Varna Medical University Press: Journals
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Analytical specification of the location, shape, and size of the eastern bastion and the outline of the southeastern wall of the medieval citadel of Varna, made during a study of the building of the Museum of New History of Varna
No full textThis publication reveals the location, shape, and size of the eastern bastion and the outline of the southeastern wall of the medieval citadel of Varna. It emerges as a significant finding from an architectural study of the building of the current Museum of Contemporary History of Varna at 3 Osmi Noemvri St. Originally built as a residence around 1832, the building has served various functions, including a consulate for the Kingdom of Belgium, a hotel, dormitories for a naval school, a state prison, a workshop, and a storage facility for theatrical scenery before becoming a museum in 1969. Notably, during its excavation in 1965, a trapezoidal section in the southeastern corner of the basement remained unexplored. The publication shares a hypothesis that this unexplored structure is part of the eastern bastion of the medieval citadel, that it was hexagonal, that 1/3 of it was inside the fortress wall, and that the building under study was built on the foundations of the destroyed citadel after the war of 1828–1829 between the Russian and Ottoman empires
The Varna civilization, the anthropomorphic gold amulets and the Eye of Ra
No full textIn the Varna I Necropolis, among the frequently encountered artifacts are the so- called gold anthropomorphic amulets. However, they are rarely talked about, probably because of their unequivocal definiteness, without raising questions and requiring discussion. Round in shape and always golden, there is usually an opening in the middle, taken as a symbol of the female womb, and a small trapezoidal appendage with two small openings protrudes from their periphery. In this form, the amulet hangs around the woman’s neck on a chain attached to the appendage. It is considered a typical female attribute and is found only in female graves, even if they are symbolic. So far, there are no other interpretations.Examining the amulets in ancient Egypt, we find that the Eye of the Sun God Ra motif has a special place. The deeper analysis of this type of amulet reveals unsuspected connections with the gold anthropomorphic amulets from the Varna Chalcolithic culture. Thus, we conclude that the gold amulets from Varna are not anthropomorphic, but depict the Eye of the Sun God Ra motif
Thracian and Roman coins minted in Odessos
No full textThe year 572 BC is thought to be the year of the foundation of Odessos. Thanks to its favorable location on the western coast of the Black Sea, in the first years, the town began to grow and develop. During the IV century BC, the first coins from Odessos began being be minted. They were Thracian of a Greece type. At that time the Black Sea towns were hellenized. Later there was a change in the type of the coins, influenced by the march of Alexander the Great and the entry of the Roman Republic, later – an empire, on the Balkan peninsula. There were short periods when the mint of Odessos temporary interrupted its work and permanently stopped functioning around 268. Odessos was a thriving city with streets, fortress wall, thermal baths. In the old part of Varna, also called the Greek Quarter, the remains of the old Odessos are still seen, and during excavations, more are found. In the Antiquity, the port was important for development of trade with other cities. We distinguish several types of coins, minted in Odessos: two main types, Thracian, Roman autonomous, and Roman colonial. The coins from Odessos, as from other cities, existed and are of interest among the numismatists
The Role of Endoscopic Tattooing in Colorectal Surgery
Get PDFThe intraoperative finding of a lesion, which has already been located previously by endoscopy, can sometimes be a challenge, especially during laparoscopy. Failure to locate the exact place of the lesion can cause the resection of a wrong bowel segment. Endoscopic submucosal tattooing is a minimally invasive technique, allowing marking of a carcinoma or polyp that is not suitable for endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) in the colon.During a colonoscopy for marking a certain spot, we use 0.5–1.0 mL of submucosal solution of indigo ink. Injecting the substance causes a dark mark, which is visible in the peritoneal cavity during surgery. The risks of this manipulation are coloring the peritoneum and other structures and organs outside the colon such as kidneys, omentum, stomach, or a part of the intestines. This can be avoided using the proper technique of injection. There are no strict rules of execution of the manipulation. The approach is individual and depends on the endoscopist and the location of the lesion. Frequently used methods are circular marking of the affected area and placement of the ink distally and/or proximally of the lesion.In conclusion, tattooing reduces time in the operating room, lowers the risk of healthy bowel resection and aids in faster finding of the exact location of the lesion. The procedure is easily executed by an experienced endoscopist and does not carry a significant risk of complications
Low-abrasive air-polishing powders—characteristics and application in clinical practice. A review
Get PDFINTRODUCTION: Gingivitis and periodontitis are inflammatory plaque-induced periodontal diseases, which are associated with the presence of a supra- and subgingival biofilm. Successful removal of supra- and subgingival plaque and calculus from hard and soft surfaces in the oral cavity is essential in the therapy of these diseases. Airflow powders remove biofilms in a minimally invasive manner, supra- and subgingivally, from all types of surfaces in oral cavity.AIM: The aim of this article is to conduct a literature survey on the characteristic features and use of different low-abrasive powders in dental practice.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The survey is based on a summary of already published articles and researches.CONCLUSION: The use of low-abrasive air-polishing powders requires less time and is associated with better comfort for patients, and they are a good alternative for subgingival removal of bacterial biofilms
Advantages of thalassotherapy in the treatment and prevention of varicose veins
Get PDFIntroduction: Varicose veins are a common condition, with manifestations ranging from a cosmetic concern to a potentially harmful disease. This condition affects the lower extremities, impacting up to 40% of women and 20% of men. In Europe, thalassotherapy has a long history, particularly in the treatment of varicose veins. However, the notion that it is effective for this condition is largely based on empirical evidence.Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of regular thalassotherapy in managing primary varicose veins.Methods: We conducted a systematic review of 20 articles obtained from several databases, covering the period from June 1988 to September 2022.Results: A thorough evaluation of the relevant publications indicates that thalassotherapy is effective in treating and preventing primary varicose veins. It can be considered an adjunct to conservative treatments such as compression therapy, as well as to surgical interventions. Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that regular thalassotherapy reduces both objective and subjective symptoms of varicosity. The main objectives of this treatment include symptom relief, prevention of varicose vein progression, improvement in appearance, and avoidance of relapses and major complications, including bleeding and ulceration. Notably, the therapeutic benefits of thalassotherapy extend beyond seawater hydrotherapy; as part of climate therapy, it incorporates additional beneficial elements such as sand-based exercise and stress management, all of which contribute to psychological and physical well-being.Conclusion: Thalassotherapy is an excellent, cost-effective, and non-invasive therapy for varicosity, with no reported complications or harmful side effects. Although available evidence suggests that thalassotherapy can improve the symptoms and signs of primary varicose veins, we do not recommend it as a first-line or sole treatment
Treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders: a review article
Get PDFУвод: Заболяванията на темпоромандибуларната става (ТМС) са голяма група от състояния, свързани с нарушения, както на самата става и ставните елементи, така и на дъвкателните мускули. Към тази група се отнасят редица състояния като остри и хронични артрити, остеоартроза, анкилоза, контрактура, миозит, тендонит, дискови размествания, вродени аномалии, онкологични заболявания и др.Цел: Целта на настоящата обзорна статия е да обобщи и анализира известните методи за лечение на заболяванията на ТМС, както и да разгледа съвременните тенденции при тези състояния.Материали и методи: За целите на настоящия обзор се извърши разширено търсене в PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase и Google Scolar със следните ключови думи: (temporomandibular joint) AND (disorders) AND (treatment). След анализ и обобщаване на получените данни в настоящия обзор сa включени 34 статии.Резултати и обсъждане: Методите за лечение на уврежданията на ТМС се подразделят на консервативни, минимално инвазивни и инвазивни. Към неинвазивните се отнасят когнитивно-поведенческата терапия, физиотерапията, мануалната терапия, озонотерапията и медикаментозното лечение. Минимално инвазивните включват артроскопия; атроцентеза с вътреставна инстилация на различни медикаменти, хиалуронова киселина и богата на тромбоцити плазма; акупунктура; лечение с ботулинов токсин и лечение с лазери. Инвазивните техники включват окритите оперативни техники като интерпозиционна артропластика, реконструктивна артропластика, дистракционна остеогенеза, артропластика с автогенни присадки и употреба алопластични материали (ортопедични импланти).Заключение: Интердисциплинарният подход е най-успешната стратегия при лечение за нарушенията на темпоромандибуларната става, като се стартира с консервативните техники, при незадоволителни резултати следва да се включат минимално инвазивни процедури и като последня мярка се прибягва до хирургичните техники.Introduction: Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) are a diverse group of conditions associated with the impairment of the joint and adjacent masticatory muscles. This group includes numerous conditions, such as acute and chronic arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosis, contracture, myositis, tendonitis, disc displacement, congenital anomalies, and oncological diseases.Aim: This review article aims to summarize and analyze the management methods of TMDs and examine the current trends in treating these conditions.Materials and Methods: An extensive search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar databases, using the following keywords: temporomandibular joint, disorders, and treatment. After analyzing the obtained data, 34 articles were included in this review.Results and Discussion: Treatment methods for TMJ injuries are divided into conservative, minimally invasive, and invasive. Non-invasive methods include cognitive-behavioral therapy, physical therapy, manual therapy, ozone therapy, and drug treatment. Minimally invasive techniques include arthroscopy, arthrocentesis with intra-articular instillation of various medications, hyaluronic acid, and platelet-rich plasma, acupuncture, injections of botulinum toxin, and laser treatment. Invasive approaches include open surgery techniques such as interposition arthroplasty, reconstructive arthroplasty, distraction osteogenesis, and arthroplasty with autogenous grafts and alloplastic materials (orthopedic implants).Conclusion: An interdisciplinary approach is the most successful treatment strategy for TMDs, starting with conservative approaches. When these are unsatisfactory, minimally invasive procedures are considered, with open surgery techniques as a final step
Positive And Negative Effects Of Assisted Reproduction On The Psycho-Emotional Health Of Couples With Reproductive Failures
Get PDFIntroduction: In vitro fertilization (IVF) is one of the most successful and widely used assisted reproductive technologies, particularly for couples facing reproductive difficulties. Despite significant advances, the procedures remain associated with substantial psycho-emotional and financial challenges that affect patients’ well-being.Aim: The present study aims to analyze the positive and negative effects of assisted reproduction on the psycho-emotional health of couples with reproductive failures.Materials and Methods: A systematic review of scientific literature was conducted through a Google Scholar search in December 2024. Publications in English and Bulgarian, statistical data, as well as national and international policies related to assisted reproduction were included.Results: The psychological effects of IVF vary across the different stages of treatment. The highest levels of anxiety and depression are observed in women during hormonal therapy and in the waiting period for results. Common experiences include guilt, social isolation, and reduced self-esteem, which may also decrease the likelihood of successful conception. Financial stress is an additional factor that aggravates the psychological burden. At the same time, successful pregnancy increases self-esteem, satisfaction, and the sense of “normality” in the social and family context. Psychotherapeutic support has been shown to reduce distress and improve both psychological well-being and clinical outcomes.Conclusion: IVF is an effective therapeutic method, but it is accompanied by complex psychological and social challenges. It is recommended that couples seek professional psychological support, apply stress management techniques, and adopt an interdisciplinary approach to improve psycho-emotional health and quality of life
The Role Of Vaccination In Preventing The Spread Of Genital HPV Infection And Reducing Oncogenic Risk
Get PDFProphylactic vaccines against human papillomavirus are among the remarkable achievements of modern medicine with a positive effect on public health.An analysis of data on the spread of genital HPV infection in different geographical areas and the results achieved from the implemented vaccination policy in specific countries has been made. The vaccines developed to date are presented with their indications, specific features and appropriate age and method of administration.The stages in the development of vaccine prophylaxis in our country, the legislative foundations and the existing regulatory framework of the vaccination process have been examined. A number of barriers to the application of HPV vaccines have been indicated, but also the undeniable benefits for the individual and society from minimizing the oncogenic risk