Portal e-Journal Mahkamah Konstitusi
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Respons Konstitusional Larangan Calon Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Daerah sebagai Pengurus Partai Politik
Full text linkPutusan Mahkamah Konstitusi (MK) Nomor 30/PUU-XVI/2018 bertanggal 23 Juli 2018 menjadi salah satu putusan penting bagi desain lembaga perwakilan di Indonesia. Dalam Putusan tersebut, MK menyatakan bahwa pengurus partai politik dilarang menjadi calon anggota Dewan Perwakilan Daerah. Namun, tindak lanjut dari Putusan ini memicu polemik ketatanegaraan. Sebab, terjadi kontradiksi mengenai waktu pemberlakuan larangan tersebut akibat adanya perbedaan pemaknaan terhadap Putusan MK di dalam Putusan MA, PTUN, dan Bawaslu. MK menyatakan bahwa Putusannya berlaku sejak Pemilu 2019. Akan tetapi, Putusan MA, PTUN, dan Bawaslu tersebut menyatakan larangan tersebut berlaku setelah Pemilu 2019. Artikel ini mengkaji kontradiksi Putusan-Putusan tersebut dengan menggunakan tiga pisau analisis, yaitu: (1) finalitas putusan; (2) respons terhadap putusan; dan (3) validitas atau keberlakuan norma. Dengan menggunakan doktrin responsivitas terhadap putusan pengadilan dari Tom Ginsburg, artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa Keputusan KPU yang tetap kukuh memberlakukan larangan bagi pengurus partai politik sebagai calon anggota DPD sejak Pemilu tahun 2019 sesungguhnya merupakan tindakan formal konstitusional karena telah mengikuti (comply) penafsiran konstitusional yang terkandung dalam Putusan MK. Di lain sisi, tindakan KPU juga merupakan bentuk yang sekaligus mengesampingkan (overrule) Putusan MA, PTUN, dan Bawaslu. Meskipun demikian, respons KPU tersebut dapat dibenarkan karena Putusan MK memiliki objek dan dasar pengujian lebih tinggi dalam hierarki peraturan perundang-undangan, sehingga memiliki validitas hukum lebih tinggi dari Putusan MA, PTUN, dan Bawaslu. Dengan demikian, tindakan KPU yang konsisten mengikuti Putusan MK tersebut merupakan respons konstitusional yang memiliki justifikasi hukum dan konstitusi, sebagaimana juga dikuatkan oleh Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu (DKPP), baik secara hukum maupun etik.The Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 30/PUU-XVI/2018 on 23 July 2018 is one of the important decisions concerning the constitutional design of parliament in Indonesia. The Constitutional Court decided that political party officials and functionaries are banned from running as the Regional Representative Council candidates. Nonetheless, the implementation of the decision has triggered a political polemic because there is a contradiction concerning the timing of the prohibition due to different interpretations towards the Constitutional Court Decision in the Supreme Court Decision Number 64/P/HUM/2018, the Administrative Court Decision Number 242/G/SPPU/2018/PTUN-JKT and the Election Supervisory Body Decision Number 008/LP/PL/ADM/RI/00/XII/2018. The Constitutional Court explicitly stated that its decision must be implemented since the 2019 General Election. However, the Supreme Court Decision, the Administrative Court Decision, and the Election Supervisory Body Decision decided that the prohibition shall be applied after the 2019 General Election. This article examines the contradictions between those decisions using three different approaches, namely: (1) finality of decision; (2) response to decision; and (3) validity or the applicability of norms. Based on the responsivity doctrine to the court decisions introduced by Tom Ginsburg, this article concludes that the General Election Commission decision that strongly holds its standing to ban political party officials and functionaries from running as the Regional Representative Council candidates since the 2019 General Election is a formally constitutional decision because it has complied with the constitutional interpretation contained in the Constitutional Court Decision. On the other hand, the General Election Commission decision has also overruled the Supreme Court Decision, the Administrative Court Decision, and the Election Supervisory Body Decision. Nevertheless, the General Election Commission’s response is appropriate because the Constitutional Court Decision has an object and a constitutional ground of judicial review that are higher in the hierarchy of laws and regulations in Indonesia. Therefore, the validity and the legal effect of the Constitutional Court Decision are also higher compared to the Supreme Court Decision, the Administrative Court Decision, or the Election Supervisory Body Decision. Thus, the General Election Commission decision that consistently complied with the Constitutional Court decision is a constitutional response that can be justified
"Peradilan Konstitusional" oleh Mahkamah Agung melalui Mekanisme Pengujian Konkret
No full textArtikel ini membahas kemungkinan untuk Mahkamah Agung menjalankan fungsi sebagai peradilan konstitusional. Argumen yang diajukan adalah Mahkamah Agung harus memegang kewenangan yang sama dengan Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam menguji konstitusionalitas undang-undang. Perbedaannya adalah, Mahkamah Konstitusi memiliki kewenangan untuk membatalkan undang-undang yang bertentangan dengan konstitusi, sementara Mahkamah Agung tidak memiliki kewenangan itu. Dalam menguji konstitusionalitas undang-undang, Mahkamah Agung bertindak sebagai peradilan biasa yang memeriksa perkara atau kasus konkret, bukan perkara atau kasus abstrak. Dengan demikian, praktik ini memiliki kesamaan dengan praktik Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat, ketimbang praktik Mahkamah Konstitusi. Untuk mendukung argumen ini maka asas praduga konstitusional seharusnya tidak berlaku bagi Mahkamah Agung.This article argues for the possibility of the Indonesian Supreme Court to undertake the role as constitutional court. The argument suggests that the Indonesian Supreme Court should hold concurring authority with the Indonesian Constitutional Court in reviewing the constitutionality of laws. While the Indonesian Constitutional Court has the exclusive jurisdiction for invalidating the unconstitutional laws, the Indonesian Supreme Court does not have such jurisdiction. In reviewing the constitutionality of laws, the Indonesian Supreme Court exercises its jurisdiction as ordinary court. It reviews a concrete case, not the abstract one. Therefore, this practice is similar with the practice of the Supreme Court of the United States, instead of the practice of the Indonesian Constitutional Court. To support this argument, the principle of presumption of constitutionality should not be applicable to the Indonesian Supreme Court
Keterkaitan Kerahasiaan Bank dan Pajak: Antara Kepentingan Negara dan Pribadi
Full text linkBank sebagai lembaga keuangan, eksistensinya sangat tergantung dari kepercayaan masyarakat yang menjadi nasabahnya. Masyarakat telah memercayai bank sebagai institusi yang menyimpan dana nasabah, mengelola dan menyalurkan kembali kepada masyarakat dalam bentuk pinjaman atau kredit. Oleh karena itu, untuk menjaga kepercayaan nasabah tersebut, bank harus mematuhi ketentuan mengenai rahasia bank. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah mengetahui dalam kondisi bagaimana rahasia bank dapat diakses, pihak-pihak mana yang wajib menjaga kerahasiaan bank, adakah keterkaitan kerahasiaan bank dengan pajak, dan perlukah kerahasiaan bank yang terkait pajak dihilangkan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa terdapat beberapa kondisi dimana rahasia bank boleh dibuka, tetapi tidak semua informasi dan data keuangan nasabah boleh dibuka di hadapan publik kecuali setelah adanya persetujuan dari Otoritas Pajak dan setelah mendapat laporan dari lembaga jasa keuangan di bawah pengawasan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. Pembukaan rahasia bank diperbolehkan apabila berhubungan dengan kepentingan negara, seperti untuk kepentingan peningkatan kepatuhan masyarakat terhadap pembayaran pajak dan peningkatan penerimaan negara di sektor pajak.Banks as financial institutions, their existence is very dependent on the people’s trust who become their customers. The community has trusted banks as institutions that store customer funds, manage and channel back to the community in the form of loans or credits. Therefore, to maintain the customer's trust, the bank must obey bank secrets provisions. This research uses descriptive qualitative research method in the form of normative legal research and laws and regulations studies related to bank secrecy, derived from literature such as constitutional court decision, books, journals, articles, magazines, and websites. The results reveal that there are several conditions under which bank secrets may be opened, but not all financial information and data of the client may be disclosed in public unless after approval by the Tax Authority after receiving a report from a financial services institution under the supervision of the Financial Services Authority. The unveiling of bank secrecy is permitted when it comes to the interests of the state, such as for the purpose of increasing public compliance of tax payments and increasing state revenues in the tax sector.
Tafsir Konstitusional atas Kemandirian Penyelenggara Pemilu dan Pilkada
Full text linkPemilu yang adil dan kredibel hanya dapat direalisasikan jika dikelola oleh badan independen. Konstitusi menyatakan bahwa pemilihan dilakukan oleh badan penyelenggara yang mandiri tanpa menjelaskan lebih lanjut makna kemandirian tersebut. Melalui metode penelitian hukum normatif dan dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui model kelembagaan penyelenggara pemilu pascareformasi dan makna independensi Pasal 22E ayat (5) UUD 1945 berdasarkan interpretasi Mahkamah Konstitusi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model kelembagaan penyelenggara pemilu pascareformasi adalah model independen yang tidak melibatkan perwakilan partai politik dan birokrasi. Sebagaimana tampak dari berbagai putusan pengujian undang-undang, Mahkamah Konstitusi menafsirkan bahwa kemandirian lembaga penyelenggara pemilu yang dikehendaki oleh UUD 1945 adalah kemandirian institusional, kemandirian fungsional, dan kemandirian personal.Credible and fair election can only be realized if managed by an independent institution. The Constitution states that elections are carried out by independent electoral management bodies without further explanation of the meaning of independence. Through normative legal research methods and by using statutory and case approaches, this research aims to find out the model of post-reform election management bodies and the meaning of independence of Article 22E paragraph (5) of the 1945 Constitution based on Constitutional Court interpretation. The results of this research found that the post-reform election organizing model is an independent model that does not involve representatives of political parties and bureaucracy. As can be seen from the judicial review rulings, the Constitutional Court interprets that the independence of election management bodies desired by the 1945 Constitution includes institutional independence, functional independence and personal independence
Penguasaan Negara terhadap Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Alam Ruang Angkasa Menurut Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945
Full text linkPasca amandemen UUD Negara Republik Indonesia 1945 Pasal 33 ayat (3) yang berbunyi “Bumi, air dan kekayaan yang terkandung di dalamnya dikuasai oleh negara dan dipergunakan sebesar-besarnya bagi kemakmuran rakyat” penguasaan negara yang ada dalam Pasal 33 ayat (3) tersebut hanya mengatur pada bumi, air dan yang terkandung di dalamnya. Padahal saat ini keberadaan ruang angkasa berhubungan erat dengan hajat hidup orang banyak, salah satunya pemanfaatan GSO (geo stationary orbit) yang merupakan sumber daya alam terbatas. Sehingga hal tersebut menimbulkan masalah baru khususnya bagi Indonesia sebagai negara khatulistiwa yang mana penempatan GSO berada di atasnya. Masalah tersebut adalah bagaimana internalisasi terkait konsep penguasaan negara menurut Pasal 33 ayat (3) UUD NRI 1945 terhadap pemanfaatan sumber daya alam yang ada dalam wilayah ruang angkasa, serta bagaimana regulasi-regulasi yang mengatur terkait pemanfaatan sumber daya alam di wilayah ruang angkasa apakah sudah sesuai dipergunakan sebesar-besarnya bagi kemakmuran rakyat. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan metode penelitian analisis kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini memberikan gambaran bahwa keberadaan ruang angkasa memiliki peranan penting bagi setiap negara, khususnya keberadaan GSO sebagai sumber daya alam terbatas, keberadan GSO hanya ada di atas khatulistiwa dan Indonesia salah satu negara yang dilalui garis khatulistiwa. Beragam konvensi internasional yang telah disahkan ke dalam peraturan di Indonesia maupun regulasi yang ada di Indonesia berkenaan dengan pemanfaatan ruang angkasa sampai saat ini belum memberikan manfaat dan pengaturan yang komprehensif terkait memanfaatkan sumber daya alam yang terkandung dalam wilayah ruang angkasa tersebut, sehingga menjadi suatu keharusan bagi Indonesia sebagai negara yang berdaulat untuk memberikan jaminan secara konstitusional bagi keberadaan sumber daya alam yang ada dalam wilayah ruang angkasa untuk dipergunakan sebesar-besarnya bagi kemakmuran rakyat.After the amendment to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Article 33 paragraph (3) that stated "The land, the water and the natural resources within shall be under the powers of the State and shall be used to the greatest benefit of the people" the state authorities in Article 33 paragraph (3) only regulates earth, water and and the natural resources within. Whereas today, the existence of the outer space is closely associated with the lives of many people, as such, the utilization of GSO (Geostationary Orbit) which is a limited natural resource. So that it rises new issues, especially for Indonesia as an equatorial country where the placement of GSOs is above it. The problem is how to internalization the utilization of natural resources in outer space (related to the concept of state authorities according to Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia), and how the regulation that regulates the utilitazion of natural resources in outer space are appropriately used to the greatest benefit of the people. This study aims to answer these two issuess by investigating normatively or library research. This law research conducted by analyzing secondary data from primary, secondary and tertiary materials. In this qualitative analysis research, the secondary data from primary, secondary and tertiary materials connected to each other and interpreted in order to find answers to solve the research issues. The results of this study provide an overview about the existence of outer space which has an important role for every country, especially the existence of the GSO as a limited natural resource. GSO only exists above the equator and Indonesia is one of the countries which is passed by the equator. International conventions that have been ratified into Indonesian regulations and regulations in Indonesia relating to the utilization of outer space have not provided a comprehensive benefits and regulations related to utilizing natural resources contained in these outer space areas, so that it becomes a necessity for Indonesia as a sovereign country to provide constitutional guarantees for the existence of natural resources that exist in the outer space to be used as much as possible for the prosperity of the people
The Return of Pancasila: Political and Legal Rhetoric Against Transnational Islamist Imposition
No full textThe rise of transnational Islamist movements in Indonesia in the last two decades recurrences the old debate between Pancasila and Islamism. This kind of fundamental Islamic movements widespread with their conservative view and it has had detrimental effects on the Indonesian society’s social cohesion. President Joko Widodo seeks to revive Pancasila to confront this threat. This is not for the first time Pancasila is used by the Indonesian government to resolve the tension between Islamic values and nation-state principles. Both President Sukarno and Suharto also used Pancasila as a vehicle to discipline their political opponents. Adopting a non-essentialist approach to Pancasila, I argue that the return of Pancasila in recent years would be more complicated because of the narrative of Pancasila revivalism as an adversarial ideology is bounded by traditionalism and lack of progressive interpretation. Instead of locating Pancasila as the counterpart to Islamism, what is needed is re-interpretation of Pancasila as a unifying ideology
Tenggang Waktu Konstitusionalitas dan Kebersesuaian Undang-Undang dengan UUD 1945 dalam Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi
No full textPutusan Mahkamah Konstitusi seringkali menimbulkan perdebatan di masyarakat. Salah satunya terkait penundaan keberlakuan putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi yang telah melahirkan doktrin baru mengenai kekuatan hukum mengikatnya putusan MK. Penelitian ini mengangkat permasalahan, pertama: karakter putusan MK yang memuat tenggang waktu konstitusionalitas dan konsep kebersesuaian undang-undang dengan UUD 1945. Kedua, pengaruh putusan tersebut terhadap pembangunan hukum di Indonesia. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa, pertama, putusan-putusan yang menjadi objek penelitian ditemukan karakteristik yang beragam terkait dengan tenggang waktu konstitusionalitas dan kebersesuaian antara Undang-Undang dan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, sebagai berikut; (i) Putusan yang menentukan tenggang waktu secara tegas dan perintah untuk penyesuaian dengan UUD 1945, yaitu putusan Nomor 012-016-019/PUU-IV/2006 (UU KPK) dan Putusan Nomor 32/PUU-XI/2013 (UU Asuransi) dan Putusan Nomor 026/PUU-III/2005 dan 026/PUU-IV/2006 (UU APBN); (ii) Putusan yang menentukan tenggang waktu secara tidak tegas (fleksibel) dan perintah untuk penyesuaian dengan UUD 1945, yaitu Putusan Nomor 97/PUU-XI/2013 (UU Pemda dan UU Kekuasaan Kehakiman) dan Putusan Nomor 14/PUU-XI/2013 (UU Pilpres); (iii) Putusan yang tidak menyebutkan tenggang waktu namun hanya perintah untuk penyesuaian dengan UUD 1945 (secara tidak langsung), yaitu Putusan Nomor 28/PUU-XI/2013 (UU Koperasi) dan Putusan Nomor 85/PUUXI/2013 (UU SDA). Kedua, Putusan MK menjadi salah satu faktor determinan dalam fungsi legislasi, dan hal ini dapat dipahami karena inilah bentuk diskresi yang dimiliki oleh MK selaku pelaku kekuasaan kehakiman.The constitutional court often make their headlines or controversy with their ruling. One of them is relative with the postpone enforcement of a decision which has raised a new doctrine about legal force's binding of the Constitutional Court's decision. This study raised the issue, first, about the character of the constitutional court's ruling which contained the limitation of time in constitutionality and the concept of conformity of the law with the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Second, the influence of the court decision on legal development in Indonesia. This study used normative legal research. The results of the study concluded that, first, it is founded that the various characteristics related to the limitation of time in constitutionality in the court's decision which become the object of this study and also it is founded that the compability between the law and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia as follows : (i) The court's decision that set the limited of time in constitutionality explicitly and orders to adjust to the 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia, namely decisions number 012-016-019/PUU-IV/2006 (Corruption Eradication Commission Act) and decision number 32/PUU-XI/2013 (Insurance Related Business Act) and decision number 026/PUU-III/2005 and 026/PUU-IV/2006 (State Budget Act); (ii) Court's decision that determine the limited of constitutionality flexibly and orders to adjust to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia namely decision number 97/PUU-XI/2013 (Regional Government Act and Judicial Power Act) and decision number 14/PUU-XI/2013 (Presidential Election Act); (iii) Court's decision that do not mention the limitation of time in constitutionality but only orders to adjust to the 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia, namely decision number 28/PUU-XI/2013 (Cooperatives Act) and decision number 85/PUU-XI/2013 (Water Resources Act). Secondly, the constitutional court decision is one of the determinant factors in the function of legislation, and this can be understood because this is the form of discretion that the constitutional court has as the perpetrator of judicial power
Shifting the Character of the Constitutional Court Decision Influenced by Political Constellation in Indonesia
Full text linkRecently, the decisions of the Constitutional Court have become one of the focuses in the dynamics of Indonesian state administration. This research discusses the relevance of political constellation in Indonesia and its influence on the changing character of several constitutional court decisions from self-executing to non-self executing. This research aims to find out how the legal impact of shifting the character of the Constitutional Court’s decision in its implementation. This research is a normative study supported by a law, case and conceptual approach. The data used are secondary data, obtained by means of a literature research which is then arranged systematically and analyzed with qualitative analysis. From the results of the analysis it is known that the shift in the character in several decisions of the Constitutional Court was carried out as an effort to offset the political constellation in the legislators. The character shift is done in the hope that it can guarantee the execution of the Constitutional Court’s ruling and can be followed up on by the decision of the ruling. This shows that Constitutional Court judges are trying to find a legal breakthrough in the corridor of judicial activism to make an ideal constitutional review decision
Bosnia-Herzegovina: The Role of the Judiciary in a Divided Society
Full text linkThis paper analyzes the role of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the promotion of social justice under the conditions of a triple transformation from war to peace and from a communist regime based on the Titoist self-management ideology to a liberal-democratic political regime and economic market system in three parts. The first section describes the political, constitutional and economic context during and after the collapse of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The second section describes and analyzes the constitutional and institutional arrangements established under the General Framework Agreement for Peace, concluded in Dayton/Ohio and Paris, 1995. The third section deals with the role of the Constitutional Court and analyzes with reference to its case law the interpretative doctrines developed in its adjudication of the right to property concerning different concepts of property and the right to work in the context of the constitutionally guaranteed right to return of refugees and restitution of property
Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Prinsip Dalihan Natolu sebagai Hak Konstitusional Masyarakat Adat Batak Toba
Full text linkPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perlindungan hukum terhadap hak konstitusional masyarakat dalam nilai hukum “dalihan natolu” sebagai bagian dari sistem hukum Indonesia untuk upaya penegakan hukum. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian normatif-empiris. Titik beratnya adalah penelitian kepustakaan (library research), sedangkan studi hukum sebagai kenyataan (perilaku) yang bersifat empiris dilakukan melalui penelitian terhadap perilaku atau pola tingkah laku masyarakat mengikuti nilai hukum dalihan natolu sebagai hukum yang hidup (the living law. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan hukum terhadap hak masyarakat adat Batak Toba, dijamin secara konstitusional dalam Pasal 18 ayat (2) jo. Pasal 28 I ayat (3) UUD Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia sepanjang masih eksis sebagai sub sistem hukum Indonesia juga sebagai identitas budaya dan hak masyarakat tradisional yang merupakan hak asasi manusia yang harus dihormati. Sebagai sub sistem hukum, prinsip dalihan natolu, juga mempunyai tata cara dan pembagian tugas yang tegas antara ketiga unsur kekeluargaan/kekerabatan dalam menyelesaikan konflik yang terjadi antara kerabat yang terikat dalam prinsip dalihan natolu. Di samping itu, secara yuridis, ditentukan bahwa hakim dan hakim konstitusi sebagai penegak hukum wajib untuk selalu mengikuti perkembangan nilai-nilai hukum dan keadilan masyarakat dalam mengadili dan memutuskan perkara yang dihadapkan kepadanya.This research aims to determine the legal protection of the constitutional rights of the community in the legal value of "dalihan natolu" as part of the Indonesian legal system for law enforcement efforts. This research is a normative-empirical research. The emphasis is on library research, whereas legal studies as facts (behavior) are empirical conducted research on behavior or behavioral patterns of society that apply the legal values of dalihan natolu as a living law. The results show that the legal protection of the constitutional rights of the Toba Batak indigenous people is guaranteed constitutionally within the Constitution of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia as long as it still exists as a sub-integral of the Indonesian legal system and remains recognized in law enforcement efforts, because as a sub-system of law, the principle of dalihan natolu, also has a clear procedure and division of tasks between the three elements of kinship or kinship in resolving conflicts that occur between relatives who are bound in the principle of dalihan natolu. The reality of the validity of the principle of natolu dalihan is supported by the constitutional recognition of the state and reinforced by the granting of rights to customary law communities as parties to the dispute in the Constitutional Court. In addition, the obligation of judges and constitutional judges as law enforcers to always follow the development of legal values and justice of the community in splving and deciding cases faced to them