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Enumeration of Minimum Path Covers of Trees
Get PDFIn the study of possible multiplicity lists for eigenvalues of real symmetric matrices with a given tree T as graph, the value of maximum multiplicity, M(T), has been of great interest. M(T) turns out to be the same as P(T), the path cover number of T. This is the minimum number of induced paths of T that are vertex disjoint and cover all its vertices. For a given tree T , P(T) can be achieved in several ways. Here, we give a method to enumerate all possible minimum path covers for any given tree through a reductive procedure
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Get PDFThis is the about page of the California Sociology Forum Student Journal of Sociology Volume 7 Spring 2025
Art as a Rehabilitation Tool
No full textThe carceral experience presents many detrimental impacts on the wellbeing of people who are incarcerated. In a broken penal system in the United States, fine arts programming can be one of the more effective alternatives to punishment and can be implemented in the restructuring of this system. The primary aim of this review paper was to examine the impact creative art programming in correctional institutions had on the people who are incarcerated with a specific focus on the effectiveness of these programs on the people’s mental health, likelihood of being rehabilitated, and reducing their recidivism. This paper conducted a meta-analysis of nine published studies on the implementation of creative art programs in correctional institutions to evaluate and examine the effectiveness of these programs, and it relied on the framework of labeling and general strain theory. The findings of this paper revealed that the implementation of creative arts programming in correctional institutions was linked to the (1) fostering of social cohesion and rehabilitation in prisons, (2) positive effects on the emotional regulation and personal growth of the people who are incarcerated, and (3) the ability to reduce recidivism and promote education among the people who are incarcerated. Despite the positive findings, it is important to highlight the publication bias that exists in this subject and the lack of studies that report negative outcomes of these programs. This review paper identifies that future research should focus on exploring the perspectives of people who are incarcerated and highlighting their voices and stories. Negative outcomes should be reported and not neglected to determine the true effectiveness and longevity of these programs in the future restructuring of the penal system.
 
The Price of a Dream: An Analysis of the Exploitative Systems Facing Migrants Trying to Enter the United States
No full textthe United States as a land of opportunity continues to drive migrants from around the world, but the journey to the U.S. has changed dramatically in recent years. This paper examines the new dangers in the current state of migration, focusing on how systems of exploitation have evolved and intensified, making the pursuit of a better life increasingly dangerous. While hope remains the driving force behind migration, many are now forced into illegal and dangerous routes due to broken legal pathways by extreme visa backlogs and the shifting global landscape. Exploitive systems, ranging from corrupt governments and criminal cartels to traffickers using social media as a tool for manipulation are now the new migration reality. Additionally, the rise of the private immigration detention industry highlights the growing role of for-profit corporations that capitalize on the suffering of migrants. The paper discusses these contemporary changes and the ethical implications of the systems in place, advocating for systemic reform and international cooperation. It concludes with a call for a shift in migration policy, urging a focus on humane treatment and global collaboration to combat exploitation and ensure the safety and dignity of migrants
