Portal e-Journal Mahkamah Konstitusi
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Menggagas Pelembagaan Constitutional Question Melalui Perluasan Kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam Menguji Undang-Undang
Full text linkTulisan ini membahas tentang gagasan pelembagaan constitutional question (pertanyaan konstitusional) di Indonesia melalui perluasan kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam menguji undang-undang terhadap Undang-Undang Dasar. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa lembaga constitutional question itu dapat ditempatkan sebagai bagian dari kewenangan pengujian konstitusional yang telah dimiliki Mahkamah Konstitusi berdasarkan ketentuan Pasal 24C ayat (1) UUD 1945. Selain itu hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukan bahwa terdapat kebutuhan atau urgensi, baik dari segi teori maupun praktek untuk melembagakan mekanisme constitutional question di Mahkamah Konstitusi. Oleh sebab itu pada bagian akhir penelitian ini dikemukakan suatu kesimpulan dan rekomendasi bahwa lembaga constitutional question ini sangat perlu dan sangat prospektif untuk segera diterapkan di Indonesia. Caranya cukup dengan melakukan perubahan terhadap undang-undang tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi dengan mengatur dan memasukan mekanisme constitutional question ini ke dalam undang-undang yang dimaksud, tanpa harus mengadakan perubahan terhadap UUD 1945. This study will discuss the concept of constitutional question institutionalization in Indonesia by expanding the Constitutional Court’s constitutional review authority against the Constitution. The research shows that the constitutional question can be placed as part of the Constitutional Court’s constitutional review method based on Article 24C (1) 1945 Constitution. Moreover, the research also shows that there is a need or urgency, in both theory and practice, to institutionalize the constitutional question mechanism in the Constitutional Court. Therefore, this research concludes that the constitutional question is inevitable, and that is recommended to be immediately adopted in Indonesia. One of the possible methods to implement the mechanism is through the Constitutional Court law revision, which includes the constitutional question mechanism, without amending the Constitution.
Political Influence on the Constitutional Court in the Republic of Macedonia: Reflections through the Dissenting Opinions in the Period of 2012-2015
No full textThe demo Christian political party VMRO-DPMNE had a long period of ruling of the Republic of Macedonia, (2006-2016). During that period many cases of political pressure on the state institutions have occurred. The Constitutional Court wasn’t an excepted of that political pressure. Starting from the process of appointment of new judges, through the shocking decisions upon official citizens’ complaints and human rights appeals, to a complete reflection of the political interference and pressure through the dissenting opinions written and published by some constitutional judges. The former government has used all the tools, legal and non-legal, to put under control the Constitutional Court. If we put aside the political interference into the appointment of new and incompetent judges, one of the most used tools as a form of resistance was the dissenting opinion. This legal tool is present in the Book of Rules of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Macedonia, but also in the legal systems in the Eastern Europe, Germany, Spain, Greece and all other states whose legal systems are created by the German legal system. It gives space and chance for one or several constitutional judges to express disagreement upon a decision brought by the majority in the court. This tool was frequently used by several judges from the Constitutional Court in the Republic Macedonia in the given period through which we can see strong political influence on their work. Therefore, the research questions are as follows: What were the “models” of political influence that were used on the Constitutional Court during the period of 2012-2015? How were they used and what are the dissenting opinions reflecting? To answer the said questions, the model of qualitative research will be used together with several dissenting opinions as case studies. The aim of this approach is to explain the different aspects of political influence on the work of the Constitutional Court within the given period. The findings of this research can be used for further development of the interest for researching of the work and role of the Constitutional Court in the Republic of Macedonia
Prinsip Hukum Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara yang Berpihak kepada Masyarakat Hukum Adat
No full textPrinsip hukum pengelolaan pertambangan dalam Undang-Undang No. 4 Tahun 2009 tentang Pertambangan mineral dan batubara didasarkan pada prinsip manfaat, keadilan, dan keseimbangan; keberpihakan kepada kepentingan bangsa; partisipatif, transparansi, dan akuntabilitas; berkelanjutan dan berwawasan lingkungan. Namun permasalahannya ketika pertambangan mineral dan batubara berada pada tanah ulayat masyarakat hukum adat prinsip hukum sebagaimana dimaksud belum menunjukkan keberpihakan kepada masyarakat hukum adat. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah yuridis normatif. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini bahwa prinsip pertambangan mineral dan batubara belum menceminkan pengakuan dan perlindungan hak-hak masyarakat hukum adat. Masyarakat hukum adat tidak mendapatkan manfaat yang maksimal atas pengelolaan pertambangan mineral dan batubara bahkan justru dampak negatif yang dialami bukan hanya generasi sekarang tetapi juga generasi yang akan datang. Selain itu ada pemikiran pentingnya prinsip pengakuan dan prinsip persetujuan atas dasar informasi di awal tanpa paksaan sebagai prinsip hukum yang berpihak kepada masyarakat hukum adat, karena prinsip hukum tersebut memosisikan masyarakat hukum adat sebagai subjek pembangunan bukan sebagai objek pembangunan.The legal principles of mining management in Law No. 4 of 2009 concerning Mining of minerals and coal are based on the principles of benefit, justice and balance; partiality to the interests of the nation; participatory, transparency, and accountability, sustainable and environmentally sound. But the problem is when mining minerals and coal is on the oldest indigenous people’s ground. The principles of law as referred to has not yet shown partiality to indigenous people. The approach method used in this study is normative juridical, because this research is conducted by examining library materials or secondary data relating to the legal principles of mineral and coal mining that favor to indigenous people. The conclusion of this study is that the principle of mineral and coal mining has not reflected the recognition and protection of indigenous people’s rights. Indigenous people are not getting the maximum benefit from the management of mineral and coal mining even the negative impacts experienced not only by the present generation but also future generations. Apart from it, there is the thought of the importance of the principle of recognition and principle of agreement on the basis of information without coercion as a legal principle that is in favor of indigenous people. Because these legal principles places the indigenous people as the subject of development not as an object of development
Implikasi Hukum Pengaturan Hukum Acara Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam Bentuk Peraturan Mahkamah Konstitusi
No full textUndang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia 1945 (UUD 1945) Pasal 24C ayat (6) menentukan bahwa hukum acara serta ketentuan lainnya tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi diatur dengan undang-undang. Berdasarkan ketentuan tersebut jelas bahwa hukum cara Mahkamah Konstitusi diatur dengan undang-undang. Makna frasa "diatur dengan" menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan materi muatan itu harus diatur hanya di dalam Peraturan Perundang-undangan yang didelegasikan dan tidak boleh didelegasikan lebih lanjut ke Peraturan Perundang-undangan yang lebih rendah (subdelegasi). Pokok permasalahan yang penting diteliti adalah apa implikasi hukum pengaturan hukum acara Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam bentuk Peraturan Mahkamah Konstitusi. Sesuai dengan permasalahan yang diangkat, penelitian ini adalah penelitian doktrinal atau juga disebut sebagai penelitian normatif. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan teoretis (theoretical approach), dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach). Implikasi hukum pengaturan hukum acara Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam bentuk Peraturan Mahkamah Konstitusi berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini teridentifikasi ada 3 (tiga), yaitu: ketidakpastian hukum, pelanggaran hierarki peraturan perundang-undangan, dan ketiadaan tertib hukum. Akibat ketiga implikasi hukum tersebut maka penyelenggaraan wewenang dan kewajiban Mahkamah Konstitusi menjadi tidak sah. Namun demikian mengingat asas kemanfaatan dan asas praduga rechtsmatig maka selama memberi mandat dan sampai dengan belum ada pembatalan Peraturan Mahkamah Konstitusi maka tindakan MK selalu harus dianggap benar.1945 Constitution (UUD 1945) Article 24C Paragraph (6) provides that the procedural law and other provisions concerning the Constitutional Court shall be regulated by act. Based on these provisions it is clear that the law of the way the Constitutional Court is regulated by act. The meaning of the phrase "governed by" pursuant to Act No. 12 of 2011 concerning the Establishment of the Acts and Regulations on the contents of the content shall be regulated only in the delegated Legislation and shall not be further delegated to the lower Legislation Regulations (subdelegations ). The main issue that is important to examine is what is the legal implication of regulation of procedural law of the Constitutional Court in the form of Constitutional Court Regulation not in an Act. In accordance with the issues raised, this study is a doctrinal research or also referred to as normative research. The approaches are theoretical approach, and the conceptual approach. The legal implications of the procedural law setting of the Constitutional Court in the form of Constitutional Court Regulation based on the results of this study are identified there are 3 (three), namely: legal uncertainty, violation of legal hierarchy of regulations, and absence of orderly law. As a result of these three legal implications, the legal consequences for the implementation of the authority and duties of the Constitutional Court become invalid. However, considering the principle of expediency and presupposition principle of rechtsmatig then as long as giving benefit and until there is no cancellation of the Constitutional Court Regulation, the action of the Constitutional Court must always be considered true
The Malaysian Federal Constitution: An Islamic or a Secular Constitution?
No full textConstitutionalism dictates that the government must only act within the four walls of the constitution. While adherence to this fundamental doctrine is proven to be difficult, it becomes more complicated when the walls are unclear. For decades, Malaysians struggle to ascertain the actual legal value of religion, particularly Islam, in its Federal Constitution and the impact of religion to the Malaysian legal system. Some opined that secularism is a basic structure of the Malaysian Federal Constitution and in the name of constitutionalism, religious laws cannot be the basis for administration of public law and must be confined to personal law matters. On the other hand, some opined that Islam constitutes a salient feature of the Constitution and the position of Islam as the religion of the Federation implies Malaysia as an Islamic state. This paper analyses the conflicting views, via qualitative studies of constitutional provisions which have religious element in the light of their history, together with relevant case laws which interpreted them. The analysis is done with a view to determine whether the Malaysian Federal Constitution is a secular instrument creating a secular state or a religious document establishing a theocratic state. From such analysis, the author presents that the Malaysian Federal Constitution, albeit giving special preference to Islam, is a religion-neutral document which is receptive to both religious and secular laws. This is based on the fact that the Constitution upholds the validity of both secular and religious laws for as long as they are enacted according to procedural laws required by the Constitution
Urgensi Kriminalisasi Contempt of Court untuk Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Putusan Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara
No full textUndang-Undang Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara telah mengatur mengenai mekanisme pelaksanaan putusan dengan menggunakan upaya paksa administratif dan perdata berupa pengenaan uang paksa. Pada praktiknya mekanisme ini kurang efektif karena masih ada Pejabat TUN yang tidak mau patuh melaksanakan putusan Pengadilan TUN. Perlu adanya kriminalisasi contempt of court terhadap Pejabat TUN yang melakukan pembangkangan tersebut karena dampaknya adalah terabaikannya hak konstitusional warga atas keadilan yang telah diputuskan oleh Pengadilan TUN. Dengan kriminalisasi ini maka dapat memberikan jaminan kepastian hukum dan perlindungan terhadap rakyat atas kesewenang-wenangan Pejabat TUN. RUU Contempt of Court telah memasukkan ancaman pidana bagi para pihak yang tidak mau mematuhi putusan pengadilan. Secara fundamental yang dilindungi dari kriminalisasi ini adalah kepentingan keadilan dan eksistensi Negara hukum Indonesia.Law on State Administration has set regarding the enforcement mechanism by using administrative and civil forceful measures include the imposition of forced currency. In practice this mechanism is less effective because there are officials who do not want to obey implement the Court’s decision TUN. The need for the criminalization of contempt of court against officials who do disobedience TUN because its impact is the neglect of the constitutional rights of citizens to justice that have been decided by the Court of TUN. With this criminalization, it can provide legal certainty and the protection of the people over the arbitrariness of officials TUN. Contempt of Court Bill has included criminal sanctions for those who fail to comply with the court ruling. Fundamentally protected from criminalization of this is in the interests of justice and the existence of the laws of Indonesia
Politik Hukum Penguatan Kewenangan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan
Full text linkKomisi Pemberantasan Korupsi dibentuk berdasarkan amanat reformasi 1998 yang menginginkan adanya penyelenggaraan negara yang bersih dari korupsi, kolusi dan nepotisme. Sejak dibentuk dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 jo. Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2001 tentang Pemberantasan Korupsi dan Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2002 tentang Komisi Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi, telah banyak kasus korupsi yang terselesaikan baik dalam skala sedang maupun skala besar. Namun, dengan berjalannya waktu sejak pembentukannya perlu peninjauan ulang pengaturan KPK mengingat semakin banyaknya pengujian undang-undang di Mahkamah Konstitusi terkait dengan kedudukan dan kewenangan KPK. Terlebih, sebagai peserta penandatangan dan peratifikasi UNCAC, sudah seharusnya mengakomodir kedua intrumen tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini akan dibahas mengenai bagaimana politik hukum penguatan kewenangan KPK dalam sistem ketatanegaraan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan kasus dan perbandingan. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan adalah perlunya revisi UU tipikor dengan menyesuaikan pada putusan pengujian undang-undang di MK dan ketentuan yang ada dalam UNCAC, seperti perampasan aset, perekrutan penyidik mandiri, dan memasukkan KPK sebagai organ konstitusi.The Corruption Eradication Commission was formed based on the 1998’s reformation that implement good governance that clean from corruption, collusion, and nepotism. Since it was formed by Law Number 31 of 1999 jo. Law Number 20 of 2001 on the Corruption Eradication Commission, there are many case have been solved in a medium and large scale. However, as time goes by, the Law needs to be reviewed because there are many judicial review towards Constitutional Court about the position and authority of the Corruption Eradication Commission. Moreover, Indonesia should make the Law that accommodate both of the instrument (position and authority) as a member that signed and ratified UNCAC. This research will discuss about how the legal politics of strengthens KPK’s authority in the constitutional system. This research used normative juridical method with comparative and case approach. The result shows that there’s a need to revise Law on the Corruption Eradication Commission in accordance to Constitutional Court’s Decision and UNCAC, like seizure of assets, recruitment of independent investigators, and the Corruption Eradication Commission as a constitution organ
Menyoal Kekuatan Eksekutorial Putusan Final dan Mengikat Mahkamah Konstitusi
Full text linkPutusan Mahkamah Konstitusi bersifat final dan mengikat sejak diucapkan dalam sidang pleno yang terbuka untuk umum. Artinya, sejak saat itu pula putusan MK harus dilaksanakan. Ternyata, masih banyak putusan MK yang tidak diimplementasikan sesuai dengan ketentuan konstitusi, bahkan cenderung diabaikan oleh addressat putusan. Penelitian ini hendak menganalisis mengenai, pertama, alasan putusan final dan mengikat MK tidak implementatif; Kedua, solusi untuk menciptakan putusan final dan mengikat MK yang implementatif. Penelitian ini dikualifikasikan ke dalam penelitian hukum normatif, dengan pendekatan konseptual dan komparatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, pertama, bahwa putusan MK dengan sifat final dan mengikat yang berlaku sejak diucapkan dalam sidang pleno yang terbuka untuk umum sulit untuk dilaksanakan karena harus ditindaklanjuti dengan instrument hukum baru, padahal untuk melakukan hal tersebut, harus melalui proses hukum yang sangat formal-prosedural; selain itu, beberapa putusan MK cenderung melampaui batas sehingga mempengaruhi keharmonisan hubungan antar-cabang kekuasaan negara. Kedua, diperlukan adanya tenggang waktu putusan, berupa diberikannya jeda waktu agar addressat putusan mempunyai kesempatan menindaklanjuti putusan MK, serta upaya mengekang hakim MK dalam mengeluarkan putusan dengan menormakan semangat judicial restraint.Constitutional court’s decision is legally final and binding since decleared in the opened trial. Since then, constitutional court’s decision must be implemented consequently. Evidently, there are some constitutional court’s decisions doesn’t implemented based on the constitutional provisions, even tend to be ignored. This research aims to analize, first, the reason of the final and binding decision on the constitutional court doesn’t implemented; second, solutions to create a final and binding on constitutional court’s decision that is implementable. This research qualifies into normative legal research, with conceptual and comparative approach. The finding revealed that first, the Constitutional Court’s decision with the final and binding nature which has been effective since it was decleared in the plenary session which opened to the public, is difficult to implemented. This is due to new legal instruments with the formal-procedural proccess are needed to implement the constitutional court’s decision. Furthermore, some of the constitutional court’s decision tend to go beyond the limit wich influence the harmony of relations between branches of state power. Second, a grace period is needed, in the form of given a time lag so that addressat will take the opportunity to follow up on the Constitutional Court’s decision, also restraining constitutional court’s judges in issuing decisions by normalizing judicial restraint
Konstitusionalitas dan Desain Pemilukada Langsung Serentak Nasional
Full text linkPenelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh pilkada yang diselenggarakan: (1) secara terpisah/ sendiri-sendiri/berserakan waktu sejalan dengan jumlah daerah yang ada, dan (2) secara serentak bertahap/parsial. Dalam merespons penyelenggaraan pilkada seperti ini telah ditetapkan kebijakan pemilukada langsung serentak nasional pada November 2024, sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 201 ayat (8) UU No. 10/2016. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, penelitian ini difokuskan untuk menafsirkan dan mengkonstruksi dasar konstitusionalitas dan desain pemilukada langsung serentak nasional. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif-kualitatif dengan pendekatan pembahasan secara konseptual dan yuridis-normatif. Pembahasan dasar konstitusionalitas pemilukada langsung serentak nasional dikonstruksi berdasarkan dua hal pokok, yaitu paham kedaulatan rakyat dan sistem pemerintahan presidensiil, sebagaimana diatur dalam UUD NRI 1945. Sementara itu, desain pemilukada langsung serentak nasional dikonstruksi dengan memperhatikan setidaknya tiga hal berikut: (a) mendefinisikan secara tepat pemilukada langsung serentak nasional, (b) mendesain ulang pemilu secara tepat dengan menjadikan pemilukada langsung serentak nasional sebagai bagian dari pemilu daerah serentak, (c) mensinkronkan secara teratur jadwal dan waktu penyelenggaraan (waktu pemungutan suara dan waktu pelantikan) pemilukada langsung serentak nasional.The study is motivated by the local head elections held: (1) apart based on the existing localities, and (2) partially concurrent. To respond such implementation of the local head elections, the policy of direct and nationally concurrent general election of local heads, as regulated in Article 201 (8) of Law No. 10/2016, has been decided. Based on the background, the study focuses on interpreting the constitutionality and designing the direct and nationally concurrent general election of local heads. The study applies descriptive-qualitative method based on conceptual and legal discussion. Discussion on the constitutionality of the direct and nationally concurrent general election of local heads is constructed on two main aspects, namely democracy and presidentialism, as regulated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Meanwhile, the design of the direct and nationally concurrent general election of local heads is based on at least three efforts, namely: (a) to exactly define the direct and nationally concurrent general election of local heads, (b) to exactly redesign the general election by placing the direct and nationally concurrent general election of local heads as an integrated part of concurrent local election, (c) to regularly synchronize the schedule and time of implementation (voting time and inauguration time) of the direct and nationally concurrent general election of local heads
Peran Yurisprudensi dalam Sistem Hukum di Indonesia
No full textKarakteristik sistem hukum common law adalah hukum yang berorientasi kepada kasus (case-law), sedangkan sistem civil law, hukum berorientasi kepada undang-undang (codified-law). Namun peraturan perundang-undangan sebagai basis legalitas hukum dalam tradisi Rechtstaats, memiliki keterbatasan tersendiri. Peraturan perundang-undangan tidak pernah mengatur secara lengkap dan detail bagaimana pemenuhan aturan hukum dalam setiap peristiwa hukum, oleh karenanya yurisprudensi lah yang akan melengkapinya. Selain untuk mengisi kekosongan hukum, yurisprudensi merupakan instrumen hukum dalam rangka menjaga kepastian hukum. Tulisan ini berusaha mengkaji kedudukan yurisprudensi dikaitkan dengan tugas dan fungsi MK sebagai pengawal konstitusi, bukan sebagai penegak undang-undang. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka dengan pendekatan perbandingan. Kesimpulan yang didapat dalam penelitian ini adalah bahwa yurisprudensi merupakan salah satu sumber hukum yang penting dalam tradisi civil law. Setiap diskursus tentang yurisprudensi dalam tradisi civil law mengisyaratkan bahwa tradisi civil law mengakui hukum selain yang tertuang dalam bentuk undang-undang, juga terdapat hukum yang bersumber dari hukum hakim (judge made law) (rechtstersrecht) yang lebih dikenal dengan nama yurisprudensi (jurisprudentierecht).The characteristics of the common law legal system are case-law, whereas the civil law system, the law is codified-law. However, legislation as the basis of legal legality in the tradition of Rechtstaats, has its own limitations. Legislation never regulates in full and detail how compliance with the laws in every legal circumtances, therefore it is jurisprudence that will complement it. In addition to filling a legal vacuum, jurisprudence is a key legal instrument in order to maintain legal certainty. This paper seeks to examine the position of jurisprudence associated with the duties and functions of the Constitutional Court as a guardian of the constitution, not merely as statute enforcement. The analytical method used is a literature study with a comparative approach. The conclusion obtained in this study is that jurisprudence is an important source of law in the civil law tradition. Any discourse on jurisprudence in the civil law tradition implies that the civil law tradition recognizes law other than those contained in statutes, there is also a law that comes from judge made law (rechtstersrecht) better known as jurisprudence (jurisprudentierecht)