Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis
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Pengaruh Konseling Apoteker Terhadap Kepatuhan Penggunaan Obat Antidiabetes dan Kontrol Glikemik pada Pasien Diabetes
No full textControlling blood glucose is paramount in diabetes management, yet medication non-adherence often hinders optimal outcomes. This study investigated the impact of pharmacist counseling on Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) levels and medication adherence in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients within a rural primary healthcare setting. A quasi-experimental pre- and post-test design was employed with 112 T2DM outpatients from Puskemas Simpang Mamplam, Bireuen City, Aceh, Indonesia, from March to April 2024. Medication adherence was assessed using the MARS-10 Questionnaire, and FBG levels were measured via finger prick. The majority of participants were female (79.5%), aged 41-60 (45.5%, mean age 55.70 ± 10.07 years), with secondary education (43.8%), predominantly sedentary/inactive workers (60.7%), and reported low-income (38.4%). Data analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon Signed rank Test. Following counseling, which was provided every two weeks over the two-months period, the mean medication adherence score significantly increased (p < 0.001) from 3.150 ± 0.942 to 8.790 ± 1.297. FBG levels also significantly decreased (p<0.05), from an initial mean of 308.98 ± 72.995 to 220.42 ± 68.547 at two weeks, 162.36 ± 50.191 at four weeks, and 130.00 ± 27.774 at six weeks. These findings suggest that pharmacist counseling significantly improves both medication adherence (p < 0.001) and glycemic control (FBG decrease, p < 0,05) in T2DM patients
Exploring the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Purified Ficus septica Extracts: Insights from In Vitro and In Silico Studies
Full text linkFicus septica is a plant that has demonstrated significant potential as an anti-inflammatory agent. This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory activity and molecular mechanisms of compounds from Ficus septica, focusing on their interactions with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The results show that the purified extracts from Kadia and Batalaiworu exhibited better anti-inflammatory activity, with IC50 values of 32.04 µg/mL and 32.06 µg/mL, respectively, compared to the crude extracts, which had IC50 values of 42.07 µg/mL and 42.44 µg/mL. Despite this, Diclofenac Sodium exhibited a significantly lower IC50 value of 7.99 µg/mL. Computational studies revealed that Genistein had the strongest binding affinity to BSA with a binding energy of -7.52 kcal/mol, comparable to Diclofenac Sodium (-7.51 kcal/mol). Furthermore, Ficuseptine B and Septicine demonstrated strong binding to COX-2, with binding energies of -9.51 kcal/mol and -9.45 kcal/mol, respectively, outperforming Diclofenac Sodium (-8.49 kcal/mol). These findings suggest that compounds from Ficus septica, particularly Genistein, Ficuseptine B, and Septicine, may serve as potential anti-inflammatory agents through their ability to bind to BSA and COX-2
Formulation of Serum Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Seed Oil as Antiacne Preparation
No full textAcne is caused by a microbial imbalance due to the overgrowth of Propionibacterium acnes in the skin microbiome. Sunflower seed oil (Helianthus annuus L.), which contains linoleic acid and terpenoids, has an antibacterial activity against P. acnes. This study aimed to increase the availability of anti-acne compounds from natural resources by formulating an anti-acne serum containing sunflower seed oil. The research methods included antibacterial activity testing of sunflower seed oil, serum formulation, product evaluation, and serum effectiveness testing. The results of the antibacterial activity test of sunflower seed oil against P. acnes ATCC 6919 showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 100 mg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 200 mg/mL. The result of serum evaluation and stability testing during the freeze-thaw cycling test depicted stable formulation for all formulas based on organoleptic parameters, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and spreadability. The effectiveness test results of the serum preparation showed that formula 3, containing 200 mg/L of sunflower seed oil, was the best formula with an inhibition zone diameter of 12.76 ± 0.03 mm. In conclusion, sunflower seed oil demonstrates the ability to prevent and treat acne-prone skin, making it a suitable alternative anti-acne compound.
 
Pengaruh Suhu dan Durasi pada Hasil Ekstraksi Ramah Lingkungan dan Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Stevia rebaudiana
No full textStevia rebaudiana leaves are well-known for their intense natural sweetness, derived from steviol glycosides, which are 100-300 times sweeter than sugar. Besides being a natural sweetener, these leaves also hold the potential for various health benefits. This study compares two eco-friendly extraction methods: maceration using a water bath shaker (Dynamic maceration) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction in a water bath utilizing distilled water as the solvent. The objective was to assess their effects on extraction yield and antioxidant activity. Dynamic maceration was conducted at 25°C for 3 hours and 6 hours, yielding 14.2% and 15.5%, respectively, and at 75°C for 3 hours and 6 hours, yielding 18.6% and 16.7%, respectively. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction was carried out at 25°C for 30 minutes and 60 minutes, yielding 12.1% and 15.2%, respectively, and at 75°C for 30 minutes and 60 minutes, yielding 15.0% and 14.6%, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the extracts, assessed using the DPPH method at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, showed a linear trend corresponding to each extraction condition. For dynamic maceration, inhibition percentages were 33.4% (25°C, 3 h), 30.1% (25°C, 6 h), 25.9% (75°C, 3 h), and 16.7% (75°C, 6 h); for ultrasonic-assisted extraction, values were 39.9% (25°C, 30 min), 33.8% (25°C, 60 min), 31.8% (75°C, 30 min), and 27.1% (75°C, 60 min). The highest yield (18.6%) was obtained from dynamic maceration at 75°C for 3 hours, whereas the highest antioxidant activity (39.9%) was observed in ultrasonic-assisted extraction at 25°C for 30 minutesDaun Stevia rebaudiana dikenal karena rasa manis alaminya yang intens, yang berasal dari senyawa steviol glikosida, yang memiliki rasa manis 100-300 kali lebih manis daripada gula. Selain sebagai pemanis alami, daun ini juga berpotensi memberikan berbagai manfaat kesehatan. Studi ini membandingkan dua metode ekstraksi ramah lingkungan yaitu maserasi menggunakan water bath shaker (maserasi dinamis) dan ekstraksi berbantuan ultrasonik dalam water bath dengan menggunakan air suling sebagai pelarut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai efek dari kedua metode tersebut terhadap rendemen ekstraksi dan aktivitas antioksidan. Maserasi dinamis dilakukan pada suhu 25°C dan 75°C selama 3 dan 6 jam, menghasilkan masing-masing rendemen sebesar 14,2%, 15,5%, 18,6%, dan 16,7%. Ekstraksi berbantuan ultrasonik dilakukan pada suhu 25°C dan 75°C selama 30 dan 60 menit, menghasilkan masing-masing rendemen sebesar 12,1%, 15,2%, 15,0%, dan 14,6%. Aktivitas antioksidan, yang diukur pada konsentrasi 100 ppm menggunakan metode DPPH, menunjukkan persentase inhibisi sebesar 33,4%, 30,1%, 25,9%, dan 16,7% untuk maserasi dinamis, serta 39,9%, 33,8%, 31,8%, dan 27,1% untuk ekstraksi berbantuan ultrasonik. Hasil tertinggi (18,6%) dicapai dengan maserasi dinamis pada suhu 75°C selama 3 jam, sedangkan aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi (39,9%) dicapai dengan ekstraksi berbantuan ultrasonik pada suhu 25°C selama 30 menit
Nanoemulsion Formulation and Antibacterial Activity of Nagasari (Mesua ferrea L.) Leaf Extract
Full text linkNagasari (Mesua ferrea L.) has antibacterial activity. Its active compounds are difficult to absorb. Nanoemulsions can enhance the absorption and solubility of these compounds. This study aims to determine the physical stability of a Nagasari extract nanoemulsion, as evaluated by its antibacterial activity. The nanoemulsion was prepared using VCO (1%) as the oil phase, Tween 80 (16%) as the surfactant, and PEG 400 as the cosurfactant, with variations of 1% (FI), 3% (FII), and 5% (FIII). The nanoemulsions were evaluated for their physical properties, solubility, organoleptic properties, pH, emulsion type, transmission percentage, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and stability. The most effective nanoemulsion was tested against B. subtilis. The results show that FI was stable during freeze-thaw testing. Its pH was 6.2 ± 0.15. FI was found to be an o/w emulsion-type with the following characteristics: transmission (94.23 ± 1.18%), polydispersity index (0.345 ± 0.051), particle size (103.07 nm), and zeta potential (-6.47 ± 2.20 mV). The stability and physical characteristics of the nanoemulsion are affected by variations in the concentration of PEG 400 as a co-surfactant. Antibacterial activity testing of the nanoemulsions resulted in an inhibition zone measurement of 19.15 mm against B. subtili
A Comprehensive Review of Solid Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (S-SNEDDS) Technology to Enhance Nanoemulsion Stability
Full text linkPatients and practitioners prefer oral medication administration for systemic or local treatment due to its convenience and pleasurable experience. Nevertheless, numerous oral pharmaceutical formulations encounter various delivery challenges as a result of the hostile conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and a multitude of physiological barriers, including gastrointestinal architectural traits, biochemical variables, and physiological factors. Nanoparticle technology is often employed to surmount these challenges. Nanoemulsions, a form of nanotechnology, have been shown to improve the bioavailability and solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients. However, despite these advantages, they often encounter adjustment challenges related to physical and chemical stability, necessitating the development of advanced delivery systems to ensure their therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, liquid dosage forms may present several limitations for oral administration, such as inadequate masking of unpleasant tastes in the absence of flavoring agents or sweeteners, as well as difficulties in achieving accurate doses. Another potential method to enhance the stability of the drugs is the Solid Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (S-SNEDDS). This lipid-based drug delivery device utilizes a particular porosity carrier and a Liquid SNEDDS compaction process. The S-SNEDDS formulation is a potential method of delivering medications for active substances not soluble in water, sensitive to light, or unstable in liquid form. It also exhibits benefits such as excellent stability, straightforward scalability, consistent content distribution, precise dosage accuracy, and improved patient adherence. Encapsulation of hydrophobic pharmaceuticals protects against the aqueous environment, impeding hydrolysis and enhancing the drug's stability when exposed to moisture. Another mechanism of S-SNEDDS is the controlled release mechanism, which can also enhance the drug's stability in terms of its chemical composition and therapeutic effectiveness. Therefore, S-SNEDDS have the potential to provide a viable approach to improving the stability of nanoemulsions
Antiepileptic Drug Prescribing Patterns and Seizure Control Among Outpatients with Epilepsy at a Public Hospital in Indonesia
Full text linkBackground: Epilepsy affects nearly 50 million people globally, including approximately 700,000–1.4 million in Indonesia, with 70,000 new cases reported annually. Objective: This study aimed to determine antiepileptic drug (AED) prescribing patterns and to examine their association with seizure control outcomes in patients with epilepsy. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional analysis was conducted using 185 outpatient prescriptions. Data on patient demographics, seizure frequency, and AED regimens were collected. Patterns of monotherapy and polytherapy were analyzed descriptively, and seizure control was compared using chi-square analysis. Results: Of the patients evaluated, 48.6% were male and 51.4% female. Monotherapy was prescribed in 51.4% of patients, predominantly valproic acid (VPA) and phenytoin (PHT). Polytherapy was used in 48.6% of patients, with the most common combinations being VPA + carbamazepine (CBZ) and PHT + VPA. Seizure-free control within six months was achieved in 34.6% of patients. A significant association was found between therapy regimen and seizure control (p = 0.040), with poor control more frequent in polytherapy (73.3%) than monotherapy (57.9%). Patients on polytherapy had twice the risk of poor seizure control (OR = 2.00; 95% CI: 1.08–3.72). Conclusion: Valproic acid remains the most prescribed AED for monotherapy, while phenytoin–valproic acid combinations are frequent in polytherapy. Polytherapy was associated with poorer seizure control, highlighting the importance of individualized AED selection and rational drug utilization in epilepsy managemen
Cost-Effectiveness of ACTH vs. ACT Chemotherapy Regimens at RSUP Dr. M. Djamil
Full text linkIntroduction: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers and is often diagnosed at a late stage, especially in Indonesia. This highlights the need for cost-effective treatment options. ACT (Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide, and Taxane) and ACTH (ACT plus Herceptin/Trastuzumab) are used chemotherapy regimens, but studies comparing their cost-effectiveness are still limited. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of ACT versus ACTH for breast cancer treatment using tumor volume reduction. Method: A retrospective cost-effectiveness study was carried out at Dr. M. Djamil Hospital by comparing direct medical costs and tumor volume changes in breast cancer patients treated with ACT or ACTH regimens. Effectiveness was based on the average change in tumor volume, and cost-effectiveness was evaluated using the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER). Results: The mean tumor volume reduction in the ACT group was 2820.85 ± 11190.42 cm³, and significantly higher at 9273.50 ± 60101.33 cm³ in ACTH, although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.614). The average direct medical cost for ACTH was IDR 67,138,579, compared to IDR 13,005,027 for ACT. The ICER calculation resulted in IDR-838,935 per cm³ of tumor reduction, while the negative ICER might suggest cost savings, it does not imply that ACTH is a dominant strategy indicating that ACTH incurred a higher cost with less effectiveness per unit of tumor reduction than ACT. Conclusion: The high associated cost leads to a negative ICER, suggesting that ACT may be more cost-effective in this setting. These findings are critical for optimizing chemotherapy choices within limited healthcare budgets.Pendahuluan: Kanker payudara tetap menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat utama yang memerlukan strategi terapi yang efektif dari segi biaya, terutama di wilayah dengan sumber daya terbatas. Rejimen kemoterapi ACT (Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide, dan Taxane) serta ACTH (ACT ditambah Herseptin/ Trastuzumab) banyak digunakan, namun evaluasi ekonomi komparatif dalam praktik klinis masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas biaya dari rejimen kemoterapi ACT dibandingkan ACTH dalam pengobatan kanker payudara di RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang tahun 2023, dengan menggunakan penurunan volume tumor sebagai ukuran efektivitas. Metode:Analisis efektivitas biaya retrospektif dilakukan dengan membandingkan biaya medis langsung dan perubahan volume tumor pada pasien kanker payudara yang menerima rejimen ACT atau ACTH. Efektivitas dinilai berdasarkan rata-rata perubahan volume tumor, dan efektivitas biaya diukur menggunakan Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER). Hasil: Rerata penurunan volume tumor pada kelompok ACT adalah 2820,85 ± 11190,42 cm³, sedangkan pada kelompok ACTH lebih tinggi yaitu 9273,50 ± 60101,33 cm³, meskipun secara statistik tidak signifikan (p = 0,614). Rata-rata biaya medis langsung untuk ACTH sebesar Rp67.138.579, dibandingkan dengan Rp13.005.027 untuk ACT. Perhitungan ICER menghasilkan Rp -838.935 per cm³ penurunan volume tumor, yang menunjukkan bahwa ACTH memiliki biaya lebih tinggi dengan efektivitas per satuan penurunan volume tumor yang relatif lebih rendah dibandingkan ACT. Kesimpulan: Meskipun ACTH menunjukkan penurunan rata-rata volume tumor yang lebih besar, tingginya biaya yang terkait menghasilkan nilai ICER negatif, yang mengindikasikan bahwa ACT mungkin lebih efektif dari segi biaya dalam konteks klinis ini. Temuan ini penting untuk mengoptimalkan pilihan rejimen kemoterapi dalam keterbatasan anggaran pelayanan kesehatan
Natural Antioxidant Potential of Cassia siamea Flowers: Influence of Solvents on Phytochemicals and Activity
Full text linkThis study meticulously investigates the pivotal influence of solvent polarity on the phytochemical profile and antioxidant efficacy derived from Cassia siamea flower extracts. Employing three solvents across a polarity gradient n-hexane (non-polar), ethyl acetate (semi-polar), and ethanol (polar) the extracts were rigorously evaluated via qualitative phytochemical screening and antioxidant capacity determination using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Phytochemical richness was quantified based on the presence thresholds of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, while antioxidant potential was established through IC50 value calculations. Remarkably, the results unveiled a strong, direct correlation underpinning solvent polarity, phytochemical yield, and measurable bioactivity. The ethanol extract decisively exhibited the highest phytochemical richness and the most potent radical-scavenging activity, yielding an IC50 of 18.43 ppm, significantly outperforming ethyl acetate (39.87 ppm) and n-hexane (70.12 ppm). Supporting this evidence, visual analysis utilizing heatmaps, scatter plots, and dual-axis charts further substantiated the pronounced inverse relationship between phytochemical richness and IC50 values. These compelling findings confirm that more polar solvents are inherently superior for extracting critical antioxidant-active compounds, particularly flavonoids and phenolics. Consequently, ethanol stands out as the optimal solvent for maximizing both chemical diversity and biological efficacy. This research contributes substantial insights for refining extraction methodologies. It robustly supports the application of ethanol-based extracts in developing high-value antioxidant formulations across the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical sector
Formulation and Physical Characterization of Chewable Gummy from Galangal Rhizome Extract (Kaempferia galanga L.) as a Nutraceutical Product
Full text linkThe Kaempferia galanga L rizhome (kencur) extract, known in traditional use as an appetite enhancer, was developed into chewable gummy preparations as a nutraceutical product. Due to the taste and odor of extract from natural plants caused less preferable to consume. Therefore the formulation of chewable gummy was addressed to overcome this problem. This study formulated gummy with a concentration of 2% galangal extract and gelatin as gelling agent with concentration variations of 10% (F1), 12.5% (F2), and 15% (F3). The evaluation of the physical properties of galangal rhizome extract chewable gummy included swelling ratio, syneresis, organoleptic, weight diversity, and texture profile analysis (TPA). In addition, a hedonic test was conducted to determine the level of panelist preference. The results revealed that the higher the gelatin concentration, the more significant the changes in the physical properties of gummies. An increase in gelatin plays a crucial role in forming a denser and more stable preparation structure. This impacts the texture regarding chewiness and increase the hardness. The result of TPA showed a significant differences (p<0.05) in the parameters of hardness, gumminess, and chewiness between the three formulations. The results of the hedonic test showed that F3 was the most preferred by the panelists. Based on these results, a gelatin concentration of 15% is recommended for the formulation of chewable gummy galangal rhizome extract