L.)
Full text linkThe leaf of Mangifera indica L. contains flavonoids and mangiferin which showed positive effects on wound healing of diabetic ulcer. The used of suitable surfactant and co-solvent is required to ensure the high solubility of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), thereby optimizing the efficacy. This study aims to determine the ideal surfactant and cosolvent for a thermosensitive hydrogel formula of Mangifera indica leaf ethanol extract. The leaf was fextracted by maceration using 70% ethanol then determined for moisture content. The extract was prepared for solubility tests of flavonoid and mangiferin on surfactants (Kolliphor® EL, Tween® 20, Tween® 80, Miranol® C2M) and co-solvents (Glycerin, PEG 400, and transcutol). Methods for total flavonoids content were Spectrophotometry UV-Vis and mangiferin with RP-HPLC method. The moisture content in the extract is 8.590 ± 0.754%. The surfactant demonstrating the highest capability in flavonoid dissolution is Tween 20 (1863.750 ± 0.838 µgQE/g extract), followed by Tween 80, Kolliphor EL, and Miranol C2M. In the context of co-solvents, PEG 400 (1309.583 ± 0.292 µgQE/g extract) show superior flavonoid dissolution capability, with glycerin and Transcutol following in descending order. Tween 20 and Tween 80 exhibite comparable efficacy in mangiferin dissolution, followed by Miranol C2M and Kolliphor EL. Among co-solvents, Transcutol demonstrate the highest aptitude for mangiferin dissolution, succeeded by PEG 400 and glycerin. This study indicates Tween 20 is a preferable surfactant and PEG 400 was considered as co-solvent to be further used in a thermosensitive gel formula for diabetic ulcer.Â