Nuclear Engineering Institute

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    Compensação financeira devida aos municípios que hospedem depósitos de rejeitos radioativos

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    Este trabalho tem como objetivo calcular a compensação financeira devida aos municípios onde exista viabilidade para construção de depósitos de rejeitos radioativos de baixa e média atividade. Foi utilizada como estrutura base a metodologia desenvolvida pela CNEN presente na Resolução nº 96 de 10 de agosto de 2010, intitulada "Modelo de Cálculo para Compensação Financeira dos Municípios" onde estão estabelecidos os parâmetros para os rejeitos, instalações e locais de implantação. O cálculo foi realizado em função da deposição, temporária ou definitiva, de rejeitos sólidos, e.g. equipamentos de proteção individual (luvas, sapatilhas, máscaras, etc.), resinas e filtros usados no tratamento de efluentes, entre outros, oriundos de instalações nucleares e radiativas. São apresentados alguns exemplos de países que compensam, financeiramente ou não, municípios pela construção de depósitos de rejeitos e, em alguns casos, como ocorreu o processo de negociação entre as partes interessadas (stakeholders). Também são apresentadas outras formas de compensação financeira no Brasil pelas atividades industriais de grande porte que tragam risco para a população local e para o meio ambiente, como compensações por exploração de petróleo e gás, usinas hidrelétricas e usinas de mineração. Foi utilizado o inventário de rejeitos elaborado no projeto do RBMN (Repositório Para Rejeitos de Baixo e Médio Níveis de Atividade) desenvolvido pelo CDTN (2009) que traz a implantação de um repositório para armazenamento definitivo de rejeitos radioativos. A partir desses dados foi possível desenvolver um estudo de caso através de definição de quatro cenários para depósitos iniciais/intermediários e finais. Os resultados obtidos mostram montantes mensais que variam no início do período da compensação entre R2,6mileR 2,6 mil e R 79,8 mil, a partir dos quais foi elaborada uma análise crítica quanto aos parâmetros considerados e a forma de rateio do valor devido. Outrossim, tais valores foram comparados com a receita orçamentária de municípios previamente selecionados, assim como foram analisados alguns pontos divergentes na resolução.This work aims to perform calculation about the financial compensations due to municipalities with viability for construction of radioactive waste deposits from low and medium activity. It was used as methodology the framework of normative act in the Resolution nº 96, august 10, 2010, ("Model of Calculation for Financial Compensations due to Municipalities) where there are established the parameters for the wastes, the facilities and the deployment sites. The calculation was made according with interim storage or definitive disposal of solid wastes, e.g. personal protection equipment (gloves, shoes, masks, et) resins and filters used in wastewater treatment form nuclear and radioactivity facilities. Some examples of countries in which compensations, financial or not, was practiced in favor of municipalities due to construction os waste deposits were shown and in some cases, the way that occurred the negotiation between the stakeholders. Were also presented other forms of financial compensations in Brazil due to large-scale industrial activities that result in potential risk for the surrounding populations and environment, as oil and natural gas, hydropower plants and mining. Were used the waste inventory designed by RMBN project (Waste Repository of Low and Medium Activity) developed in CDTN (2009) which presents the implementation of a repository for disposal of radioactive waste. Based on these data it was possible to develop a case study, establishing four scenarios for initial/interim storage and final disposal of wastes. The results reached monthly values that ranged from 2,6 to 79,8 thousand Brazilian Reais, from which it was performed a critical analysis of the range of parameters and the apportionment of the amount due. Likewise, these values were compared with the budget revenues of some previously selectec municipalities and were examined divergent points in the normative act as well

    Application of artificial intelligence techniques in modeling and control of a nuclear power plant pressurizer system.

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    No reator de água pressurizada (PWR) pressurizados plantas nucleares (centrais nucleares) o controle da pressão nos circuitos primário é fundamental para manter o reator em uma condição de segurança e melhorar a eficiência do processo de geração. O principal componente responsável por esta tarefa é o pressurizador. O sistema de controlo da pressão do pressurizador (CPP) utiliza aquecedores e válvulas de pulverização, para manter a pressão dentro de uma banda de operação durante condições de estado estacionário, e limita as mudanças de pressão, durante as condições transientes. As válvulas de alívio de segurança e fornecer proteção de sobrepressão para o sistema de refrigeração do reator (RCS) para garantir a integridade do sistema. Várias viagens de reatores de proteção são gerados se os parâmetros do sistema exceder os limites de segurança. Historicamente, um regulador proporcional-integral-derivativo (PID) é usado em PWR para manter a pressão no ponto de ajuste, durante estas condições de operação. O objetivo deste estudo é duplo: em primeiro lugar, para desenvolver um modelo pressurizador baseado em redes neurais artificiais (RNA); em segundo lugar, para desenvolver controladores fuzzy para o pressurizador PWR modelada pela ANN e comparar o seu desempenho com as convencionais. Os dados de um 2785 MWtérm Westinghouse 3-ciclo simulador PWR foi usada para testar o modelo de RNA pressurizador e os controladores fuzzy. Os resultados das simulações mostram que os pressurizador ANN respostas modelo concordam razoavelmente bem com os do simulado pressurizador usina, e que os controladores fuzzy têm melhor desempenho em comparação com os convencionais.In pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plants (NPPs) pressure control in the primary loops is fundamental for keeping the reactor in a safety condition and improve the generation process efficiency. The main component responsible for this task is the pressurizer. The pressurizer pressure control system (PPCS) utilizes heaters and spray valves to maintain the pressure within an operating band during steady state conditions, and limits the pressure changes during transient conditions. Relief and safety valves provide overpressure protection for the reactor coolant system (RCS) to ensure system integrity. Various protective reactor trips are generated if the system parameters exceed safe bounds. Historically, a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is used in PWRs to keep the pressure in the set point, during those operation conditions. The purpose of this study is two-fold: first, to develop a pressurizer model based on artificial neural networks (ANNs); secondly, to develop fuzzy controllers for the PWR pressurizer modeled by the ANN and compare their performance with conventional ones. Data from a 2785 MWth Westinghouse 3-loop PWR simulator was used to test both the pressurizer ANN model and the fuzzy controllers. The simulation results show that the pressurizer ANN model responses agree reasonably well with those of the simulated power plant pressurizer, and that the fuzzy controllers have better performance compared with conventional ones

    Oil Flow Rate Measurements Using 198au And Total Count Technique

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    In industrial plants, oil and oil compounds are usually transported by closed pipelines with circular cross-section. The use of radiotracers in oil transport and processing industrial facilities allows calibrating flowmeters, measuring mean residence time in cracking columns, locate points of obstruction or leak in underground ducts, as well as investigating flow behavior or industrial processes such as in distillation towers. Inspection techniques using radiotracers are non-destructive, simple, economic and highly accurate. Among them, Total Count, which uses a small amount of radiotracer with known activity, is acknowledged as an absolute technique for flow rate measurement. A viscous fluid transport system, composed by four PVC pipelines with 13m length (12m horizontal and 1m vertical) and ½, ¾, 1 and 2-inch gauges, respectively, interconnected by maneuvering valves was designed and assembled in order to conduct the research. This system was used to simulate different flow conditions of petroleum compounds and for experimental studies of flow profile in the horizontal and upward directions. As 198Au presents a single photopeak (411,8 keV), it was the radioisotope chosen for oil labeling, in small amounts (6 ml) or around 200 kBq activity, and it was injected in the oil transport lines. A NaI scintillation detector 2”x 2”, with well-defined geometry, was used to measure total activity, determine the calibration factor F and, positioned after a homogenization distance and interconnected to a standardized electronic set of nuclear instrumentation modules (NIM), to detect the radioactive cloud

    Study Of Water Flowrate Using Time Transient And Cross-Correlation Techniques With 82br Radiotracer

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    This paper aims to determinate the water flowrate using Time Transient and Cross-Correlation techniques. The detection system uses two NaI(Tl) detectors adequately positioned on the outside of pipe and a gamma-ray source (82Br radiotracer). The water flowrate measurements using Time Transient and Cross-Correlation techniques were compared to invasive conventional measurements of the flowmeter previously installed in pipeline. Discrepancies between Time Transient and Cross-Correlation techniques flowrate values were found to be less than 3% in relation to conventional ones

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